Bakare v. Pinnacle Health Hospitals, Inc.

469 F.Supp.2d 272 (2006)

Ayodeji O. BAKARE, M.D., Plaintiff
v.
PINNACLE HEALTH HOSPITALS, INC., et al., Defendants.

Civil Action No. 1:03-CV-1098.

United States District Court, M.D. Pennsylvania.

August 24, 2006.

Mary J. Walk, Robert B. Bodzin, Kleinbard, Bell & Brecker, LLP, Philadelphia, PA, for Plaintiff.

Brian P. Downey, Vincent V. Carissimi, Alexandra Makosky, Pepper Hamilton LLP, Harrisburg, PA, Barak A. Bassman, Pepper Hamilton, LLP, Philadelphia, PA, Andrew H. Foulkrod, Leigh A.J. Ellis, S. Walter Foulkrod, III, Foulkrod Ellis Professional Corporation, Michael C. Mongiello, Harrisburg, PA, for Defendants.

MEMORANDUM

CONNER, District Judge.

Presently before the court are motions for summary judgment by defendants — Pinnacle Health Hospitals, Inc., Pinnacle Health System (collectively, "Pinnacle"), Roger Longenderfer, M.D. ("Dr.Longenderfer"), Barry B. Moore, M.D. ("Dr. Moore"), Dana Kellis, M.D. ("Dr.Kellis"), Carl Bronitsky, M.D. ("Dr.Bronitsky"), and David J. Evans, M.D. ("Dr.Evans") — on the antitrust, tortious interference with contract, breach of contract, and defamation claims of plaintiff Ayodeji O. Bakare, M.D. ("Dr.Bakare"). For the reasons that follow, the motions will be granted in part and denied in part.

I. Statement of Facts^[1]

A. The Parties

Pinnacle Health Hospitals, a non-profit corporation, is a subsidiary of Pinnacle Health System. Pinnacle Health System was created in 1996 by the merger of Harrisburg Hospital, Seidle Memorial Hospital, and Polyclinic Hospital. (Doc. 103 ¶ 4; Doc. 113 ¶ 4; Doc. 105, Ex. GG at 1, 3-4.) Pinnacle owns and operates Harrisburg Hospital and numerous outpatient clinics, including the Women's Outpatient Health Center ("WOHC"), an obstetrics and gynecology ("OB/GYN") outpatient clinic. (Doc. 106, Ex. EEE at 10, 29; Doc. 106, Ex. RRR ¶ 21.)

Dr. Bakare is a licensed physician in Pennsylvania and a board certified OB/ GYN physician. (Doc. 113, Ex. 1 ¶ 5.) When Dr. Bakare began his private medical practice in 1986, he worked part-time at the OB/GYN clinic at Polyclinic Hospital. From 1987 through August 27, 2002,^[2] Dr. Bakare had unrestricted staff privileges at Pinnacle Health Hospitals and/or its predecessors.^[3] From 1987 through August 30, 2002,^[4] Dr. Bakare also worked as a contract physician at the OB/GYN clinic of Hamilton Health Center ("Hamilton"). (Doc. 113, Ex. 1 ¶¶ 12-16.)

Since July 2001, Dr. Longenderfer has served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Pinnacle Health System. Previously, Dr. Longenderfer was the Chief Operating Officer and Vice President of Medical Affairs for Pinnacle Health Hospitals. He is an ex-officio member of the Medical Executive Committee ("MEC") of Pinnacle Health Hospitals. (Doc. 103 ¶¶ 5-7; Doc. 113 ¶¶5-7.)

Dr. Kellis has served as the Senior Vice President of Medical Affairs of Pinnacle Health System since August 2001 and is a member of MEC. (Doc. 103 ¶ 8; Doc. 113 ¶ 8.)

Dr. Bronitsky, a licensed OB/GYN physician, was Chairman of Pinnacle Health Hospitals' OB/GYN Department from 2000 until October 2002, when he moved his medical practice to Arizona. (Doc. 103 ¶ 12; Doc. 113 ¶ 12.)

Dr. Moore, a physician specializing in neurosurgery, is a member of the medical staff at Pinnacle Health Hospitals and of MEC. (Doc. 103 ¶ 10; Doc. 113 ¶ 10.)

Dr. Evans, a licensed. OB/GYN physician, was the Chairman of Pinnacle's Quality Assessment ("QA") Committee until he left his Pennsylvania practice in August 2001. He currently practices medicine in Sidney, Ohio. (Doc. 103 ¶ 14; Doc. 113 ¶ 14.)

B. Proposed Combination of Pinnacle and Hamilton's OB/GYN Services

On January 17, 2002, representatives from Pinnacle and Hamilton met to discuss a potential collaboration of their OB/GYN programs. The preliminary collaboration plan contemplated that Hamilton would: (1) assume control of Pinnacle's WOHC, (2) lease from Pinnacle the facilities and equipment utilized by the WOHC, and (3) contract with Pinnacle for back office support services (e.g., billing). In addition, Pinnacle would assist Hamilton with quality assurance programs. (Doc. 103 ¶ 260; Doc. 113 ¶ 260.) In February 2002, Pinnacle and Hamilton exchanged financial information and Pinnacle sent a draft lease for the WOHC facilities and equipment to Hamilton. (Doc. 103 ¶¶ 261-62; Doc. 113 ¶¶ 261-62.) Hamilton used this information to perform a financial analysis of the proposed combination. (Doc. 103 ¶ 263; Doc. 113 ¶ 263.)

Discussions regarding the proposed combination continued during the summer of 2002. Representatives of the Pinnacle and Hamilton Boards met and Hamilton officials toured the WOHC. (Doc. 103 ¶ 264; Doc. 113, ¶ 264.) Then, the first obstacle to the combination arose. Hamilton's financial advisor reported to the Hamilton Board that the combined clinic under Hamilton's control would likely operate at a loss of one million ($1,000,000.00) dollars. On August 20, 2002, Dr. Longenderfer discussed Hamilton's financial concerns, specifically this projected substantial loss, with the Pinnacle Board's executive committee. Dr. Longenderfer informed the executive committee that Pinnacle management was exploring various means of providing financial safeguards to Hamilton. (Doc. 103 ¶ 265; Doc. 113 ¶ 265.)

On September 23, 2002, Pinnacle management presented its Board with a specific proposal for the combination with Hamilton.^[5] The proposal provided: (1) Pinnacle would subsidize Hamilton's losses, up to $1 million the first three years, up to $750,000 the fourth year, and up to $500,000 the fifth year; (2) if Hamilton could not operate without the $1 million subsidy by the fourth year, it "may re"quire Pinnacle Health to resume its program at its previous level;" (3) Pinnacle would receive minority representation on the Hamilton Health Board of Directors; (4) Hamilton would provide 24-7 emergency room coverage at Harrisburg Hospital for medical assistance and uninsured patients who do not have an OB/GYN physician; (5) Hamilton would lease WOHC space at $148,000 per year; and (6) Pinnacle Health would assume a significant role in quality assurance. (Doc. 104, Ex. C at P00229-31.) With this proposal, Pinnacle management sought the approval of Pinnacle's Board "for management to enter into an arrangement with Hamilton Health Center to provide for the consolidation of the respective OB/GYN clinics." (Doc. 104, Ex. C at P00230.) After review of management's proposal, the Pinnacle Board approved the proposal and authorized management to present it to Hamilton. (Doc. 104, Ex. C at P03188-89.)

On September 24, 2002, Dr. Longenderfer presented an overall concept of the potential combination to the Hamilton Board. When asked his view of the most difficult aspect of the transition, Dr. Longenderfer responded that cultural issues would be the most difficult, as it was with the merger of Harrisburg and Polyclinic Hospitals. After Dr. Longenderfer left the Hamilton Board meeting, questions persisted, particularly regarding "concerns about culture and how the physicians could cause the merger between our systems to fail if they were not supportive of the arrangement." (Doc. 113, Ex. 27 at HAM0059-60; Doc. 103 ¶ 273; Doc. 113 ¶ 273.) The collective reaction of the Hamilton Board can be described, at best, as "lukewarm." Ultimately, the Board "voted to authorize staff to continue with discussions with Pinnacle but not to make any commitments." (Doc. 113, Ex. 27 at HAM0060.)

Not surprisingly, there were no further negotiations between Pinnacle and Hamilton regarding the proposed combination of their OB/GYN services. Hamilton chose to discontinue discussions because it was concerned about the financial risks involved and the potentially insurmountable "cultural" conflicts between Hamilton and the WOHC.^[6] (Doc. 106, Ex. III at 51-52, 100.) During the preliminary negotiations, the parties did not initiate the lengthy process of securing necessary government regulatory approvals. (Doc. 103 ¶ 278; Doc. 113 ¶ 278.)

If the proposed combination had occurred, it would have been Hamilton's operation, not Pinnacle's. Therefore, Hamilton would have been responsible for the staffing decisions of the combined OB/ GYN clinic. (Doc. 106, Ex. III at 54, 161; Doc. 106, Ex. MMM at 11; Doc. 106, Ex. FFF at 67.) According to Hamilton's CEO, discussions regarding the selection of staff physicians for the combined clinic had not occurred. (Doc. 106, Ex. III at 54.) Discussions about personnel for the combined operation were limited to staffing patterns, e.g., suggested and budgeted numbers for various positions. (Doc. 113, Ex. 42.) For example, shortly before the execution of the confidentiality agreement between Pinnacle and Hamilton in February 2002, Dr. Kellis met with clinical staff from Hamilton to discuss and to develop possible staffing structures for the combined clinic. (Doc. 113, Ex. 29 at P03039.)

