FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
August 17, 2011
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v. No. 10-3305
MICHAEL D. WELCH, (D.C. No. 2:10-CR-20045-JWL-1)
(D. Kan.)
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before ANDERSON, BALDOCK, Circuit Judges, and BRORBY, Senior Circuit
Judge. **
After getting caught attempting to shoplift ammunition, Defendant Michael
Welch pled guilty without a plea agreement to possessing ammunition as a felon, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The district court sentenced him to 204 months’
imprisonment. Defendant timely appeals, challenging the sentence’s procedural
reasonableness. Pursuant to our appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we
affirm.
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however,
for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
**
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.
I.
Upon accepting Defendant’s guilty plea, the district court ordered the
preparation of a presentence report (PSR). In the process of being transported to
federal court for his presentence interview, Defendant engaged in a physical
altercation with a deputy United States Marshal. The PSR took this conduct into
account. The PSR first determined Defendant’s total offense level was thirty-three
because of his undisputed classification as an Armed Career Criminal under 18
U.S.C. § 924(e) based upon his three prior convictions for violent felonies or serious
drug offenses. U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(B). Then, the report declined to recommend
Defendant a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility under U.S.S.G.
§ 3E1.1 based upon the physical altercation with the deputy which “appear[ed] to
rise to the level of a felony offense, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 111(a).” Record On
Appeal (ROA) Vol. 3 at 6 (sealed). An offense level of thirty-three combined with
Defendant’s criminal history category of IV produced a Sentencing Guidelines range
of 188 to 235 months. Additionally, by virtue of his armed career criminal status
under § 924(e), Defendant faced a mandatory minimum sentence of 180 months. 18
U.S.C. § 924(e)(1).
Defendant challenged the PSR’s denial of an acceptance of responsibility
reduction prior to sentencing, claiming the deputy U.S. Marshal acted as the
aggressor. The district court held a sentencing hearing, considering Defendant’s
objection and hearing evidence regarding the altercation, including the testimony of
2
the deputy U.S. Marshal. Finding the deputy’s account of the incident credible, the
district court denied Defendant the three-level reduction for acceptance of
responsibility. Therefore, the district court had, as the PSR advised, a Guidelines
range of 188 to 235 months to consider. The court then went on to conclude that
“the sentence which is sufficient but not greater than necessary to carry out
Congress’ objectives” was 204 months’ imprisonment. ROA Vol. 2 at 49–50. It
explained it reached that within-range sentence by adding what it believed to be
Defendant’s likely sentence if he had been convicted of assaulting a federal officer
under 18 U.S.C. § 111—twenty-four months—to the 180 month mandatory minimum
sentence under § 924(e)(1). The court further explained that in calculating
Defendant’s sentence it considered the sentencing factors of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)
including, among other factors, “the nature and circumstances of the offense and the
history and characteristics of the defendant.” Id. at 52. The court specifically
mentioned Defendant’s “extremely serious and lengthy criminal history . . . .
[including] convictions or adjudications for attempted aggravated battery, aggravated
battery, battery, and two robbery convictions,” his battery upon the deputy U.S.
Marshal, and the seriousness of shoplifting ammunition “in light of his criminal
history and his being a prohibited individual.” Id. at 52–53. After imposing this
sentence, the district court asked Defense counsel if he had “anything on behalf of
[Defendant].” Id. at 56. He replied, “No, there’s not.” Id. Defendant did not raise
any objections to the imposed sentence before the district court.
3
II.
On appeal, Defendant argues the district court used an unreasonable method
to calculate his sentence, violating his Sixth Amendment rights and United States v.
Allen’s, 488 F.3d 1244 (10th Cir. 2007), “relatedness principle.” Ordinarily, we
review a “defendant’s sentence for reasonableness, deferring to the district court
under the ‘familiar abuse-of-discretion standard of review.’” United States v. Lewis,
625 F.3d 1224, 1231 (10th Cir. 2010) (quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38,
46 (2007)). We review for both procedural and substantive reasonableness. Id.
