In the Matter of the DETENTION OF M.K., Respondent.
No. 41584-4-II.Court of Appeals of Washington, Division 2.
April 10, 2012.*1060 Lise Ellner, Attorney at Law, Vashon, WA, for Appellant.
Katy Anne Hatfield, Washington State Attorney General's Office, Robert Andrew Antanaitis, Attorney General of Washington, Olympia, WA, for Respondent.
PART PUBLISHED OPINION
VAN DEREN, J.
¶ 1 MK[1] appeals a trial court order involuntarily committing him to Western State Hospital (WSH) for up to 180 days of mental health treatment, asserting that substantial evidence does not support the determination that he is gravely disabled and the resulting commitment order. The State responds that MK's appeal is moot because the period of commitment under the challenged order has expired. Alternatively, the State responds that substantial evidence supported the trial court's involuntary commitment order. Because an involuntary commitment order has collateral consequences for future commitment determinations, we hold that MK's appeal is not moot. Additionally, because the trial court's sparse findings do not support the trial court's determination that MK is gravely disabled, we vacate the involuntary commitment order.
FACTS
¶ 2 After his arrest on September 18, 2009, for criminal trespass and obstructing a police officer, MK was involuntarily detained at WSH for a 14-day mental health evaluation and for involuntary mental health treatment under RCW 71.05.310 and .320. WSH staff determined that MK suffered from schizoaffective disorder bipolar type and that he exhibited antisocial personality traits. Following an interim 90-day commitment, on January 4, 2010, the superior court committed MK for 180 days of involuntary mental health treatment at WSH under RCW 71.05.320, concluding that MK met RCW 71.05.020(17)'s definition of "gravely disabled." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 35. MK stipulated to the trial court's January 4 involuntary commitment order.
¶ 3 On June 14, 2010, WSH staff members Gregory Kramer, PhD, and Lanna Moore-Duncan, MD, filed a petition to involuntarily commit MK for an additional 180 days under chapter 71.05 RCW. On August 4, 2010, WSH staff members Joseph Wainer, MD, and Walter Tunstall, PhD, filed an amended petition to involuntarily commit MK for 180 days under the same statute. The June 14 and August 4 petitions alleged that MK was gravely disabled and that, as a result of his mental disorder, he continued to present a likelihood of serious harm. The petitions further alleged that "no less restrictive alternatives to detention" were in MK's best interests because he "require[d] intensive, supervised 24-hour restrictive care." CP at 38, 48.
¶ 4 The trial court held a hearing on the involuntary commitment petitions on November 15, 2010, under chapter 71.05 RCW. It concluded that MK was gravely disabled and, on November 15, ordered an additional 180 days of involuntary commitment to WSH for further treatment.[2] Other than a brief jurisdictional *1061 statement, the entirety of the trial court's brief findings of fact state:
Findings: The Court finds by [ ] a preponderance of the evidence
[X] clear, cogent and convincing evidence
that the Respondent:
When petition was filed, seemed to be responding to internal stimuli, impulsive, grandiose themes, threatening to peers went on unauthorized leave. Assaultive on return, impaired judgment [and] insight, continues with grandiose themes, intrusive, rambling speech.
Diagnosis: Schizoaffective Disorder Bipolar type ... Antisocial Personality traits
And that, as a result of a mental disorder, the Respondent presents:
[ ] a likelihood of serious harm to others;
[ ] a likelihood of serious harm to self;
[X] is gravely disabled;[[3]]
[ ] was taken into custody after having been determined incompetent pursuant to RCW 10.77 and has committed acts constituting a felony (although criminal charges have been dismissed) and as a result of a mental disorder, presents a substantial likelihood of repeating similar acts.
Less Restrictive Alternatives: Less Restrictive Alternatives to involuntary detention
[ ] are
[X] are not in the best interests of the Respondent or others.
CP at 66.
¶ 5 The conclusions of law state, "The Respondent shall be detained for involuntary treatment or shall be treated under less restrictive alternatives per the Order Detaining Respondent below." CP at 67. The trial court concluded that the evidence was not clear, cogent, and convincing that MK presented a danger to others.
¶ 6 MK timely appeals the involuntary commitment order based on grave disability.