C. The Review of Dr. Bakare's Standard of Care and Subsequent Corrective Action

The QA Committee is a committee of the. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology that reviews and analyzes quality of care issues to ensure consistent application of appropriate standards of patient care. (Doc. 113, Ex. 13 at 14; Doc. 106, Ex. NNN ¶ 8.) The function of the QA Committee is "to identify a threshold below which most physicians would agree that the care is substandard and above which there may be several levels of acceptable care." (Doc. 104, Ex. E at P03698.) Patient care issues may be referred to the QA Committee by any person in the Pinnacle Health System. (Doc. 106, Ex. WW at 16.) After committee members review patient charts on their own, the QA Committee discusses the cases to determine whether further review is necessary. If so, the QA Committee sends a letter to the doctor involved in the case, requesting a detailed explanation. After receiving a response from the doctor, which normally includes an explanation beyond that contained in the chart, the QA. Committee will assign points to the extent warranted. The assessed points reflect concerns with patient care and their accumulation can subject a physician to chart review and referral to the credentialing committee or MEC. Once points are assigned to a case, the Chairman of the QA Committee signs a form and sends the case to the Chairman of the OB/GYN Department — in this case Dr. Bronitsky — for his review and approval. If the Chairman is satisfied with the review process, he will also sign the form and send a letter to the doctor regarding the QA Committee's assessment of points. (Doc. 106, Ex. NNN ¶ 8; Doc. 106, Ex. VV at 17; Doc. 104, Ex. E at P02748, P02761.)

The QA Committee reviewed numerous cases of Dr. Bakare for quality of care issues. (See generally Doc. 104, Ex. E.) As early as December 1999, the QA Committee began reviewing several of the cases at issue in the instant matter. (Doc. 104, Ex. E at P02801.) The QA Committee requested responses from Dr. Bakare, but Dr. Bakare generally failed to respond in a timely manner. (See generally Doc. 104, Exs. E, F.) Ultimately, the QA Committee assigned points to a few of Dr. Bakare's cases. (See, e.g., Doc. 104, Ex. E at P02858-60; Doc. 104, Ex. F at P01062, P01074, P01085, P01093.) In addition to the cases reviewed by the QA Committee, Dr. Kellis independently referred three of Dr. Bakare's cases to Dr. Bronitsky's attention. (Doc. 103 ¶ 111; Doc. 113 ¶ 111.) On March 11, 2002, Drs. Kellis and Bronitsky met with Dr. Bakare to discuss general concerns about his quality of care. (Doc. 103 ¶ 120; Doc. 113 ¶ 120; Doc. 106, Ex. TT at 115.)

On April 1, 2002, Dr. Bronitsky sent a letter to the President of the Medical Staff at Pinnacle Health System requesting his guidance and the guidance of MEC because the QA Committee had identified Dr. Bakare as "falling outside the standard of care" for the OB/GYN Department. (Doc. 105, Ex. L.) On April 23, 2002, MEC formally initiated an investigation into the quality of care issues involving Dr. Bakare, as identified by the QA Committee.^[7] MEC directed its attorney to notify Drs. Bakare and Bronitsky that it would address this matter during its May 2002 session and that they were invited to attend, make presentations, and respond to questions. (Doc. 104, Ex. D at P00070, P00786.) MEC's attorney wrote to Drs. Bronitsky and Kellis (Doc. 105, Ex. M) and to Dr. Bakare (Doc. 105, Ex. N)^[8] informing them of the pending matter before MEC regarding the request for corrective action against. Dr. Bakare.

Dr. Bakare attended the May 28, 2002 meeting of MEC.^[9] Dr. Bronitsky also attended and presented Dr. Bakare's cases, but he neglected to bring the relevant patient charts to the meeting and was unable to respond to specific questions concerning patient care. (Doc. 113, Ex. 1 ¶¶ 41-43.) Dr. Bakare responded to Dr. Bronitsky's presentation and answered questions. (Doc. 103 ¶ 140; Doc. 113 ¶ 140.) Because many of the physicians on MEC were not OB/GYN physicians, Dr. Moore recommended that MEC retain an expert to review the cases and provide an independent expert opinion. (Doc. 106, Ex. TT at 147-48; Doc. 113, Ex. 1 ¶ 43.) Following the presentations regarding Dr. Bakare's cases, MEC directed:

That an obstetrician/gynecologist outside of the Medical Staff be retained to further evaluate the cases in which it is alleged that [Dr. Bakare] exercised poor clinical judgment resulting in the provision of medical care below accepted standards of medical practice in violation of Article IX, Section 1 of the Bylaws.

Upon receipt of the report from the obstetrician/gynecologist in accordance with [the item] above, the Committee will determine whether and to what extent corrective action will be recommended.

(Doc. 104, Ex. D at P00071.)

Dr. Kellis contacted the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology ("ACOG") for an expert recommendation. In July 2002, Dr. Kellis sent the ACOG-recommended expert a letter, stating, in part:

I appreciate your willingness to review the accompanying charts. As you are aware, the Medical Staff Executive Committee at Pinnacle Health has become aware of quality of care issues with regards to Dr. Bakare, the physician responsible for the management of these patients. The Medical Staff would appreciate your assessment in each of these cases, of whether or not you believe the care rendered was outside the acceptable standards, and if so, some idea of the seriousness of the "deficiency."

* * * * * *

The following is a brief synopsis of the patient records that are of concern. This is provided, not as an attempt to influence your conclusions about these cases, but rather as a guide to assist you in your review of the records.

(Doc. 105, Ex. O at P00757; see also Doc. 105, Ex. O at P00948-P00949; Doc. 106, Ex. OOO ¶¶ 5-6.) Also in July 2002, Dr. Kellis sent a letter by certified mail to Dr. Bakare. The letter provided summaries of the ten cases being reviewed by the expert and invited Dr. Bakare to submit, by August 20, 2002, a written explanation of the care or a rebuttal to the concern expressed for each case. The letter also revealed that MEC would discuss the quality of care concerns at the August 27, 2002 meeting with the information obtained from the expert. (Doc. 105, Ex. P at P00754-56.) Dr. Bakare did not receive this letter — he did not accept delivery of the certified mail — but testified at his deposition that even if he had, he would not have responded because Dr. Kellis "had no place for sending me that list." (Doc. 106, Ex. TT at 191.) In a letter dated August 12, 2002, the expert retained by MEC analyzed each of the ten cases forwarded to him by Dr. Kellis and concluded that "beyond a reasonable degree of medical certainty [Dr. Bakare's] medical management falls below the established standards." (Doc. 105, Ex. O at P00748-52.)

On August 27, 2002, Dr. Kellis presented the cases at issue to MEC.^[10] (Doc. 103 ¶ 156; Doc. 113 ¶ 156.) To facilitate MEC's review of the matter, Dr. Kellis prepared a report which included, inter alia, an outline of the cases with responses from Dr. Bakare, if any, and the expert's analysis. In his report, Dr. Kellis stated: "The Medical Staff Executive Committee is requested to recommend termination of Dr. Bakare's medical staff privileges and membership to the Pinnacle Health Board of Directors."^[11] (Doc. 113, Ex. 32.) During the meeting, MEC also heard from a member of the QA Committee, who was invited to the meeting to answer any additional questions. (Doc. 104, Ex. D at P00072.)

After hearing the testimony and deliberating for approximately three hours (Doc. 103 ¶ 159; Doc. 113 ¶ 159), MEC determined that Dr. Bakare "failed to meet acceptable standards of clinical `practice for an obstetrician-gynecologist." (Doc. 104, Ex. D at P00072.) MEC also voted to recommend to the Board of Directors that Dr. Bakare's appointment to the medical staff be revoked. (Doc. 104, Ex. D at P00072.) Finally, MEC voted to "immediately impose upon [Dr. Bakare] a precautionary suspension of all of his clinical privileges to protect the lives of patients and to reduce the substantial likelihood of immediate threat to the health and safety of patients in the Hospitals."^[12] (Doc. 104, Ex. D at P00072.) ME C's determination and votes were unanimous, with the exception of one abstention.^[13] (Doc. 104, Ex. D at P00072.)

On August 28, 2002, MEC's attorney gave Dr. Bakare notice of the adverse action taken by MEC. (Doc. 103 ¶ 164; Doc. 113 ¶ 164; Doc. 105, Ex. Q at P00795.) The notice informed Dr. Bakare of the precautionary suspension and recommendation to the Board of Directors as well as MEC's reasons for the corrective action. It informed Dr. Bakare that he had thirty days from receipt of the letter to request a hearing; it also provided him with a summary of his hearing rights. (Doc. 105, Ex. Q at P00796-99.)

On September 4, 2002, MEC met with Dr. Bakare and his counsel to review the precautionary suspension. During the meeting, Dr. Bakare presented additional information about his quality of care and the ten cases at issue. He also responded to questions posed by members of MEC. Immediately thereafter, MEC modified the terms of Dr. Bakare's precautionary suspension by allowing Dr. Bakare to exercise privileges under certain conditions. (Doc. 104, Ex. D at P00074-76; see also Doc. 103 ¶ 166; Doc. 113 ¶ 166; Doc. 105, Ex. R at P00802-03.)

On September 5, 2002, Dr. Bakare's attorney requested that the Fair Hearing Committee ("FHC")^[14] review the corrective action taken by MEC. (Doc. 103 ¶ 175; Doc. 113 ¶ 175; Doc. 105, Ex. U.) FHC met fifteen times between November 5, 2002 and February 13, 2003, absorbed over thirty hours of testimony, and deliberated for approximately four and a half hours. Ultimately, FHC rejected MEC's determination that Dr. Bakare failed to meet acceptable standards of clinical practice. FHC recommended to MEC that it modify its adverse recommendation to Board of Directors to provide that Dr. Bakare must, as a condition to his continued membership on the medical staff, abide by certain conditions regarding response time for written inquiries and documentation requirements. (Doc. 34, Ex. 12.) FHC succinctly observed: "because of flaws in the process and an insufficient attention to detail, much of the information presented to the MEC was mis information. Simply put, too many `facts' were wrong."^[15] (Doc. 34, Ex. 12.) However, FHC did "not believe that the MEC acted in bad faith or with malice toward Dr. Bakare during this process. In fact, based' on the information presented to it, the [FHC] believe[d] that the MEC acted reasonably and responsibly." (Doc. 34, Ex. 12.)

On March 18, 2003, MEC reviewed FHC's report and modified its original determinations and adverse recommendations accordingly. (Doc. 104, Ex. D at P00704-15.) On March 25, 2003, MEC sent its modified determinations and recommendations to the Board of Directors of Pinnacle Health Hospitals and vacated Dr. Bakare's suspension. (Doc. 104, Ex. D at P00716-18.) On May 19, 2003, the Board of Directors adopted MEC's modified determinations and recommendations. (Doc. 34, Ex. 18.)

