HANKINS
v.
COCA COLA BOTTLING CO.
No. A-3575.
Supreme Court of Texas.
June 18, 1952.Davis, Spurlock & Schattman, Fort Worth, for petitioner.
Cantey, Hanger, Johnson, Scarborough & Gooch and Charles L. Stephens, Fort Worth, for respondent.
SMITH, Justice.
This is a personal injury action in which B. H. Hankins secured a judgment in the District Court of Tarrant County in the sum of $15,000 against the Coca Cola Bottling Company for personal injuries sustained by him when a bottle of coca cola, manufactured, distributed and sold by defendant, exploded. Plaintiff had purchased a carton of twelve bottles of coca cola from Wehring Food Store, transported it in his car a distance of about three blocks to his home, and was walking along his driveway carrying the carton of coca cola when the explosion occurred.
The case was tried and submitted to a jury on the theory of res ipsa loquitur. The defendant duly perfected its appeal to the Court of Civil Appeals for the Second Supreme Judicial District of Texas at Fort Worth which court affirmed the action of the trial court insofar as it had submitted the case to the jury under the res ipsa loquitur doctrine, but reversed and remanded the cause on grounds other than the applicability of said doctrine. 245 S.W.2d 740. This court has granted applications for writs of error filed by both plaintiff and defendant. Therefore, to avoid confusion, the parties involved in this appeal will be identified by the position they occupied in the trial court; i. e., petitioner, B. H. Hankins, as plaintiff and respondent, Coca Cola Bottling Company, as defendant.
Since a most careful consideration of this case has led this court to the conclusion that the facts do not justify the application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, and that the trial court should have granted defendant's motion for instructed verdict filed at the close of the evidence, it is unnecessary to pass on the questions asserted in plaintiff's application for writ of error.
Honea v. Coca Cola Bottling Co., 143 Tex. 272, 183 S.W.2d 968, 970, 160 A.L.R. 1445, an "exploding bottle" case, clearly sets out the rule that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur may be extended beyond the time when the agency causing the injury was in the exclusive control of the defendant. It was stated in that case that negligence *1009 may be inferred provided that the testimony showed "that the bottle (1) was in no way `accessible to extraneous harmful forces'; and (2) `was carefully handled by plaintiff or any third person who may have moved or touched it.'" The court then said that "The reason for that proviso is that, in absence of such proof, the evidence would show two or more possible causes of the explosion, one or more of which is chargeable to persons other than the defendant, in which situation the rule of res ipsa loquitur is not applicable." The Honea case recognized the dangers of too liberal an application of the doctrine when it required the plaintiff to satisfy the controlling question of the absence of intermediate forces acting upon the instrument causing the injury, before the ultimate question of inferred negligence be reached. The court said, quoting from Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co., Cal.Sup., 150 P.2d 436, "`It is not necessary of course, that plaintiff eliminate every remote possibility of injury to the bottle after defendant lost control, and the requirement is satisfied if there is evidence permitting a reasonable inference that it was not accessible to extraneous harmful forces and that it was carefully handled by plaintiff or any third person who may have moved or touched it. * * * If such evidence is presented, the question becomes one for the trier of fact * * *, and, accordingly, the issue should be submitted to the jury under proper instructions.'" The court also said "* * * it is not necessary that the plaintiff establish these facts beyond a reasonable doubt. If he shows them by a preponderance of the evidence, the rule may be applied unless the defendant shows that he was not negligent in manufacturing, charging and filling the bottle."
Now, what are the facts in this case? Plaintiff's witness, Mr. Wehring, the owner of the store, testified that the deliveries were made to his store by defendant before noon or at noon. There was other undisputed testimony showing that deliveries were customarily made on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. The plaintiff testified that he purchased the bottles in question about 1 p. m. on Wednesday. Therefore, the bottles were in the store for at least a twenty-four hour period prior to the plaintiff's purchase. There is no direct testimony in the record showing how long the bottles in question had actually been in the store, the store owner testifying that he had no way of knowing the length of time of their presence. Wehring operated a "self-service store" and the testimony clearly shows that all the customers handled the bottles and cartons on display; that bottles were transferred from cases into cartons; that sometimes cartons broke and the bottles dropped on the floor. The plaintiff did not know what had happened to the coca cola bottle before it was sold to him. There was no evidence warranting the submission to the jury of a special issue inquiring of the intermediate handling of the bottle in question. The plaintiff did not satisfy the controlling requirement that he negative the possibility of an intermediate actor on the agency causing the injury, by a preponderance of the evidence, so as to allow the jury to decide whether negligence on the part of the Coca Cola Company might be inferred.
A person injured by a resultant explosion of a coca cola bottle is entitled to rely on the res ipsa loquitur doctrine even though the bottle has left the bottler's control, but, in such cases, it is necessary for the plaintiff to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the instrumentality (in this case a bottle) was not damaged by some intervening force between the time of its last handling by the defendant and the final occurrence which causes the damage. Alagood v. Coca Cola Bottling Co., Tex.Civ.App., 135 S.W.2d 1056, error dismissed, judgment correct; Henning v. Thompson, Fla.1950, 45 So. 2d 755; Monroe v. H. G. Hill Stores, Inc., La.App.1951, 51 So. 2d 645; Hughs v. Miami Coca Cola Bottling Co., 155 Fla. 299, 19 So. 2d 862; Dunn v. Hoffman Beverage Co., 1941, 126 N.J.L. 556, 20 A.2d 352; Ann. 4 A.L.R. 2d 466, 478.
In the case of Benkendorfer v. Garrett, Tex.Civ.App., 143 S.W.2d 1020, 1021, relied upon by plaintiff, the findings of fact by the trial court reveal a different factual background than that presented in this *1010 case. In that case, the trial court found as a fact from "`clear and convincing evidence'" that the bottle which exploded remained with several other bottles of the beverage in the case in which it was delivered to plaintiff from the time of such delivery until the explosion occurred, and that said bottle was not moved or molested by any one, save and except that the case in which the bottle was resting was shifted to the top of the case of Dr. Pepper by a servant on the day after the delivery thereof. In view of said findings of fact, the Court of Civil Appeals in that case correctly held that the plaintiff was entitled to recover under the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur.
The judgments of the Court of Civil Appeals and the trial court are reversed and judgment is here rendered for the defendant.