ANALYSIS
Mootness
¶ 7 As an initial matter, the State asserts that we should decline to review the trial court's November 15 180-day involuntary commitment order because MK's commitment period under the challenged order has expired and, thus, his appeal from the order is moot. Because an involuntary commitment order may have adverse consequences on future involuntary commitment determinations, we disagree and address MK's appeal on the merits.[4]
*1062 ¶ 8 Generally, we will dismiss an appeal where only moot or abstract questions remain or where the issues the parties raised in the trial court no longer exist. Norman v. Chelan County Pub. Hosp. Dist. No. 1, 100 Wash.2d 633, 635, 673 P.2d 189 (1983). An appeal is moot where it presents merely academic questions and where this court can no longer provide effective relief. See, e.g., In re Cross, 99 Wash.2d 373, 376-77, 662 P.2d 828 (1983). An individual's release from detention does not render an appeal moot where collateral consequences flow from the determination authorizing such detention. See, e.g., Born v. Thompson, 154 Wash.2d 749, 762-64, 117 P.3d 1098 (2005); Monohan v. Burdman, 84 Wash.2d 922, 925, 530 P.2d 334 (1975). In the case of civil commitments under chapter 71.05 RCW, the trial court is directed to consider, in part, a history of recent[5] prior civil commitments, thus, each order of commitment entered up to three years before the current commitment hearing becomes a part of the evidence against a person seeking denial of a petition for commitment. RCW 71.05.245. Accordingly, each commitment order has a collateral consequence in subsequent petitions and hearings, allowing us to render relief if we hold that the detention under a civil commitment order was not warranted.
¶ 9 The legislature's use of "recent history evidence" to support involuntary commitments appears to begin with our Supreme Court's decision in In re Det. of LaBelle, 107 Wash.2d 196, 206-207, 728 P.2d 138 (1986), which held:
By permitting intervention before a mentally ill person's condition reaches crisis proportions, [former] RCW 71.05.020(1)(b) [(1979) ] enables the State to provide the kind of continuous care and treatment that could break the cycle and restore the individual to satisfactory functioning. Such intervention is consonant with one of the express legislative purposes of the involuntary treatment act, which is to "provide continuity of care for persons with serious mental disorders". [Former] RCW 71.05.010(4) [1973].
¶ 10 LaBelle also provided careful guidelines for the kind of evidence that can be used to show that a person is gravely disabled:
[W]hen the State is proceeding under the gravely disabled standard of [former] RCW 71.05.020(1)(b), it is particularly important that the evidence provide a factual basis for concluding that an individual "manifests severe [mental] deterioration in routine functioning." Such evidence must include recent proof of significant loss of cognitive or volitional control. In addition, the evidence must reveal a factual basis for concluding that the individual is not receiving or would not receive, if released, such care as is essential for his or her health or safety.
107 Wash.2d at 208, 728 P.2d 138 (some alteration in original). Additionally, In Re Meistrell, 47 Wash.App. 100, 108, 733 P.2d 1004 (1987) held that recent past mental history is relevant in determining present and immediate future mental behavior.
¶ 11 In response to LaBelle and Meistrell, in 1997, the legislature made significant changes to chapter 71.05 RCW, including clarifying its intent regarding a trial court's consideration of prior involuntary commitments in making an involuntary commitment decision:
It is the intent of the legislature to enhance continuity of care for persons with serious mental disorders that can be controlled or stabilized in a less restrictive alternative commitment. Within the guidelines stated in [LaBelle], the legislature intends to encourage appropriate interventions at a point when there is the best opportunity to restore the person to or maintain satisfactory functioning.
For persons with a prior history or pattern of repeated hospitalizations or law enforcement interventions due to decompensation, the consideration of prior mental *1063 history is particularly relevant in determining whether the person would receive, if released, such care as is essential for his or her health or safety.
Therefore, the legislature finds that for persons who are currently under a commitment order, a prior history of decompensation leading to repeated hospitalizations or law enforcement interventions should be given great weight in determining whether a new less restrictive alternative commitment should be ordered.
RCW 71.05.012 (emphasis added.); see Final B. Rep. on Substitute S.B. 5562, 55th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Wash. 1997); see also In re Det. of C.K., 108 Wash.App. 65, 71-73, 29 P.3d 69 (2001).
¶ 12 As part of the major overhaul of chapter 71.05 RCW, in 1997, the legislature commissioned a task force on mentally ill offenders that issued recommendations and the legislature made another round of sweeping amendments to the statute in 1998 and 1999 based on those recommendations, including adopting former RCW 71.05.245 (1998), which stated:
In making a determination of whether there is a likelihood of serious harm in a hearing conducted under RCW 71.05.240 or 71.05.320, the court shall give great weight to [any evidence before the court regarding][[6]] whether the person has: (1) A recent history of one or more violent acts; or (2) a recent history of one or more commitments under this chapter or its equivalent provisions under the laws of another state which were based on a likelihood of serious harm. The existence of prior violent acts or commitments under this chapter or its equivalent shall not be the sole basis for determining whether a person presents a likelihood of serious harm.
(Emphasis added.) See Final B. Rep. on Second Substitute S.B. 6214, 55th Leg. Reg. Sess. (Wash 1998).
¶ 13 In 2010, the legislature amended the statute again to its current form, which now includes the grave disability language (effective Jan. 1, 2012). Laws of 2010, ch. 280, §§ 3, 5, at 2230-31. RCW 71.05.245 now provides:
(1) In making a determination of whether a person is gravely disabled or presents a likelihood of serious harm in a hearing conducted under RCW 71.05.240 or 71.05.320, the court must consider the symptoms and behavior of the respondent in light of all available evidence concerning the respondent's historical behavior.