D. Facts Pertinent to Claims Arising from or Related to the Corrective Action

1. Disclosures of Dr. Roger Longenderfer and Hamilton

Shortly after the imposition of Dr. Bakare's precautionary suspension, Dr. Longenderfer communicated with Hamilton's CEO. He informed her that Dr. Bakare could no longer supervise Hamilton's midwife and that Hamilton would need to appoint a new supervisor.^[16] (Doc. 106, Ex. III at 124.) Dr. Longenderfer did not elaborate or provide any details about Dr. Bakare's suspension of privileges to Hamilton's CEO. (Doc. 106, Ex. III at 124-25.)

On August 30, 2002, Hamilton's Medical Director called Dr. Bakare and terminated his employment with Hamilton. (Doc. 113, Ex. 1 ¶ 64.) In a follow-up letter to Dr. Bakare dated September 6, 2002, Hamilton's Medical Director stated:

As mentioned on Friday, August 30, 2002, I very much regret learning Harrisburg Hospital has taken action to restrict or revoke your privileges at the, Hospital. As you know, your contract with [Hamilton] expired August 31, 2002. At this time I must inform, you that [Hamilton] will not be renewing your contract; however, when [Hamilton] has completed a chart review and the issues regarding your privileges at Harrisburg Hospital have been resolved, we may be in a position to consider entering into a new contract.

(Doc. 113, Ex. 27 at HAM0003; see also Doc. 113, Ex. 1 ¶ 65.)^[17]

2. Disclosures of Dr. Dana Kellis

Three days after Dr. Bakare's precautionary Suspension, Dr. Kellis sent a letter to two midwives — one at Hamilton and one at Dr. Bakare's office. Each letter stated: "Due to Dr. Bakare not having privileges to work within Pinnacle Health Hospitals, we are asking you to provide us with documentation of a new supervising physician as well as a copy of your new collaborative agreement." (Doc. 113, Exs.19, 45.)

3. Disclosures of Dr. Barry. B. Moore

Shortly after MEC imposed the precautionary suspension on Dr. Bakare, Dr. Moore participated in a discussion, in an operating room lounge, with approximately five nurses, including Kimberly A. Dodson ("Nurse Dodson").^[18] (Doc. 106, Ex. GGG at 22; Doc. 113, Ex. 38.) According to Nurse Dodson, one of the nurses remarked that Dr. Moore appeared to be tired. Dr. Moore replied that he was tired because he was involved with an executive committee that was investigating surgeons — a heart surgeon and an OB/GYN. Although the nurses quickly guessed the name of the heart surgeon, they could not name the OB/GYN. Dr. Moore hinted: "Do the initials A.B. mean anything?" When the nurses still did not know the name of the OB/GYN, Dr. Moore informed them that it was Dr. Bakare. He indicated that the investigation was for substandard care of his OB/GYN patients and was completely unrelated to the operating room. (Doc. 113, Ex. 38; see also Doc. 113, Ex. 8 at 7-8, 13-14.)^[19] According to Nurse Dodson, Dr. Moore did not inform the nurses that Dr. Bakare had been suspended. (Doc. 106, Ex. YY at 15.) Subsequently, Nurse Dodson told only her husband about the conversation in the operating room lounge and her opinion that Dr. Bakare is a good surgeon was -unaffected by Dr. Moore's statements. (Doc. 106, Ex. YY at 8-9, 11-12.)

Upon learning of Dr. Moore's comments in the operating room lounge, Dr. Bakare became embarrassed and has ostensibly experienced continuing humiliation, anguish, and emotional distress. (Doc. 185, Aff.¶ 4.)

4. Moonlighting

Prior to his precautionary suspension, Dr. Bakare participated in the hospital coverage arrangement (also referred to as "Moonlighting") for the WOHC. Moonlighting is the nighttime and weekend on-call schedule of labor and delivery coverage for WOHC patients who deliver at Harrisburg Hospital. (Doc. 103 ¶¶ 213, 216; Doc. 113 ¶¶ 213, 216.) According to Dr. Bakare, every member of the OB/GYN department had an opportunity to participate in the moonlighting rotation,^[20] but there was no written policy or understanding regarding the frequency of participation: "You submitted your name and the days of the month when you were available to work and whoever was making the schedule would plug it in. You had no way of knowing whether you would get one day a month, two days a month, or no day at all." (Doc. 106, Ex. TT at 143-44.) The Medical Director of the WOHC was in charge of the moonlighting schedule. (Doc. 106, Ex. TT at 144.) In a letter dated September 2, 2003, the Medical Director informed Dr. Bakare that "[e]ffective immediately, as per recommendations of Pinnacle Health Hospital administration, you will no longer be a moonlighter physician for [the WOHC]."^[21] (Doc. 34, Ex. 22.)

E. Procedural History

On July 1, 2003, Dr. Bakare commenced the instant action. (Doc. 1.) Subsequent to the court's ruling on defendants' motions to dismiss (see Doc. 31), Dr. Bakare filed an amended complaint on December 5, 2003 (Doc. 33) and a second amended complaint (Doc. 36) on January 7, 2004.^[22] Count I of the second amended complaint is an antitrust claim alleging violations of sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1-2, and seeking treble damages pursuant to section 4 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 15.^[23] Counts II through IV allege state law claims of tortious interference with contract, breach of contract, and defamation.

Defendants Pinnacle Health System, Pinnacle Health Hospitals, and Drs. Longenderfer, Moore, Kellis, Bronitsky, and Evans^[24] filed motions for summary judgment (Docs.93-97) on all of Dr. Bakare's claims and seek immunity from money damages under the Health Care Quality Improvement Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 11101-11152, and the Pennsylvania Peer Review Protection Act, 63 PA. STAT. ANN. §§ 425.1.4.^[25] The parties have fully briefed the issues and the court held oral arguments on the motions on June 22, 2006. The motions are now ripe for disposition.

II. Standard of Review

Through summary adjudication the court may dispose of those claims that do not present a "genuine issue as to any material fact," and for which a jury trial would be an empty and unnecessary formality. See FED.R.CIV.P. 56(c). It places the burden on the non-moving party to adduce "affirmative evidence, beyond the allegations of the pleadings," in support of its right to relief. Pappas v. City of Lebanon, 331 F.Supp.2d 311, 315 (M.D.Pa. 2004); FED.R.CIV.P. 56(e); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). This evidence must be adequate, as a matter of law, to sustain a judgment in favor of the non-moving party on the claims. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250-57, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587-89, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986); see also FED.R.CIV.P. 56(c), (e). Only if this threshold is met may the cause of action proceed. Pappas, 331 F.Supp.2d at 315.

III. Discussion

Defendants contend that they are entitled to immunity from money damages under the Health Care Quality Improvement Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 11101-11152, and the Pennsylvania Peer Review Protection Act, 63 PA. STAT. ANN. §§ 425.1-.4. Defendants also assert that they are entitled to summary judgment on plaintiffs antitrust, tortious interference with contract, breach of contract, and defamation claims. The court will address these issues seriatim.

A. Federal and State Peer Review Immunity

Congress enacted the Health Care Quality Improvement Act ("HCQIA" or "the Act") "to improve the quality of medical care by encouraging physicians to identify and discipline physicians who are incompetent or who engage in unprofessional behavior" and "to deter antitrust suits by disciplined physicians." Mathews v. Lancaster Gen. Hosp., 87 F.3d 624, 632-33 (3d Cir.1996) (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 99-903 (1986), reprinted in 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6287, 6384); see also Gordon v. Lewistown Hosp., 423 F.3d 184, 201 (3d Cir.2005). The Act provides immunity from money damages for those engaged in a professional review action that satisfies the standards of HCQIA. See 42 U.S.C. § 11111(a)(1). HCQIA immunity applies if a professional review action is taken:

(1) in the reasonable belief that the action was in the furtherance of quality health care,

(2) after a reasonable effort to obtain the facts of the matter,

(3) after adequate notice and hearing procedures are afforded to the physician involved or after such other procedures as are fair to the physician under the circumstances, and

(4) in the reasonable belief that the action was warranted by the facts known after such reasonable effort to obtain facts and after meeting the requirement of paragraph (3).

Id. § 11112(a). The Act includes a presumption that a professional review action meets the above-quoted standards for immunity "unless the presumption is rebutted by a preponderance of the evidence." Id. In the context of a motion for summary judgment, this presumption means that "the plaintiff bears the burden of proving that the peer review process was not reasonable." Gordon, 423 F.3d at 202 (emphasis added); see also Brader v. Allegheny Gen. Hosp., 167 F.3d 832, 839 (3d Cir. 1999). An objective standard applies when analyzing a professional review action; the court must look at the totality of the circumstances. See Mathews, 87 F.3d at 635.

1. Reasonable Belief that the Action, Furthered Quality Health Care

The court finds that Dr. Bakare has failed to adduce any evidence from which a jury could reasonably conclude that MEC's corrective action^[26] against him was not taken "in the reasonable belief that the action was in the furtherance of quality health care." 42 U.S.C. § 11112(a)(1). MEC based its decision, in part, on the QA Committee's findings of substandard care, which the QA Committee had evaluated over a significant period of time. The QA Committee's concerns were then corroborated by an independent OB/GYN expert who concluded that "beyond a reasonable degree of medical certainty [Dr. Bakare's] medical management falls below the established standards." (Doc. 105, Ex. O at P00748-P00752.) Prior to rendering its initial decision, MEC also questioned a member of the QA Committee who was familiar with the cases at issue. Based upon all of this information, MEC's initial decision was reasonable. Indeed, Dr. Bakare testified at his deposition that "if I as a physician were sitting on the MEC" and listened to the information presented during the August 27, 2002 meeting, "I would personally vote that the doctor should never be allowed to practice anywhere in the world." (Doc. 106, Ex. TTT at 146.)

