In re TOUSA, INC., et al., Debtors.
Tousa Homes, Inc., Plaintiff,
v.
Palm Beach Newspapers, Inc., Defendant.
Bankruptcy No. 08-10928-JKO. Adversary No. 10-1153-JKO.
United States Bankruptcy Court, S.D. Florida, Fort Lauderdale Division.
December 27, 2010.*853 Kristopher Aungst, Esq., Miami, FL, for Plaintiff.
Mark S. Roher, Esq., Ft Lauderdale, FL, for Defendant.
ORDER DENYING MOTION TO DISMISS [ECF No. 4]
JOHN K. OLSON, Bankruptcy Judge.
The Defendant has moved pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr.P. 7012, applying Fed. R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6), to dismiss the Plaintiff's complaint seeking to recover alleged preferential transfers under 11 U.S.C. § 547. The Defendant argues that the Plaintiff's complaint fails to satisfy the heightened pleading standards of Twombly[1]& Iqbal[2] as interpreted by Caremerica.[3] For the following reasons, I find that the Caremerica interpretation of preference adversary pleading requirements has only been adopted in this district in-part, and I decline to adopt the Caremerica interpretation in toto. Because I find that the Plaintiff's complaint satisfies the heightened pleading standards of Twombly & Iqbal, the Defendant's Motion to Dismiss[4] is denied.
Heightened Pleading in Preference Actions
Bankruptcy courts are in the early stages of applying Twombly & Iqbal to preference claims.[5] There are conflicting *854 rulings. The disagreement started with the heightened pleading requirements adopted by Judge Walsh in the District of Delaware.[6] In Valley Media, the court decided that a plaintiff bringing a preference claim must set forth certain facts to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, inter alia:
(a) an identification of the nature and amount of each antecedent debt;
(b) an identification of each alleged preference transfer by (i) date, (ii) name of debtor/transferor, (iii) name of transferee, and (iv) the amount of the transfer.[7]
Valley Media was decided in 2003 and many courts, including a court within its district,[8] declined to follow its pleading requirements as too harsh in light of the Conley v. Gibson [355 U.S. 41, 78 S. Ct. 99, 2 L. Ed. 2d 80 (2009)] regime.[9] But the court in Caremerica opined "that the decisions by the Supreme Court in Twombly and Iqbal breathe new life into the pleading requirements implemented in Valley Media for § 547 preference claims."[10] Many courts continue to disagree with Valley Media and Caremerica.[11]
Treatment of the Valley Media/Caremerica Interpretation in This District
A recent decision by Judge Ray in this district facially appeared to adopt Caremerica by stating, "[t]his Court agrees with and adopts the legal reasoning of the Caremerica court."[12] But the order goes on to qualify that statement: "[t]he Plaintiff's failure to adequately distinguish identity *855 with respect to various obligors, guarantors, and transferors allegedly involved in the transactions with KeyBank is fatal to... the Complaint."[13] Judge Ray limited the application of Caremerica to the second of the pleading requirements: "an identification of each alleged preference transfer."[14] Judge Ray's April 16th order did not adopt Caremerica's pleading standard in toto.
My interpretation of Judge Ray's April 16th order is supported by a later order in that same case. Judge Ray entered an order ruling upon the plaintiff's motion to, inter alia, clarify certain aspects of the court's order granting motion to dismiss.[15] Judge Ray defined the limits of Caremerica's application by stating, "In dismissing the Complaint without prejudice, the Order agreed with and adopted certain legal positions stated in Angell v. BER Care, Inc. (In re Caremerica, Inc.) ..."[16] The order goes on to state that the counts were dismissed under Twombly and Iqbal because of "[t]he Plaintiff's failure to adequately distinguish identity with respect to various obligors, guarantors, and transferors allegedly involved in the transactions..."[17] In other words, Judge Ray found that preference adversary complaints which fail to identify the source of an allegedly preferential transfer are inadequate under Twombly and Iqbal. This "amorphous payor problem" generally only rears its head in complex, jointly administered Chapter 11 cases where the debtors target a swath of allegedly preferential transferees.
I am confident that my colleagues in this district do not follow Caremerica's heightened pleading interpretation in toto, but do agree with Caremerica on the amorphous payor problem. After Judge Ray clarified his position with respect to Caremerica, he granted leave for the plaintiff to re-assert Count III because the "[p]laintiff's failure to identify the source of the funds allegedly transferred to KeyBank is not fatal to that cause of action."[18] Because "the principal focus of the Order [granting the defendant's motion to dismiss] was the Plaintiff's failure to identify which entities were the source of the funds allegedly paid to KeyBank,"[19] Count III was unaffected because it did "not seek the recovery of any funds transferred to KeyBank." It is clear that Judge Ray dismissed the preference counts because the plaintiff inadequately plead which debtor entities were alleged to have paid the defendant.