(2) Symptoms or behavior which standing alone would not justify civil commitment may support a finding of grave disability or likelihood of serious harm when: (a) Such symptoms or behavior are closely associated with symptoms or behavior which preceded and led to a past incident of involuntary hospitalization, severe deterioration, or one or more violent acts; (b) these symptoms or behavior represent a marked and concerning change in the baseline behavior of the respondent; and (c) without treatment, the continued deterioration of the respondent is probable.
. . . .
For the purposes of this subsection "recent" refers to the period of time not exceeding three years prior to the current hearing.
(Emphasis added.)
¶ 14 Under these amendments, it is clear that MK's appeal of his involuntary commitment order is not moot, despite the treatment period in the challenged order having expired, because RCW 71.05.245 requires a trial court presiding over future involuntary commitment hearings to consider MK's symptoms or historical behavior, including previous symptoms or behaviors that led to prior involuntarily commitment orders. And the State has filed an additional commitment petition against MK. Here, we may provide effective relief from an expired involuntary commitment order that was not supported by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence, by *1064 vacating the commitment order to ensure that a trial court will not rely on it in subsequent involuntary commitment determinations.[7] Accordingly, we address the merits of MK's appeal.
¶ 15 A majority of the panel having determined that only the foregoing portion of this opinion will be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports and that the remainder shall be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 2.06.040, it is so ordered.
We concur: ARMSTRONG, J., and WORSWICK, A.C.J.
NOTES
[1] Under Court of Appeals Division Two General Order 1992-3, the clerk shall recaption an appeal from an involuntary commitment proceeding by using the subject's initials instead of name.
[2] The trial court referred to the legal conclusion of grave disability as a finding. We treat incorrectly labeled findings as conclusions of law if they resolve the ultimate issue. Inland Foundry Co. v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 106 Wash.App. 333, 340, 24 P.3d 424 (2001).
[3] Although denoted as a finding of fact, because this is a legal conclusion regarding the ultimate issue, we treat it as the trial court's conclusion. Inland Foundry, 106 Wash.App. at 340, 24 P.3d 424. The form employed at the commitment hearing erroneously labels the grave disability conclusion as a fact and labels the subsequent order of commitment as the conclusion of law. Confusion about whether the trial court's rulings on grave disability are findings of fact or conclusions of law is understandable, given our Supreme Court's interchangeable reference to the rulings as a finding and a conclusion in In re Det. of LaBelle, 107 Wash.2d 196, 728 P.2d 138 (1986). See, e.g., LaBelle at 208, 728 P.2d 138 (emphasis added) ("whether there was sufficient evidence in each of the cases to support the trial court's finding that appellants were gravely disabled"); LaBelle at 209, 728 P.2d 138 (emphasis added) ("trial court's findings of `grave disability'"); LaBelle at 214, 728 P.2d 138 (emphasis added) ("the trial court concluded that Richardson was gravely disabled"); LaBelle at 215, 728 P.2d 138 (emphasis added) ("trial court's findings"); LaBelle at 219, 728 P.2d 138 (emphasis added) ("The findings do not indicate the factual bases for the trial court's ultimate conclusion of grave disability."); LaBelle at 220, 728 P.2d 138 (emphasis added) ("At the very least, the findings should indicate the factual basis underlying the court's conclusion that a person is `gravely disabled.'"). Because whether someone is gravely disabled is the ultimate issue to be determined, it is properly denoted a conclusion of law. Clear, cogent and convincing evidence means "the ultimate fact in issue must be shown by evidence to be `highly probable.'" In re Welfare of Sego, 82 Wash.2d 736, 739, 513 P.2d 831 (1973) (emphasis added) (quoting Supove v. Densmoor, 225 Or. 365, 372, 358 P.2d 510 (1961)).
[4] We may also address moot issues "if it involves matters of continuing and substantial public interest." In re Det. of Swanson, 115 Wash.2d 21, 24, 793 P.2d 962 (1990). Our Supreme Court has held that "`the need to clarify the statutory scheme governing civil commitment is a matter of continuing and substantial public interest.'" LaBelle, 107 Wash.2d at 200, 728 P.2d 138 (quoting Dunner v. McLaughlin 100 Wash.2d 832, 838, 676 P.2d 444 (1984)). Thus, we could address MK's appeal on the merits under this measure as well.
[5] Under RCW 71.05.245, "`recent'" history of prior commitments "refers to the period of time not exceeding three years prior to the current hearing."
[6] The bracketed section was added in 1999. Laws of 1999, ch. 13, § 6, at 74.
[7] Such review and potential relief is available sooner for the relatively short commitment orders through revision motions in superior court. RCW 2.24.050.