Dr. Bakare's argument that HCQIA immunity does not apply because Dr. Kellis had anticompetitive motives is unavailing. First, Dr. Bakare has not produced any evidence that anticompetitive considerations entered into MEC's decision-making process. Moreover, "[a]sserdons of bad faith or anticompetitive motives are irrelevant to the question of whether a decision was taken in a reasonable belief that it would further quality health care. Instead, the court must consider the adequacy of the basis for the decision made." Mathews v. Lancaster Gen. Hosp., 883 F.Supp. 1016, 1030 (E.D.Pa.1995) (citing Bryan v. James E. Holmes Reg'l Med. Ctr., 33 F.3d 1318, 1335 (11th Cir.1994)), aff'd, 87 F.3d 624 (3d Cir.1996). That FHC ultimately determined that Dr. Bakare's care did not fall below the standard of care does not transform MEC's corrective action into an unreasonable one. See Brader, 167 F.3d at 841 ("[E]ven if [the plaintiff] could show that these doctors reached an incorrect conclusion . . ., that does not meet the burden of contradicting the existence of a reasonable belief that they were furthering health care quality." (quoting Imperial v. Suburban Hosp. Ass'n, 37 F.3d 1026, 1030 (4th Cir.1994))); see also Sklaroff v. Allegheny Health Educ. Research Found., No. Civ.A. 95-4758, 1996 WL 383137 (E.D.Pa. July 8, 1996). The overwhelming evidence demonstrates that MEC's decision was reasonable in light of the facts known at the time the decision was made, as corroborated by the independent OB/GYN expert who reviewed, the, cases. Despite its contrary opinion regarding Dr. Bakare's quality of care, FHC notably concluded that "based on the information presented to it, . . . the MEC acted reasonably and responsibly." (Doc. 34, Ex. 12.)

For these reasons, the court finds that no reasonable jury would conclude that MEC did not act with the "reasonable belief that the action was in the furtherance of quality health care." 42 U.S.C. § 11112(a)(1).

2. Reasonable Effort to Obtain the Facts

The court also finds that Dr. Bakare has not overcome the presumption that MEC undertook "reasonable efforts to obtain the facts" before taking action. 42 U.S.C. § 11112(a)(2). The evidence demonstrates that Dr. Bakare's quality of care was originally questioned by the QA Committee, comprised of members in the same specialty as Dr. Bakare. The QA Committee reviewed Dr. Bakare's cases and assigned points to some of them.^[27] MEC acted on a request from the Chairman of the OB/GYN Department to review Dr. Bakare's cases for possible corrective action. Rather than relying solely on the review of cases by the QA Committee, and recognizing the need for objective expertise in Dr. Bakare's specialty, MEC also sought the assessment of an independent OB/GYN expert, recommended by the ACOG. To facilitate this assessment, Dr. Kellis provided the expert with summaries of the cases at issue^[28] as well as the patient charts.^[29] MEC also permitted Dr. Bakare to respond to questions about the cases at issue during its May 28, 2002 meeting. Cf. Sklaroff, 1996 WL 383137, at *8 ("[N]othing in the [HCQIA] requires that a physician be permitted to participate in the review of his care."). In addition, after retaining the expert, MEC attempted to obtain Dr. Bakare's written explanation of the cases at issue.^[30]See id. Finally, MEC invited and questioned a member of the QA Committee during the August 27, 2002 meeting.

Given the many efforts of MEC to marshal the facts pertinent to Dr. Bakare's cases, no reasonable jury could conclude that MEC did not undertake a "reasonable effort to obtain the facts of the matter" before taking corrective action. 42 U.S.C. § 11112(a)(2); see also Mathews, 87 F.3d at 637 ("The relevant inquiry under § 11112(a)(2) is whether the totality of the process leading up to the Board's `professional review action' . . . evidenced a reasonable effort to obtain the facts of the matter.").

3. Adequate Notice and Hearing Procedures

The court also finds that Dr. Bakare has not overcome the presumption that MEC took action. "after adequate notice and hearing procedures" or "after such other procedures as are fair to the physician under the circumstances." 42 U.S.C. § 11112(a)(3). Under HCQIA, a peer review board may take corrective action in certain circumstances before notice and a hearing. See Brader, 167 F.3d at 842. The requirements of § 11112(a)(3) do not preclude "an immediate suspension or restriction of clinical privileges, subject to subsequent notice and hearing or other adequate procedures, where the failure to take such an action may result in an imminent danger to the health of any individual." 42 U.S.C. § 11112(c)(2); see also Brader, 167 F.3d at 842.

In the matter sub judice, MEC imposed an immediate, precautionary suspension of Dr. Bakare's privileges "to protect the lives of patients and to reduce the substantial likelihood of immediate threat to the health and safety of patients."^[31] (Doc. 104, Ex. D at P00072.) The next day, MEC notified Dr. Bakare by letter of the precautionary suspension, the reasons for the suspension, and his right to request a hearing within thirty days, and provided Dr. Bakare with a summary of his hearing rights pursuant to the Medical Staff Bylaws and the Fair Hearing Plan.^[32] Within a week, MEC reviewed the precautionary suspension and modified the terms of Dr. Bakare's precautionary suspension by allowing him to exercise privileges under certain conditions. Thereafter, Dr. Bakare received a comprehensive and fair hearing regarding quality of care issues and MEC's corrective action.

This evidence demonstrates that Dr. Bakare was afforded the due process contemplated by § 11112(a)(3) of HCQIA. Indeed, that due process ultimately resulted in the rejection of MEC's principal conclusions. Accordingly, a reasonable jury could not conclude that Dr. Bakare was not provided adequate notice and hearing procedures under HCQIA.^[33]See 42 U.S.C. § 11112(a)(3), (b), (c)(2).

4. Reasonable Belief that the Actions Were Warranted

Finally, the court finds that the corrective action against Dr. Bakare "was warranted by the facts known" by MEC. 42 U.S.C. § 11112(a)(4). An independent expert, who reviewed the patient charts, concluded that Dr. Bakare's care fell below the standard. This conclusion corroborated the findings of the QA Committee. And, unfortunately, Dr. Bakare did not offer a rebuttal despite MEC's attempts to secure his response to the quality of care issues. Dr. Bakare candidly acknowledged that he would have voted to suspend a physician given the information that was presented to MEC.^[34] A reasonable jury, therefore, could not conclude that MEC did not act in the "reasonable belief that the [recommendation and precautionary suspension of his privileges] was warranted by the facts known after reasonable effort to obtain facts." 42 U.S.C. § 11112(a)(4).

In sum, the court finds that Dr. Bakare has failed to adduce any evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that he has overcome, by a preponderance of the evidence, the presumption of compliance with the requirements of § 11112(a). Accordingly, HCQIA immunity applies to the matter sub judice.^[35]

5. Scope of HCQIA Immunity

A finding that HCQIA immunity applies in the instant matter does not end the court's analysis. A determination of the extent to which this immunity applies to plaintiff's antitrust, tortious interference with contract, breach of contract, and defamation claims is necessary.

The Act immunizes "(A) the professional review body, (B) any person acting as a member or staff to the body, (C) any person under a contract or other formal agreement with, the body, and (D) any person who participates with or assists the body with respect to the action" from all damages claims which arise out of the peer review process. 42 U.S.C. § 11111(a)(1). HCQIA immunity is not limited to individual physicians; it also applies to hospitals and corporate entities. See id. § 11151(4)(A)(i), (11); see also Mathews, 883 F.Supp. at 1025-26.

Some, but not all, of Dr. Bakare's claims for damages are precluded by HCQIA immunity. The following claims for damages clearly arise out of the peer review process, therefore triggering HCQIA immunity: (1) breach of contract claim with respect to the alleged breach of the Medical Staff Bylaws during the peer review process, (2) tortious interference with the Hamilton contract claim, to the extent that Dr. Bakare argues that his precautionary suspension caused Hamilton to terminate the contract, and (3) defamation claims regarding statements made by Dr. Kellis to MEC and FHC.^[36]See, e.g., Perez v. Pottstown Mem'l Med. Ctr., No. 97-3334, 1998 WL 464916, at *14 (E.D.Pa. Aug. 3, 1998), aff'd, 210 F.3d 358 (3d Cir. 2000). Other claims — the antitrust claims and the tortious interference with contract and defamation claims with respect to Dr. Longenderfer's communication to Hamilton's CEO — arguably arise out of the peer review, process. However, the court need not determine whether HCQIA immunity applies because summary judgment on these claims will be granted in favor of defendants on other grounds.^[37] Finally, claims relating to, Dr. Moore's statements in the operating room lounge and Dr. Bakare's moonlighting contract do not arise out of the peer review process and, therefore, are not covered under HCQIA immunity.

B. Antitrust Claims

Dr. Bakare asserts antitrust claims^[38] against Pinnacle and Drs. Longenderfer, Kellis, Bronitsky,^[39] and Evans^[40] pursuant to Section 4 of the Clayton Act, which provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

[A]ny person who shall be injured in his business or property by reason of anything forbidden in the antitrust laws may sue therefor in any district court of the United States in the district in which the defendant resides or is found or has an agent, without respect to the amount in controversy, and shall recover threefold the damages by him sustained, and the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorney's fee.

15 U.S.C. § 15. By limiting recovery to those persons injured "by reason of" an antitrust violation, this provision establishes a standing requirement, mandating demonstration of cognizable antitrust injury. See Angelico v. Lehigh `Valley Hosp., Inc., 184 F.3d 268, 273-74 (3d Cir.1999).

Despite the broad language of the Clayton Act, which arguably would permit redress for injuries of any type, courts have construed these standing requirements much more narrowly. See, e.g., Healthamerica Pa., Inc. v. Susquehanna Health Sys., 278 F.Supp.2d 423, 438 (M.D.Pa.2003) (comparing "more demanding" requirements for antitrust standing to those for constitutional standing, "where any injury in fact will suffice"). "Plaintiffs must prove antitrust injury, which is to say injury of the type the antitrust laws were intended to prevent and that flows from that which makes defendants' acts unlawful." Brunswick Corp. v. Pueblo Bowl-O-Mat, Inc., 429 U.S. 477, 489, 97 S.Ct. 690, 50 L.Ed.2d 701 (1977) (emphasis added); see also Mathews, 87 F.3d at 641. In other words, to be cognizable for purposes of antitrust standing, the plaintiff's loss must advance the anticompetitive agenda of the defendant.

