Case: 09-40546 Document: 00511523284 Page: 1 Date Filed: 06/28/2011
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
June 28, 2011
No. 09-40546 Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
JASON HERNANDEZ,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Texas, Sherman Division
Before GARWOOD, ELROD, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Jason Hernandez appeals a district court’s denial of his motion for
modification of his life sentence pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §3582(c)(2), relying on a
recent amendment to the sentencing guidelines for crimes related to the
possession and distribution of crack cocaine. Because the district court that
sentenced Hernandez found that Hernandez was responsible for 32.5 kg of crack
cocaine, an amount far in excess of the quantity that triggers the highest offense
level under the current sentencing guidelines, we AFFIRM.
I.
In 1998, defendant-appellant Jason Hernandez was convicted after a jury
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No. 09-40546
trial of one count of conspiracy to possess with an intent to distribute controlled
substances and conspiracy to distribute controlled substances, including cocaine
base (crack cocaine) in violation of 21 U.S.C. §845; and two counts of possession
with intent to distribute cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §841(a)(1). The
sealed pre-sentence report (PSR) states that “it was part of the conspiracy that
members would obtain cocaine base, powder cocaine, marijuana and
methamphetamine and arrange for transportation of these drugs to McKinney,
Texas . . . [o]ne or more members of the conspiracy would convert cocaine
hydrochloride into cocaine base.” The PSR set forth numerous occasions on
which Hernandez knew that members of his criminal conspiracy transported
powder cocaine and later cooked that powder into cocaine base. The PSR
therefore concluded that “[b]ased on the most conservative estimate, Jason
Hernandez is responsible for 32.5 kg of cocaine base.”
Over Hernandez’s objections, the district court adopted the PSR in its
Statement of Reasons and during Hernandez’s sentencing hearing, noting with
respect to the conspiracy charge that “there is sufficient credible evidence to
support the calculations of drug quantity as made by the probation officer.” “In
any event,” the court went on to observe, “I think there is clearly evidence to—
that the quantity of drugs far exceeds the 1.5 kilograms needed to yield a total
offense level of 39.” That latter finding was significant because under the then-
prevailing sentencing guidelines, the highest offense level was imposed for
crack cocaine quantities in excess of 1.5 kg. On October 2, 1998, Hernandez was
sentenced to life imprisonment for the conspiracy count. Hernandez later
appealed his conviction and sentence. Although he disputed the sufficiency of
the evidence against him, he did not dispute the court’s findings with respect
to the quantity of cocaine for which the conspiracy was responsible. This court
affirmed his conviction on all grounds. United States v. Hernandez, 260 F.3d
2
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621, 2001 WL 650227 (5th Cir. 2001) (unpublished).
Effective November 1, 2007, the United States Sentencing Commission
adopted Amendment 706, which retroactively modified the guidelines ranges
applicable to crack cocaine offenses to reduce the disparity between crack
cocaine and powder cocaine offenses. U.S.S.G. Supp. to App’x C, Amend. 706
(Nov. 1, 2009). While the maximum offense level applied to a finding of 1.5 kg
of crack when Hernandez was sentenced, it now applies to a finding of 4.5 kg of
crack. The amendment has no applicability to a defendant sentenced for more
than 4.5 kg of crack. See United States v. Duncan, 639 F.3d 764, 767 (7th Cir.
2011) (recognizing that Amendment 706 affects only defendants who are
responsible for distributing less than 4.5 kg of crack).
In 2008, Hernandez filed a motion pursuant to § 3582(c)(2) for reduction
of his sentence consistent with the revised guidelines. After requesting a
response from the United States, the district court rejected Hernandez’s
argument. Hernandez then moved in the district court for reconsideration and,
nearly simultaneously, appealed to this court. The district court again rejected
his claims, holding that the amendments to the sentencing guidelines had no
effect on Hernandez’s sentencing offense level and thus on his sentence, because
the amount of crack cocaine for which he was responsible was far beyond the 4.5
kg threshold under the amended guidelines.1 Hernandez now appeals the
district court’s decision on reconsideration.