“The procedural component focuses on the manner in which the sentence was
calculated, and the ‘substantive component concern[s] the length of the sentence
actually imposed.’” United States v. Masek, 588 F.3d 1283, 1290 (10th Cir. 2009)
(quoting United States v. Sutton, 520 F.3d 1259, 1262 (10th Cir. 2008)). “A
sentence imposed within the properly calculated advisory range is entitled to a
rebuttable presumption of reasonableness.” Lewis, 625 F.3d at 1231. But because
Defendant did not raise his claims of procedural unreasonableness before the district
court, we review for plain error. United States v. Magallanez, 408 F.3d 672, 683
(10th Cir. 2005). “‘Plain error occurs when there is (1) error, (2) that is plain, which
(3) affects substantial rights, and which (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity,
or public reputation of judicial proceedings.’” United States v. Burbage, 365 F.3d
1174, 1180 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting United States v. Price, 265 F.3d 1097, 1107
(10th Cir. 2001)). Ultimately, we conclude the district court did not err in fashioning
4
Defendant’s sentence.
A.
Defendant claims the district court violated his Sixth Amendment right to trial
by jury, as expounded upon in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), by
adding twenty-four months to his sentence based upon uncharged, unconvicted, and
unadmitted conduct. First, we must note Defendant challenges neither the district
court’s factual conclusion that he assaulted the deputy U.S. Marshal nor its refusal
to grant him a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility on the basis of
that assault. 1 Defendant, therefore, concedes that the 204-month sentence he
received falls within the applicable Guidelines range of 188 to 235 months. Second,
we have repeatedly held, even after Booker, that a court may consider uncharged
conduct for sentencing purposes, so long as it is proved by a preponderance of the
evidence and does not mandatorily enhance a defendant’s maximum sentence.
Magallanez, 408 F.3d at 684–85; United States v. Lauder, 409 F.3d 1254, 1269 (10th
Cir. 2005). We, as a result, are bound to conclude the district court committed no
Sixth Amendment error in sentencing Defendant within the applicable Guidelines
1
And, likely for good reason. A district court may consider, “in its discretion,
criminal conduct unrelated to the offense of conviction in determining whether a
defendant qualifies for an adjustment for acceptance of responsibility under
§ 3E1.1.” United States v. Prince, 204 F.3d 1021, 1024 (10th Cir. 2000). In Prince,
we concluded a district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the defendant
an adjustment for acceptance of responsibility based upon reports of his stabbing
another prisoner while awaiting sentencing. Id.
5
range, but above the statutory minimum, based upon its determination that he
assaulted the deputy. See United States v. Pugh, 380 F. App’x 776, 780 (10th Cir.
2010) (rejecting the defendant’s Fifth and Sixth Amendment arguments in concluding
the district court’s imposing a sentence thirty-eight months longer than the high end
of the applicable Guidelines range based upon the defendant’s uncharged
involvement in two drive-by shootings was not procedurally unreasonable).
B.
Lastly, Defendant argues the district court’s imposing an additional twenty-
four months based upon conduct unrelated to the offense of conviction violates the
“relatedness principle” we enunciated in United States v. Allen, 488 F.3d 1244 (10th
Cir. 2007). In Allen, we held it was unreasonable for a district court to impose a
sentence more than two-and-a-half times the top end of the applicable Guidelines
range based upon unrelated and uncharged conduct. 488 F.3d at 1245. “The
question posed by [Allen], however, . . . [was] not whether consideration of [the
defendant]’s unrelated, unadjudicated, and dissimilar actions was improper, but
whether the weight to give to those actions was excessive.” Id. at 1259. A
sentencing court remains free to consider unrelated, uncharged conduct in fashioning
a reasonable sentence. Id. at 1245; see also United States v. Marquez-Pineda, 318
F. App’x 673, 675 (10th Cir. 2009) (“[W]e conclude that Allen does not preclude the
district court’s use of unrelated criminal activity to decide on a reasonable sentence
under § 3553.”). “No limitation shall be placed on the information concerning the
6
background, character, and conduct of a person convicted of an offense which a court
of the United States may receive and consider for the purpose of imposing an
appropriate sentence.” 18 U.S.C. § 3661.
In stark contrast to the facts of Allen, the district court in this case properly
calculated the applicable Guidelines range and selected a sentence within that range
based upon Defendant’s history, characteristics, and conduct, including his assault
of the deputy U.S. Marshal. We, therefore, find no error in the method the district
court used to craft Defendant’s sentence. See Marquez-Pineda, 318 F. App’x at 675
(“We find no abuse of discretion in the court’s consideration of Defendant’s
unrelated criminal conduct in deciding to vary upward from the Guidelines.”).
For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s imposition of a 204-month
sentence is
AFFIRMED.
Entered for the Court,
Bobby R. Baldock
United States Circuit Judge
7