In the instant case, Dr. Bakare's loss stems from his precautionary suspension.^[41] In an attempt to demonstrate antitrust injury, Dr. Bakare suggests that he was suspended to facilitate the proposed combination between Pinnacle and Hamilton's OB/GYN services. Dr. Bakare's suggestion is pure speculation, unsupported by evidence of record. Other than the temporal proximity of his suspension to the preliminary merger discussions between Hamilton and Pinnacle, Dr. Bakare has not produced any evidence to link these two events. That Pinnacle and Hamilton were negotiating a potential combination at the time of his precautionary suspension does not automatically convert the suspension into a deliberate act in furtherance of the combination. Indeed, of the twenty-eight MEC members who unanimously voted, with one abstention, to suspend Dr. Bakare, only one — Dr. Kellis — had any involvement in the negotiations between Pinnacle and Hamilton.^[42] (Doc. 103 ¶ 283; Doc. 113 ¶ 283.) MEC imposed the precautionary suspension after considering the QA Committee's evaluation of Dr. Bakare's care, the report of an independent OB/GYN expert, comments from a member of the QA Committee, and any previous responses by Dr. Bakare.^[43] Moreover, the initial inquiry into several of the cases at issue began as early as December 1999, well before any merger discussions.

Dr. Bakare argues that the nexus between his suspension and the Pinnacle-Hamilton proposed combination is evidenced by the recognition that "cultural issues" between Pinnacle and Hamilton staff could pose problems for the combination and by virtue of Dr. Kellis's involvement in both his suspension and the Pinnacle-Hamilton discussions.^[44] These arguments are without merit. The possibility of cultural issues arising between professional staff of combining entities is a concern for practically any combination. There is no evidence that Pinnacle, Hamilton, or Dr. Kellis specifically viewed Dr. Bakare, or any other physician, as an obstacle to the combination. Nor is there evidence that any particular staffing decision was integral to the combination. Hamilton, not Pinnacle or Dr. Kellis, would have made the final staffing decisions for the proposed combination and Dr. Bakare offers no evidence that Hamilton had even considered the nature and scope of Dr. Bakare's individual role in the combined clinics.^[45]

Assuming arguendo that the proposed Pinnacle-Hamilton combination would have violated the antitrust laws, Dr. Bakare proffers no evidence that he was suspended to facilitate the proposed combination. See Allegheny Gen. Hosp. v. Philip Morris, Inc., 228 F.3d 429, 433 (3d Cir.2000) (holding that because, inter alia, the plaintiffs'"injuries are too remote from the [defendants'] alleged wrongdoing, proximate cause is lacking, and thus the [plaintiffs] do not have standing to sue"); see also ABA SECTION OF ANTITRUST LAW, ANTITRUST LAW DEVELOPMENTS 848 (5th ed. 2002) ("Court§ have rejected claims where the plaintiff's injury is deemed unrelated to the alleged antitrust violation. . . ."). The record supports the conclusion that MEC suspended Dr. Bakare because of its concern for patient care, not for anticompetitive reasons. Accordingly, the court finds that Dr. Bakare has not satisfied the standing requirement. He cannot demonstrate that his alleged antitrust injury "flows from that which makes defendants' acts" allegedly unlawful. Brunswick Corp., 429 U.S. at 489, 97 S.Ct. 690. Therefore, the court will grant summary judgment in favor of defendants on the antitrust claims.

C. Tortious Interference with Contract^[46]

Under Pennsylvania law, the elements of a tortious interference with contract claim are:

(1) the existence of a contractual . . . relation between the [plaintiff] and a third party;

(2) purposeful action on the part of the defendant, specifically intended to harm the existing relation . . . ;

(3) the absence of privilege or justification on the part of the defendant; and

(4) the occasioning of actual legal damage as a result of the defendant's conduct.

CGB Occupational Therapy, Inc. v. RHA Health Servs. Inc., 357 F.3d 375, 384 (3d Cir.2004). The burden of proving the absence of any privilege or justification is on the plaintiff. See Buskirk v. Apollo Metals, 307 F.3d 160, 172 (3d Cir.2002). To determine whether a defendant's action was "proper" or justified, Pennsylvania courts consider the following factors:

(a) the nature of the actor's conduct,

(b) the actor's motive,

(c) the interests of the other with which the actor's conduct interferes,

(d) the interests sought to be advanced by the actor,

(e) the social interests in protecting the freedom of action of the actor and the contractual interests of the other,

(f) the proximity or remoteness of the actor's conduct to the interference[,] and

(g) the relations between the parties.

Nathanson v. Med. Coll. of Pa., 926 F.2d 1368, 1388-89 (3d Cir.1991) (citing RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 767 (1979)).

In the matter sub judice, Dr. Bakare claims that Dr. Longenderfer tortiously interfered with his Hamilton contract by advising Hamilton's CEO that Dr. Bakare could no longer supervise Hamilton's midwife. Dr. Bakare contends that this communication proximately caused the termination of his contract with Hamilton.^[47]

The evidence of record demonstrates that Dr. Longenderfer's limited communication to Hamilton's CEO was justified. In addition, the record is devoid of any evidence of specific intent to harm Dr. Bakare's contractual relationship with Hamilton. It was entirely appropriate for Dr. Longenderfer to communicate with Hamilton's CEO concerning Dr. Bakare's unavailability because of Dr. Bakare's role at Hamilton. Indeed, a midwife from Hamilton was required to practice under the supervision of a physician while at Pinnacle. Prior to his precautionary suspension, Dr. Bakare had acted as a supervising physician. Dr. Longenderfer did not reveal any confidential information. He did not provide any specifics regarding Dr. Bakare's precautionary suspension or MEC's proceedings. He simply informed Hamilton's CEO that Hamilton would need to appoint a new supervisor for its midwife.^[48] Both Pinnacle and Hamilton clearly had an interest in facilitating the ability of Hamilton's midwife to practice at Pinnacle. Dr. Longenderfer's directive was limited, reasonable, and, in fact, necessary. Given the evidence of record, a reasonable jury could not conclude that Dr. Longenderfer intended to harm Dr. Bakare's Hamilton contract or that Dr. Longenderfer was not justified in his limited communication to Hamilton's CEO. Accordingly, the court will grant summary judgment in favor of defendants on the tortious interference with contract claim.

D. Breach of Contract^[49]

1. Moonlighting

Under Pennsylvania law, "the test for enforceability of an agreement is whether both parties have manifested an intention to be bound by its terms and whether the terms are sufficiently definite to be specifically enforced." USA Mach. Corp. v. CSC, Ltd., 184 F.3d 257, 263 (3d Cir.1999) (emphasis added).

In the matter sub judice, Dr. Bakare contends that there was either an express or an implied contract regarding moonlighting. However, Dr. Bakare offers no evidence to support these contentions. There is no writing specifying terms or evidencing an agreement on the issue of moonlighting.^[50] Although Dr. Bakare was eligible to be assigned to the on-call list because he had staff privileges at the hospital, nothing in the record suggests that this assignment was contractually required. Indeed, Dr. Bakare acknowledged that he could be assigned "one day a month, two days a month, or no day at all." See, e.g., M. Leff Radio Parts, Inc. v. Mattel, Inc., 706 F.Supp. 387, 396 (W.D.Pa.1988) ("A contract which has absolutely no specifics defining the rights and responsibilities of the parties is not a contract at all and, thus, not enforceable.") (citing Channel Home Ctrs. v. Grossman, 795 F.2d 291 (3d Cir.1986)).

Dr. Bakare fails to present sufficient evidence to reach the jury on the breach of contract claim with respect to moonlighting. Accordingly, the court will grant summary judgment in favor of defendant Pinnacle Health Hospitals on this claim.

2. Breach of Confidentiality

As a threshold matter, the court notes that Dr. Bakare did not plead a breach of contract claim with respect to confidentiality. (See Doc. 36 ¶¶ 149-55.) The only references to the improper disclosure of confidential information are found in Dr. Bakare's tortious interference with contract and defamation claims. (See Doc. 36 ¶¶ 146, 157.) The breach of contract claim regarding confidentiality first came to light in Dr. Bakare's brief in opposition to defendants' motions for summary judgment.^[51] (See Doc. 112 at 58-59.) As previously noted, a party is not permitted to raise new claims in opposition to a Rule 56 motion. See, e.g., Laurie v. Nat'l Passenger R.R. Corp., 105 Fed.Appx. 387, 392-93 (3d Cir.2004) (discussing cases that did not allow new claims raised in opposition to a motion for summary judgment). Hence, summary judgment in favor of defendant Pinnacle Health Hospitals is warranted on this breach of contract claim.

Even if Dr. Bakare had properly raised a breach of contract claim based upon the improper disclosure of confidential information, it would not survive summary judgment. First, there is no express term of confidentiality in the Medical Staff Bylaws, the only written understanding between Pinnacle and Dr. Bakare. See 28 PA.CODE § 107.12. To the extent that Dr. Bakare contends that Pinnacle breached an implied obligation of confidentiality^[52] — based upon of Pinnacle's policy of confidentiality regarding MEC proceedings or the relationship between Pinnacle as a health care provider and Dr. Bakare as a staff physician — the court is unpersuaded.^[53] Under the doctrine of necessary implication in Pennsylvania, "[a] court may imply a missing term in a parties' contract only when it is necessary to prevent injustice and it is abundantly clear that the parties intended to be bound by such term." Glassmere Fuel Service, Inc. v. Clear, 900 A.2d 398, 403 (Pa.Super.Ct.2006); see also In re IT Group, Inc., 448 F.3d 661, 671 (3d Cir.2006) ("[The doctrine of necessary implication] is only employed to imply an agreement by the parties to a contract to do and perform those things that according to reason and justice they should do in order to carry out the purpose for which the contract was made and to refrain from doing anything that would destroy or injure the other party's right to receive the fruits of the contract." (emphasis removed)).

In the matter sub judice, there is no clear evidence of an implied confidentiality term. Dr. Bakare proffers no evidence that the parties discussed, intended, or even contemplated, such a term. He relies solely on the confidentiality policy expressed during MEC proceedings by MEC members. But his reliance is misplaced because no such policy is identified in or implicated by Dr. Bakare's contract with Pinnacle.^[54] MEC's confidentiality policy is irrelevant to Dr. Bakare's contract claim. Accordingly, the court finds that the parties did not clearly intend to be bound by a confidentiality term. Therefore, the court will not imply such a term in the parties' contract and will grant summary judgment in favor of defendant Pinnacle Health Hospitals on this claim.