II.
As the Supreme Court recently has held, the scope of a proceeding under
18 U.S.C. §3582(c)(2) in cases like this one is extremely limited. Dillon v. United
1
The district court also rejected Hernandez’s claims on jurisdictional grounds, because
Hernandez moved for reconsideration after taking an appeal to this court, and thus potentially
deprived the district court of its jurisdiction. Because the merits are properly before us on the
defendant’s timely appeal, we need not reach the issue of whether the district court was
correct in this determination.
3
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States, 130 S. Ct. 2683, 2687 (2010). It is black-letter law that a federal court
generally “may not modify a term of imprisonment once it has been imposed.”
Id. However, Congress has allowed an exception to that rule “in the case of a
defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based on a
sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing
Commission.” 18 U.S.C. §3582(c)(2); see also Freeman v. United States, No. 09-
10245, 2011 WL 2472797 (U.S. June 23, 2011) (reciting standard for sentence
modifications). Such defendants are entitled to move for retroactive
modification of their sentences. Dillon, 130 S. Ct. at 2690–91. In determining
whether to modify the defendant’s sentence, the district court is first required
to find the amended guideline range that would have been applicable to the
defendant if the relevant amendment had been in effect at the time of the initial
sentencing. U.S.S.G. §1B1.10(a)(1). “In making such determination, the court
shall substitute only the amendments listed in subsection (c) for the
corresponding guidelines provisions that were applied when the defendant was
sentenced, and shall leave all other guideline application decisions unaffected.”
U.S.S.G. §1B1.10(b)(1).
After the district court determines what the modified sentence would be,
the district court is required to consider any applicable factors under 18 U.S.C.
§3553 in deciding whether a sentence modification is “warranted in whole or in
part under the particular circumstances of the case.” Dillon, 130 S.Ct. at 2692.
“Because reference to §3553 is appropriate only at the second step of this
circumscribed inquiry, it cannot serve to transform the proceedings under
§3582(c)(2) into plenary resentencing proceedings.” Id. Thus, even if the
defendant qualifies for sentence modification under the first step of the
analysis, the decision whether to ultimately grant a modification is left to the
sound discretion of the trial court. Dillon, 130 S. Ct. at 2692. The district
4
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court’s decision whether to reduce a sentence pursuant to §3582(c)(2) is
reviewed for abuse of discretion. United States v. Evans, 587 F.3d 667, 672 (5th
Cir. 2009) cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 3426 (2010).
Applying those principles to this appeal, we hold that the district court
did not abuse its discretion in refusing to modify Hernandez’s sentence or in
refusing to grant an evidentiary hearing to decide the amount of crack for which
Hernandez was responsible. On the record before us the sentencing district
judge adopted the 32.5 kilogram quantity found by the PSR, far beyond the 4.5
kg threshold needed for the highest offense level. Hernandez did not challenge
that finding on appeal, as did one of his co-conspirators, James Dwayne Ortega.
Thus, Hernandez’s efforts to relitigate whether the penalty was properly
applied are not cognizable at this stage, and his sentence cannot be modified.
See United States v. Shaw, 30 F.3d 26, 29 (5th Cir. 1994) (observing that a
§3582(c)(2) proceeding is not the appropriate vehicle for relitigating a
sentencing issue); see also United States v. Whitebird, 55 F.3d 1007, 1011 (5th
Cir. 1995) (“[A] §3582(c)(2) motion is not a second opportunity to present
mitigating factors to the sentencing judge, nor is it a challenge to the
appropriateness of the original sentence.”). A modification proceeding is not the
forum for a collateral attack on a sentence long since imposed and affirmed on
direct appeal. Dillon, 130 S. Ct. at 2692.2
Even assuming arguendo that Hernandez could challenge the drug
quantity found by the sentencing judge in this proceeding, after a careful review
of the record we conclude that the district court in the modification proceeding
2
Nor, as Hernandez himself admits, does §3582(c)(2) permit the district court to have
considered a reduction of his sentence to a term below the amended advisory guideline range
in light of United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005). That inquiry is also entirely foreclosed
under Dillon. Id. at 2687-89; see also United States v. Doublin, 572 F.3d 235 (5th Cir. 2009).