Conclusion
Judge Ray's April 16, 2010 order in Levitt and Sons can only be read to adopt Caremerica's heightened pleading interpretation in toto by taking a quote out of context: "This Court agrees with and adopts the legal reasoning of the Caremerica court." Read in its proper context (which includes the entirety of the April 16th order as well as the May 6th clarification order), it is clear that he did not adopt Caremerica in its entirety but merely agreed with Caremerica on the "amorphous payer problem." The pleading requirements of Caremerica require more than the standard promulgated in Twombly *856 and Iqbal and the liberal pleading policy underlying the civil rules. I agree with C.R. Stone to the extent it rejects the Caremerica & Valley Media view:
While plaintiffs should be encouraged to provide specific information in support of their claims whenever possible, to require them to do so in their initial pleading in all cases, particularly with the specificity demanded by Valley Media, is in this court's view inappropriate and unnecessarily harsh. The fact that Bankruptcy Rule 7008, which contains special pleading requirements in certain adversary cases before bankruptcy judges, fails to provide any such additional requirements for preference actions indicates it was intended that the adequacy of pleadings in such actions be judged under the notice pleading standard of Civil Rule 8(a)(2), which requires only a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief. So long as the defendant is provided fair notice of what the plaintiff's claim is and the grounds upon which it rests, the complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim. Further elaboration, if required, may be obtained through the discovery process.[20]
This view is consistent with my own experience in asserting and defending against preference claims during my thirty years as a bankruptcy lawyer: so long as the complaint makes clear who transferred what to whom and when, a preference defendant will have enough information to mount whatever defenses may be available. To require more is to mandate pedantry and to return federal courts to the days of gotcha pleadings before the adoption of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
I further find that under no reasonable interpretation of Twombly and Iqbal is a plaintiff required to negate affirmative defenses (arising under § 547(c) or otherwise) in its complaint. The Plaintiff's complaint states a preference claim with sufficient particularity to plausibly entitle the Plaintiff to relief under the heightened pleading standards of Twombly & Iqbal, and it is accordingly ORDERED that the Defendant's motion to dismiss at ECF No. 4 is DENIED.
NOTES
[1] Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 167 L. Ed. 2d 929 (2007).
[2] Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. ___, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 173 L. Ed. 2d 868 (2009).
[3] Angell v. BER Care, Inc. (In re Caremerica, Inc.), 409 B.R. 737 (Bankr.E.D.N.C.2009).
[4] Def. Palm Beach Newspapers, Inc.'s Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 4.
[5] See, e.g., In re Gluth Bros. Construction, Inc., 424 B.R. 379 (Bankr.N.D.Ill.2009); In re Hydrogen, L.L.C., 431 B.R. 337 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.2010); In re Prebul Jeep, Inc., 2010 WL 3304608 (Bankr.E.D.Tenn.2010).
[6] In re Valley Media, Inc., 288 B.R. 189 (Bankr.D.Del.2003); In re C.R. Stone Concrete Contractors, Inc., 434 B.R. 208 (Bankr. D.Mass.2010) (declining to apply the Valley Media pleading standard); Angell v. BER Care, Inc. (In re Caremerica, Inc.), 409 B.R. 737 (Bankr.E.D.N.C.2009) (applying the Valley Media pleading standard).
[7] Valley Media, 288 B.R. at 192.
[8] In re The IT Group, Inc., 313 B.R. 370, 373 (Bankr.D.Del.2004) ("the specificity demanded by Valley Media is . . . inappropriate and unnecessarily harsh ... So long as the defendant is provided `fair notice of what the plaintiff's claim is and the grounds upon which it rests,' the complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim") (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
[9] See Caremerica, 409 B.R. at 753, n. 2 ("Although In re Oakwood Homes was decided prior to Twombly and Iqbal, it incorporates the Valley Media standard for pleadings in determining whether the complaint satisfied Rule 8(a)(2). While Valley Media has been distinguished or ignored by the majority of bankruptcy courts both nationwide as well as in Delaware, this court believes that the decisions by the Supreme Court in Twombly and Iqbal breathe new life into the pleading requirements implemented in Valley Media for § 547 preference claims. As such, the court finds persuasive cases such as Oakwood Homes which apply the Valley Media pleading standard.") (citing, inter alia, OHC Liquidation Trust v. Credit Suisse First Boston, et al. (In re Oakwood Homes Corp.), 340 B.R. 510 (Bankr.D.Del.2006)).
[10] Id.
[11] See C.R. Stone, 434 B.R. at 221 (holding that the new standards of Twombly and Iqbal did not require the court to "apply In re Valley Media's heightened pleading standards to the present case."); see Gold v. Winget (In re NM Holdings Co., LLC), 407 B.R. 232, 256-57 (Bankr.E.D.Mich.2009) (determining the "heightened pleading requirements imposed by the Valley Media case [are] inconsistent with the liberal notice pleading principles underlying the civil rules" and finding a more liberal standard consistent with Twombly) (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).
[12] Feltman v. Keybank, N.A. (In re Levitt and Sons, LLC), No. 09-02273-RBR, ECF No. 33, 2010 WL 1539878 (Bankr.S.D.Fla. Apr 16, 2010).
[13] Id. (emphasis added).
[14] C.R. Stone, 434 B.R. at 220 (emphasis added).
[15] Feltman v. Keybank, N.A. (In re Levitt and Sons, LLC), No. 09-02273-RBR, ECF No. 38 (Bankr.S.D.Fla. May 6, 2010).
[16] Id. (citations omitted) (emphasis added).
[17] Id.
[18] Id.
[19] Id.
[20] C.R. Stone, 434 B.R. at 220-21 (quoting The IT Group, 313 B.R. at 373) (internal quotation marks omitted).