E. Defamation

Under Pennsylvania law, a claim of defamation requires the plaintiff to establish, inter alia, the defamatory nature of the communication, publication by the defendant, understanding by both the defendant and recipients of its defamatory nature, special harm resulting from the publication, and abuse of a conditionally privileged occasion. 42 PA. CONS.STAT. § 8343(a); see also Zugarek v. S. Tioga Sch. Dist., 214 F.Supp.2d 468, 480 (M.D.Pa.2002). The defamatory nature of a particular statement is a question of law for the court. Id. A defamatory statement is one that presents untrue facts tending to "harm the reputation of another as to lower him in the estimation of the community or to deter third persons from associating or dealing with him." Remick v. Manfredy, 238 F.3d 248, 261 (3d Cir.2001).

Truth is an absolute defense to a defamation claim. See 42 PA. CONS.STAT. § 8343(b); Simms v. Exeter Architectural Prods., Inc., 916 F.Supp. 432, 437 (M.D.Pa. 1996) (citing Carabi v. Curtis Pub. Co., 441 Pa. 432, 273 A.2d 899, 908 (1971)). Likewise, the publisher of a defamatory statement is not liable if a privilege applies. See id. at 436. A conditional privilege arises "when the communication involves an interest of the publisher, the recipient, a third party or the public." Id.; see also Rue v. K-Mart Corp., 456 Pa.Super. 641, 691 A.2d 498, 509 (1997) ("Such a [conditional] privilege attaches when the statement is made on a proper occasion, in a proper manner, for a legitimate reason of the speaker and is based on reasonable cause."). However, this conditional privilege may not attach if the plaintiff demonstrates that the defendant abused the privilege by communicating in a reckless or negligent manner or by exceeding the necessary scope of the communication. See Simms, 916 F.Supp. at 436; see also Rue, 691 A.2d at 509.

A plaintiff need not prove special harm, i.e., pecuniary loss, if the communication is defamation per se. Franklin Prescriptions, Inc. v. N.Y. Times Co., 424 F.3d 336, 343 (3d Cir.2005). Nevertheless, a plaintiff must prove general damages — i.e., "proof that one's reputation was actually affected by the slander, or that [the plaintiff] suffered personal humiliation, or both." Id. (quoting Walker v: Grand Cent. Sanitation, Inc., 430 Pa.Super. 236, 634 A.2d 237, 242 (1993)); see also Brinich v. Jencka, 757 A.2d 388, 397 (Pa.Super.Ct.2000). Defamation per se "occurs where a publication `imputes to another conduct, characteristics, or a condition that would adversely affect her in her lawful business or trade.'" Franklin Prescriptions, 424 F.3d at 343 (quoting Walker, 634 A.2d at 241).

1. Dr. Roger Longenderfer

Dr. Bakare bases his defamation claim against Dr. Longenderfer on Dr. Longenderfer's conversation with Hamilton's CEO. After Dr. Bakare's suspension, Dr. Longenderfer informed her that Dr. Bakare could no longer supervise Hamilton's midwife and that Hamilton would need to identify a new supervisor. These statements were clearly true^[55] and, therefore, cannot be the basis for a defamation claim. See 42 PA. CONS.STAT. § 8343(b); Simms, 916 F.Supp. at 437.

In addition, the court finds that Dr. Longenderfer's statements were conditionally privileged and that a reasonable jury could not conclude that Dr. Longenderfer abused that privilege. As previously discussed in the context of Dr. Bakare's tortious interference with contract claim, Dr. Longenderfer's communication was limited. He revealed only the information necessary to protect the interests of both Pinnacle and Hamilton; he did not divulge impertinent or scandalous details of Dr. Bakare's precautionary suspension. Accordingly, the court will grant summary judgment in favor of Dr. Longenderfer on this claim.

2. Dr. Barry B. Moore

Dr. Bakare bases his defamation claim against Dr. Moore on Dr. Moore's conversation with nurses in the operating room lounge. The parties present different accounts of Dr. Moore's communication. Dr. Moore contends that his statements were true and therefore cannot be the basis for a defamation claim. He asserts that he merely responded to the nurses' questions and informed them that Dr. Bakare's temporary suspension related to quality of care. In contrast, Dr. Bakare relies upon Nurse Dodson's account. According to Nurse Dodson, Dr. Moore informed the nurses that Dr. Bakare was under investigation for rendering inadequate care. Dr. Bakare also relies upon the declaration of his former attorney, Renardo L. Hicks, Esquire. Attorney Hicks asserts that Dr. Moore admitted to him that he told the nurses in the operating room lounge that Dr. Bakare provided bad care.

Clearly, these are factual disputes which must be resolved by a jury. Given the evidence of record, a reasonable jury could conclude that Dr. Moore informed the nurses that Dr. Bakare provided bad care and that this statement was false.^[56] If the jury so concludes, this communication constitutes defamation per se because it ascribes to Dr. Bakare conduct that would adversely affect him in his profession. See Franklin Prescriptions, 424 F.3d at 343; see also Smith v. IMG Worldwide, Inc., 437 F.Supp.2d 297, 307-08 (E.D.Pa.2006). Therefore, Dr. Bakare need only prove general damages. See Franklin Prescriptions, 424 F.3d at 343. In the context of its summary judgment analysis, the court finds sufficient evidence of general damages based on the humiliation and embarrassment allegedly suffered by Dr. Bakare when learning of Dr. Moore's communication.^[57] Accordingly, the court will deny summary judgment on Dr. Bakare's defamation claim against Dr. Moore.^[58]

IV. Conclusion

For the reasons set forth above, the motions for summary judgment are granted in part and denied in part. An appropriate order will issue.

ORDER

AND NOW, this 24th day of August, 2006, upon consideration of defendants' motions for summary judgment (Docs.93-97) and to strike portions of plaintiff's affidavit (Doc. 123), and for the reasons set forth in the accompanying memorandum, it is hereby ORDERED that the motions (Doc. 93-97, 123) are GRANTED in part and DENIED in part as follows:

1. The motion for summary judgment (Doc. 93) on immunity under the Health Care Quality Improvement Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 11101-11152, is GRANTED in favor of defendants.^[59]

2. The motion for summary judgment (Doc. 94) on plaintiff's antitrust claims is GRANTED in favor of defendants Pinnacle Health System, Pinnacle Health Hospitals, Roger Longenderfer, M.D., Dana Kellis, M.D., Carl Bronitsky, M.D., and David J. Evans, M.D.

3. The motion for summary judgment (Doc. 95) on plaintiff's tortious interference with contract claims is GRANTED in favor of defendants Pinnacle Health System, Pinnacle Health Hospitals, Roger Longenderfer, M.D., Dana Kellis, M.D., Carl Bronitsky, M.D., and David J. Evans, M.D.

4. The motion for summary judgment (Doc. 96) on plaintiff's breach of contract claims is GRANTED in favor of defendant Pinnacle, Health Hospitals.

5. The motion for summary judgment (Doc. 97) on plaintiff's defamation claims is GRANTED with respect to these claims against defendants Roger Longenderfer, M.D. and Dana Kellis, M.D. The motion is otherwise DENIED.

6. The Clerk of Court is directed to defer the entry of judgment until the conclusion of this case.

7. Defendants' motion to strike portions of plaintiff's affidavit (Doc. 123) is DENIED as moot.

NOTES

[1] In accordance with the standard of review for a motion for summary judgment, the court will present the facts in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the non-moving party. See infra Part II.

[2] See discussion infra Part I.C regarding Dr. Bakare's precautionary suspension on August 27, 2002 and subsequent modification granting conditional privileges.

[3] On November 20, 2001, Dr. Bakare was reappointed to the medical staff of Pinnacle Health Hospitals through November 19, 2003. (Doc. 103 ¶ 46; Doc. 113 ¶ 46.)

[4] See discussion infra Part I.D.1 regarding the termination of Dr. Bakare's contract with Hamilton on August 30, 2002.

[5] The executive summary presented to Pinnacle's Board regarding the proposal indicated that "[f]or some time management has been exploring ways to reduce the operating losses from indigent care clinics operated by Pinnacle. Health." (Doc. 104, Ex. C at P00229.) Pinnacle was losing approximately $2 million per year on its OB/GYN services. (Doc. 105, Ex. EE at HAM0059.)

[6] In his response to defendants' statement of undisputed facts, Dr. Bakare denied the proffered reasons for Hamilton's termination of negotiations and stated instead that "Hamilton chose to discontinue discussions because Pinnacle refused to subsidize the combined clinic in the manner authorized by Pinnacle's Board of Directors." (Doc. 113 ¶ 274.) However, Dr. Bakare did not reference any part of the record that supports his assertion. See L.R. 56.1 ("Statements of material facts in support of, or in opposition to, a motion shall include references to the parts of the record that support the statements."). Therefore, defendants' corresponding statement, which referenced the parts of the record supporting the statement, is deemed admitted. See id. This denial is but one example, of many, where plaintiff does not offer record support for his conclusory statements. (See, e.g., Doc. 113 ¶¶ 121, 148, 150, 233, 255, 272.) See Elmore v. Clarion Univ. of Pa., 933 F.Supp. 1237, 1247 (M.D.Pa.1996) (stating that parties have an affirmative duty to proffer citations to relevant evidence); see also L.R. 56.1; Doeblers' Pa. Hybrids, Inc. v. Doebler, 442 F.3d 812, 820 n. 8 (3d Cir.2006).

[7] MEC is a committee of Pinnacle Health Hospitals' medical staff charged, in part, with ensuring competent clinical performance for all members with clinical privileges. (Doc. 113, Ex. 16 art. VI, § 1(A), (B)(11)). Not only may MEC recommend the "reduction, suspension or revocation of clinical privileges" of a practitioner, but it may also suspend all or a portion of the clinical privileges of a practitioner if the practitioner's "conduct requires that immediate action be taken to protect the life of any patient(s) or to reduce the substantial likelihood of immediate threat to the health or safety of any patient." (Doc. 113, Ex. 16 art. IX, §§ 4(A)(6), 5(A)).