5
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did not abuse its discretion in finding that Hernandez was responsible for more
than 4.5 kilograms of crack, the trigger for the maximum penalty under the
Sentencing Guidelines. See United States v. Woods, 581 F.3d 531, 539 (7th Cir.
2009) (“Had the original sentencing court found that the defendants were
responsible for exactly 1.5 kilograms, we would have a different case, but a
finding that the defendants were responsible for at least 4.5 kilograms is not
inconsistent with the conclusion of the original sentencing court that the
defendants were responsible for amounts in excess of 1.5 kilograms”); see also
United States v. Moore, 582 F.3d 641, 646 (6th Cir. 2009) (“We do not agree with
[the defendant] that the district court’s previous determination of ‘more than 1.5
kilograms’ means that it cannot also find more than 4.5 kilograms”).3
Hernandez argues that ambiguity was raised about the amount of crack by the
PSR and the district judge’s comments at the sentencing hearing, and notes the
government’s concession in a co-conspirator’s appeal that the amount of crack
involved was less than 32.5 kg. However, even assuming there was some
ambiguity about the amount of crack involved,4 Hernandez does not and cannot
dispute that one member of his conspiracy testified that he personally delivered
3
Hernandez also argues that we should reverse and remand for a limited re-sentencing
because of the alleged inconsistencies noted above, relying on this court’s opinion in United
States v. Towe, 26 F.3d 614, 617 (5th Cir. 1994). That case is inapposite. In Towe, the
defendant’s sentence was based on responsibility for a total weight of 28.26 pounds of
phenylacetone. The record there showed that the 28.26 pounds contained some waste products
which, pursuant to the sentencing guideline amendments at issue, could no longer be counted
for the purposes of sentencing. The district court simply had not differentiated between the
pure drug and waste products because, at that time, it made no difference to the sentence.
Under that fact pattern, this court held that an evidentiary hearing was necessary to decide
how much of the total weight was pure phenylacetone, and thus whether the defendant
qualified for modification. Here, Hernandez has not claimed in this appeal that based on the
record and the sources cited by the PSR it could not reasonably be concluded that he was
responsible for more than 4.5 kg of crack. Under Dillon, that is where our inquiry ends.
4
As we hold above, there was no such ambiguity, because the district court adopted the
PSR in its entirety.
6
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2.5 kg of crack, that another conspirator testified that “most” of the 12.5 kg of
powder cocaine for which that conspirator was responsible was cooked into
crack, that there was evidence of 15 kg of crack delivered by another
conspirator, and that the PSR’s calculations excluded further evidence of crack
distribution by the conspiracy. See United States v. Thomas, 963 F.2d 63, 64
(5th Cir. 1992) (noting that in controlled substance convictions, the sentence is
based not only on the amount involved in the offense for which the defendant
was convicted, but also on the contraband involved in acts that were part of the
same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction).5
III.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is AFFIRMED.
5
To the extent Hernandez argues that the district court erred by accepting the PSR’s
assumption that the powder cocaine transported by members of the conspiracy was converted
to a comparable amount of crack, this argument must be rejected. It is the law of this circuit
that a district court is “permitted to convert a quantity of powder cocaine to a comparable
amount of crack cocaine for sentencing purposes if the conversion was foreseeable to the
defendant.” United States v. Burns, 526 F.3d 852, 859 (5th Cir. 2008), citing United States v.
Booker, 334 F.3d 406, 414 (5th Cir. 2003).
7