[8] Dr. Bakare denies receiving this letter. He contends that MEC's attorney called him one week before MEC's May 2002 session to inform him of the meeting and its subject matter. According to Dr. Bakare, the attorney told him that there was no requirement that he attend the meeting, but that he was invited to attend. (Doc. 113 ¶ 138; Doc. 113, Ex. 1 ¶ 40.)

[9] During MEC meetings, either the chair or another member would remind the other members of the requirement of strict confidentiality of MEC proceedings. (Doc. 113, Ex. 10 at 22; Doc. 178, Ex. D at 56.) This policy of confidentiality is not reflected in Pinnacle Health Hospitals' Medical Staff Bylaws. (See Doc. 113, Ex. 16.)

[10] Twenty-eight members of MEC, including Drs. Kellis and Bronitsky were present at the August 27, 2002 meeting. (Doc. 104, Ex. D at P00072.)

[11] Dr. Kellis's report did not recommend that MEC impose an immediate, precautionary suspension. (Doc. 113, Ex. 32.)

[12] The Pinnacle Health Hospitals' Medical Staff Bylaws require that the affected practitioner be notified after a precautionary suspension. MEC must review the precautionary suspension as soon as practicable, but not more than seven days after imposition. If MEC does not immediately terminate the precautionary suspension or cease all corrective action, the affected practitioner is entitled to the rights as set forth in the Fair Hearing Plan. (Doc. 113, Ex. 16 art. IX, § 5.)

[13] Other than Dr. Kellis, none of the MEC members who voted for Dr. Bakare's precautionary suspension had any involvement in the negotiations between Pinnacle and Hamilton regarding the potential combination of their OB/GYN services. (Doc. 103 ¶ 283; Doc. 113 ¶ 283.)

[14] FHC consisted of five medical doctors appointed by the President of the Medical Staff. (Doc. 103 ¶ 176; Doc. 113 ¶ 176; Doc. 34, Ex. 12.)

[15] FHC outlined the incorrect facts, if any, for each case and why it determined that Dr. Bakare's management of a case did not fall below the standard of care. (Doc. 34, Ex. 12.)

[16] Hamilton's CEO also received a letter to this effect from Pinnacle Health System. (See Doc. 106, Ex. III at 23.)

[17] Dr. Bakare contends, without support, that Hamilton terminated his contract because "Hamilton also did not want [me] to participate in the planned combined clinic." (Doc. 113 ¶ 233; Doc. 103 ¶ 233.) See supra note 6.

[18] The identities of the other nurses in the operating room are unknown.

[19] Dr. Moore allegedly informed Dr. Bakare's former attorney that he had told people at Pinnacle that Dr. Bakare provided bad care. (Doc. 113, Ex. 7 at 14-15, 19.)

[20] Dr. Longenderfer indicated that all physicians who have staff privileges at the hospital are eligible for the on-call list. (Doc. 113, Ex. 2 at 96-97.)

[21] The decision to remove Dr. Bakare from the moonlighting schedule was a joint decision between the Medical Director and Dr. Kellis. (Doc. 106, Ex. ZZ at 57-62.)

[22] By order of April 5, 2005, the court denied Dr. Bakare's motion for leave to file a third amended complaint. (Doc. 81).

[23] Because Pinnacle and Hamilton have ceased negotiations to combine their OB/GYN clinics, Dr. Bakare's request for injunctive relief is moot.

[24] During oral argument on the motions for summary judgment, Dr. Bakare acknowledged the abandonment of all claims against Dr. Evans. See Jordan v. Stanziola, 96 Fed. Appx. 839, 841 n. 2 (3d Cir.2004) (stating that a party had abandoned a claim when "counsel explicitly abandoned that claim at oral argument"); see also FED.R.CIV.P. 56(d). Accordingly, the court will grant summary judgment in favor of Dr. Evans on Dr. Bakare's antitrust and tortious interference with contract claims without further discussion.

[25] Defendants also filed a motion (Doc. 123) to strike portions of Dr. Bakare's affidavit opposing the motions for summary judgment. Because the challenged portions of the affidavit do not affect the court's disposition of the motions for summary judgment, the court will deny the motion to strike as moot.

[26] Dr. Bakare argues that numerous activities surrounding the action taken, by MEC do not comply with HCQIA requirements. However, professional review activity, unlike a professional review action, is not subject to the requirements of § 11112(a). See Mathews, 87 F.3d at 634. A professional review action is:

[A]n action or recommendation of a professional review body which is taken or made in the conduct of professional review activity, which is based on the competence or professional conduct of an individual physician (which conduct affects or could affect adversely the health or welfare of a patient or patients), and which affects (or may affect) adversely the clinical privileges, or membership in a professional society, of the physician.

Id. § 11151(9); see also Mathews, 87 F.3d at 634 ("The definition of `professional review action' encompasses decisions or recommendations by peer review bodies that directly curtail a physician's clinical privileges. . . ."). In contrast, professional review activity involves "the investigative process during and/or upon which a professional review action, i.e., a decision, is made." Id. (citation omitted). The professional review action in the instant matter is MEC's decision to impose a precautionary suspension and to recommend the revocation of Dr. Bakare's appointment to the medical staff. The other conduct challenged by Dr. Bakare — e.g., the QA Committee's assessment of points and Dr. Kellis's investigation into the facts of the cases at issue — is professional review activity, not subject to the requirements of § 11112(a). See id. Accordingly, the relevant inquiry is whether MEC's corrective action complied with the requirements of HCQIA, not whether the initial QA Committee assessment or the investigation complied with these requirements.

[27] Dr. Bakare argues that alleged deficiencies in the QA Committee's process of reviewing his cases and assigning points removes HCQIA immunity. However, the QA Committee's actions need not satisfy HCQIA requirements of 42 U.S.C. § 11112(a) because they do not constitute professional review actions as defined by HCQIA. See supra note 26.

[28] Dr. Kellis clearly advised the expert that the case summaries were intended to assist the expert and not to influence his conclusions in any fashion. (See Doc. 105, Ex. O at P00757.)

[29] Dr. Bakare contends that the appropriateness of his professional performance was readily apparent from the patient charts and that MEC's acceptance of facts contradicted by the patient charts ipso facto demonstrates an unreasonable effort on the part of MEC. For example, Dr. Bakare highlights an assertion in Dr. Kellis's report to MEC that Dr. Bakare did not respond to a call to see a patient for six hours — an assertion contradicted by the patient's chart which reveals that he responded within twenty-five minutes. This isolated factual discrepancy does not negate MEC's reasonable efforts to obtain the facts. MEC sent the relevant patient charts to an independent expert who reviewed the cases and concluded that Dr. Bakare's care fell below the standard. Under these circumstances, MEC's actions were reasonable.

[30] Although Dr. Bakare did not accept delivery of Dr. Kellis's letter, he nevertheless acknowledges that he would not have responded to it even if he had received it. (See Doc. 106, Ex. IT at 191.)

[31] The court finds that, given the independent expert's assessment of Dr. Bakare's cases, MEC reasonably believed that the precautionary suspension was necessary to protect against "imminent danger to the health of any individual." 42 U.S.C. § 11112(c)(2); see also Lee v. Trinity Lutheran Hosp., 408 F.3d 1064, 1072 (8th Cir.2005) ("[T]he [HCQIA] does not require imminent danger to exist before a summary restraint is imposed. It only requires that the danger may result if the restraint is not imposed." (citations omitted)).

[32] The letter also informed Dr. Bakare that MEC recommended to the Board of Directors that his appointment to the medical staff be revoked. This letter satisfied the safe harbor provision for a "Notice of Proposed Action," which requires:

The physician has been given notice stating —

(A)(i) that a professional review action has been proposed to be taken against the physician,

(ii) reasons for the proposed action,

(B)(i) that the physician has the right to request a hearing on the proposed action, (ii) any time limit (of not less than 30 days) within which to request such a hearing, and (C) a summary of the rights in the hearing under paragraph (3).

42 U.S.C. § 11112(b)(1); see also Mathews, 87 F.3d at 638 n. 10. Dr. Bakare does not contest the adequacy of the notice or the conduct of the hearing. See 42 U.S.C. § 11112(b)(2), (3).

[33] Dr. Bakare argues that HCQIA immunity is inappropriate because MEC allegedly failed to follow the procedures set forth in the Medical Staff Bylaws (e.g., MEC did not provide Dr. Bakare with the expert's report before taking the corrective action on August 27, 2002). The court need not determine whether MEC followed the Bylaws. HCQIA immunity attaches when the reviewing body satisfies the requirements under HCQIA, regardless of its own policies and procedures. The evidence of record reveals that Dr. Bakare has not overcome the presumption that MEC provided adequate due process within the ambit of HCQIA.

[34] The court's discussion regarding § 11112(a)(1) — reasonable belief that the action furthered quality health care — also supports this conclusion regarding § 11112(a)(4). See supra Part III.A.1.

[35] In light of this finding that defendants are immune from money damages under HCQIA, it is unnecessary for the court to address the issue of immunity under the Pennsylvania Peer Review Protection Act.

[36] The court notes that; regardless of whether HCQIA immunity applies, Dr. Bakare waived his defamation claim against Dr. Kellis. During oral argument on the motions for summary judgment, Dr. Bakare abandoned this claim with respect to the letters that Dr. Kellis sent to two nurse midwives. See Jordan v. Stanziola, 96 Fed.Appx. 839, 841 n. 2 (3d Cir.2004) (stating that a party had abandoned a claim when "counsel explicitly abandoned that claim at oral argument"); see also FED. R.CIV.P. 56(d). In addition, the court notes that Dr. Bakare did not oppose Dr. Kellis's motion for summary judgment with respect to Dr. Kellis's statements to MEC and FHC. See D'Angio v. Borough of Nescopeck, 34 F.Supp.2d 256, 265 (M.D.Pa.1999) (providing that the non-moving party waived any argument when he failed to address it in a responsive brief); see also L.R. 7.6. Accordingly, the court will grant summary judgment in favor of Dr. Kellis on the defamation claim without further discussion.

[37] See infra Parts III.B, III.C, III.E.1.

[38] Dr. Bakare claims violations of Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act. Section 1 provides that "[e]very contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal." 15 U.S.C. § 1. Section 2 provides that "[e]very person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States . . . shall be deemed guilty of [antitrust violations]." Id. § 2.

[39] During oral argument on the motions for summary judgment, counsel for Dr. Bakare indicated that plaintiff does not intend to pursue any antitrust claims against Dr. Bronitsky. See Jordan v. Stanziola, 96 Fed.Appx. 839, 841 n. 2 (3d Cir.2004) (stating that a party had abandoned a claim when "counsel explicitly abandoned that claim at oral argument"); see also FED.R.CIV.P. 56(d). Accordingly, the court will grant summary judgment in favor of Dr. Bronitsky on the antitrust claims without further discussion.

[40] See supra note 24.

[41] Dr. Bakare argues that he also "has standing to seek redress for the harm to competition that would have resulted if Pinnacle's plans to combine the clinics had succeeded" because the combination allegedly would have resulted in the "diminution of the quality of care and choices of physicians." (Doc. 158 at 6 (emphasis added)). The court is unpersuaded. First, Section 4 of the Clayton Act requires actual injury to the plaintiff seeking damages. See 15 U.S.C. § 15 ("[A]ny person who shall be injured in his business or property . . . shall recover threefold the damages by him sustained. . . . " (emphasis added)); see also ABA SECTION OF ANTITRUST LAW, ANTITRUST LAW DEVELOPMENTS 839-41(5th ed. 2002) ("All plaintiffs seeking damages under Section 4 must first establish the existence of `injury' to themselves, also referred to as `impact' or `fact of damage.'"). Moreover, the cases cited by Dr. Bakare for this argument are easily distinguishable from the instant case. They involve either (I) an existing, not potential, agreement between hospitals and an anesthesiology group, (2) a request only for injunctive relief, as opposed to damages, or (3) harm to competition that had allegedly already occurred (i.e., not potential harm). See Morales-Villalobos v. Garcia-Llorens, 316 F.3d 51 (1st Cir.2003); Cmty. Publishers, Inc. v. DR Partners, 139 F.3d 1180 (8th Cir.1998); Doctor's Hospital of Jefferson, Inc. v. Se. Med. Alliance, Inc., 123 F.3d 301 (5th Cir.1997).

[42] Notably, Dr. Kellis's report to MEC did not recommend an immediate, precautionary suspension of Dr. Bakare.

[43] See supra Part III.A.

[44] Dr. Bakare also argues that the exclusive emergency room coverage proposal and Hamilton's desire to increase market share demonstrate that his removal from the market would facilitate the proposed combination. (See Doc. 178 at 4-6.) These arguments are unpersuasive. The evidence cited by Dr. Bakare is merely indicative of the existence of merger discussions. It does not establish a causal connection between these discussions and Dr. Bakare's precautionary suspension.

[45] Dr. Bakare attempts to connect the merger discussions with his suspension based upon a meeting between Pinnacle physicians, including Dr. Kellis, and Hamilton's midwife during which the parties discussed staffing. (See Doc. 178 at 2-4.) This purported evidence of a causal link is unavailing because the discussion involved the number of physicians necessary for the combined clinic, not the names of the physicians. (Doc. 178, Ex. A at 24-25.) Although Hamilton's midwife ostensibly understood that only the Pinnacle physicians would be included in a combined clinic (see Doc. 178, Ex. A at 25-26), this evidence, even if admissible at trial, does not support Dr. Bakare's contention that he was suspended to facilitate the proposed combination. The discussion involved only Pinnacle physicians. Hamilton physicians, who would have made the staffing decisions, did not participate. Moreover, there is no indication that Dr. Bakare's individual status was even discussed, let alone affected this preliminary personnel planning.

[46] In his second amended complaint, Dr. Bakare raises tortious interference with contract claims regarding two distinct contracts — one with Pinnacle and one with Hamilton. (Doc. 36 ¶¶ 144-48.) Dr. Bakare concedes that the tortious interference with contract claim relating to Pinnacle is without merit. (See Doc. 158 at 18-19.) Accordingly, the court will grant summary judgment in favor of defendants on this claim. In his brief in opposition to defendants' motion for summary judgment, Dr. Bakare raised a new tortious interference with contract claim relating to a contract with the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing. (See Doc. 112 at 63-64.) The court will not permit Dr. Bakare to raise a new claim in the context of an opposition brief. See, e.g., Laurie v. Nat'l Passenger R.R. Corp., 105 Fed.Appx. 387, 392-93 (3d Cir.2004) (discussing cases that did not allow new claims raised in opposition to a motion for summary judgment). The court previously denied Dr. Bakare's motion for leave to file a third amended complaint (see Doc. 81), which attempted to add this new tortious interference with contract claim (see Doc. 66, Ex. ¶¶ 131-33). Moreover, even if the court had permitted the addition of a tortious interference claim, summary judgment would nevertheless be appropriate. Pinnacle was a party to the subject contract with the University of Pennsylvania (Doc. 112 at 63; see also Doc. 36 ¶ 82), and it is axiomatic that a party cannot tortiously interfere with its own contract. See Rutherfoord v. Presbyterian-Univ. Hosp., 417 Pa.Super. 316, 612 A.2d 500, 507-08 (1992). Accordingly, Dr. Bakare's only potential claim for tortious interference with contract involves the Hamilton contract.

[47] Dr. Bakare also claims that defendants tortiously interfered with his Hamilton contract by suspending his privileges. However, HCQIA immunizes defendants from this claim, which arises out of MEC's professional review action. See supra Part III.A.5. Dr. Bakare also appears to base this claim on the alleged "concerted action between Hamilton and Pinnacle to remove [him] from the relevant market." (Doc. 112 at 61.) As discussed supra, however, Dr. Bakare proffers no evidence that Hamilton or Pinnacle discussed his specific employment status when negotiating the proposed Pinnacle-Hamilton combination. See supra Part III.B. Hence, Dr. Bakare's unsupported speculation that Hamilton and Pinnacle conspired to remove him from the market cannot withstand summary judgment.

[48] See 49 PA.CODE § 18.5(a) ("A midwife may not engage in midwifery practice without having entered into a collaborative agreement"); id. § 18.1 ("Collaborative agreement — A signed written agreement between a midwife and a collaborating physician. . . ."); id. ("Collaborating physician — A medical or osteopathic medical doctor who has hospital privileges in obstetrics, gynecology or pediatrics. . . ." (emphasis added)). Surprisingly, Dr. Bakare denies defendants' assertion that he could not supervise Hamilton's midwife during his precautionary suspension. (Doc. 113 ¶ 193; Doc. 103 ¶ 193.) In support of this denial, Dr. Bakare simply indicates that other arrangements had been made for supervision of the midwife. (Doc. 113 ¶ 193.) This is a transparent deflection, not a properly supported denial.

[49] Under HCQIA, Pinnacle Health Hospitals — the only defendant named in Dr. Bakare's breach of contract claim — is immune with respect to the alleged breach of the Medical Staff Bylaws as this claim arises out of the professional review action. See supra Part III.A.5.

[50] Dr. Bakare points to a provision of the Medical Staff Bylaws, which states that each member of the medical staff will "[a]ssist the Hospital in fulfilling its responsibilities for providing emergency and charitable care." (Doc. 113, Ex. 16 art. II, § 6(B)), for the proposition that he had an express agreement to perform moonlighting. This provision, however, simply describes Dr. Bakare's duties and responsibilities as a member of the medical staff. It does not contain any specific terms that would obligate Pinnacle to assign him to the on-call list.

[51] Dr. Bakare attempted to add this claim in a third amended complaint. (See Doc. 66, Ex. ¶ 124.a.) However, the court denied Dr. Bakare's motion for leave to file a third amended complaint. (See Doc. 81.)

[52] Dr. Bakare alleges that the breaches occurred when: (1) Dr. Moore communicated the existence and substance of MEC proceedings to nurses in the operating room lounge, (2) Dr. Longenderfer told Hamilton's CEO that Dr. Bakare could no longer supervise Hamilton's midwife and that Hamilton would need to identify a new supervisor, and (3) Dr. Kellis wrote letters to two midwives informing them that Dr. Bakare no longer had privileges at Pinnacle Health Hospitals and that they would need to make arrangements with a new supervising physician.

[53] Dr. Bakare offers no cases, and the court finds none, that establish an implied confidentiality term under Pennsylvania common law. Notably, Pennsylvania law governing the content of medical staff by laws — the contract between a hospital and its physicians — does not require a confidentiality term. See 28 PA.CODE § 107.12.

[54] Dr. Bakare also argues that the Pennsylvania Peer Review Protection Act mandates confidentiality. See 63 PA. STAT. ANN. § 425.4 ("The proceedings and records of a review committee shall be held in confidence and shall not be subject to discovery or introduction into evidence in any civil action. . . ."). It is undisputed, however, that this state statute does not confer a private cause of action. The statute "seeks to foster the greatest candor and frank discussion at medical review committee meetings. . . . [T]hrough grants of immunity and confidentiality the state hopes to encourage peer evaluation of health care provided so as to (1) improve the quality of care rendered; (2) reduce morbidity and mortality; and (3) keep within reasonable bounds the costs of health care." McClellan v. Health Maint. Org. of Pa., 546 Pa. 463, 686 A.2d 801, 805 (1996). In other words, the Act is designed to safeguard the peer review process, and not to provide a private right of action to the physician under review.

[55] See supra note 48.

[56] Dr. Moore also argues that his communication was conditionally privileged. This privilege argument, however, is based upon Dr. Moore's disputed account of the communication with the nurses. A jury must resolve this factual dispute regarding the nature and extent of Dr. Moore's communication.

[57] When the court ordered supplemental briefing on Dr. Bakare's defamation claim against Dr. Moore, it directed the parties to address whether causation was an appropriate issue for summary disposition. (See Doc. 177 n. 1.) In light of the disputed facts surrounding this claim, the court considers this issue to be moot.

[58] Dr. Bakare's defamation claim against Pinnacle Health Hospitals and Pinnacle Health System is based on vicarious liability. These defendants do not dispute that Dr. Moore was an employee or was acting within the scope of his employment. Therefore, the court will also deny summary judgment on the defamation claim against Pinnacle Health Hospitals and Pinnacle Health System.

[59] By granting immunity under the Health Care Quality Improvement Act, it is unnecessary for the court to address the issue of immunity under the Pennsylvania Peer Review Protection Act.