John K. BUSHNELL, Third-Party Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
Dale K. BARKER, Third-Party Defendant and Petitioner.
No. 20100207.
Supreme Court of Utah.
March 27, 2012.*969 Shawn D. Turner, Salt Lake City, for petitioner.
David P. Hirschi, Brennan H. Moss, Salt Lake City, for respondent.
Justice LEE, opinion of the Court:
¶ 1 This is a contract dispute between an accounting firm and its client that has ebbed on appeal into a contest over attorney fees and costs. The district court denied Dale Barker's request for attorney fees under the reciprocal attorney fees statute, Utah Code section 78B-5-826. The court of appeals affirmed. It also affirmed denial of Barker's request for costs. We affirm the court of appeals' decision as to attorney fees under our analysis in Hooban v. Unicity International, Inc., 2012 UT 19, ___ P.3d ___, 2012 WL 1008653, a parallel case also decided today. Based on our reading of rule 54(d) of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure, however, we reverse the court of appeals' decision as to costs.
I
¶ 2 John Bushnell hired the Dale K. Barker Company accounting firm to prepare tax returns for Bushnell and his company, Bushnet, P.C. The services contract between Bushnell and Barker Co. included an attorney fee clause, which provided that, in the event of a breach, the "nondefaulting party shall be entitled to all costs and attorneys' fees incurred in enforcing this Agreement." Bushnell later became dissatisfied with Barker Co.'s work and terminated the parties' relationship. And when Bushnell allegedly failed to pay Barker Co. as agreed under the contract, the company sued Bushnell for breach.
¶ 3 Bushnell counterclaimed against Barker Co. for breach of contract and negligence. He also filed a third-party complaint against Dale Barker in his individual capacity, alleging that Barker Co. was Barker's alter ego and seeking to hold Barker liable for any judgment entered against Barker Co.
¶ 4 Near the end of the ensuing bench trial, Barker moved for a directed verdict on the third-party complaint. The trial court granted the motion, dismissing Bushnell's alter ego theory from the bench. After trial, on August 14, 2008, the court entered judgment in favor of Bushnell on Barker Co.'s breach of contract claim and on Bushnell's counterclaim against Barker Co. It did not enter a formal judgment dismissing Bushnell's third-party complaint, however, until September 19.
¶ 5 After granting the motion for a directed verdict but before entering final judgment on the third-party complaint, the district *970 court invited the parties to submit their claims for attorney fees and costs. Barker complied with this order and on May 7, 2008, filed with the district court a motion and verified memorandum of attorney fees and costs.
¶ 6 In his motion, Barker sought attorney fees under the reciprocal attorney fees statute, Utah Code section 78B-5-826.[1] He argued that, as the prevailing party in the third-party action, he was entitled to a fee award under the statute. The trial court denied Barker's request. In a June 2 memorandum decision, the court concluded that Barker was not a party to the Bushnell/Barker Co. contract as required to trigger the statute.
¶ 7 Barker's motion also requested an award of costs, which are generally available to the prevailing party "as of course" under rule 54(d) of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure. For some reason, the court did not address Barker's request for costs in its June 2 memorandum decision, implicitly denying the request. Before the court entered its final judgment on the third-party complaint, however, Barker filed a rule 59 motion to amend the judgment, asserting that the court should have awarded costs under rule 54(d). Then, before ruling on Barker's rule 59 motion, the court signed a final judgment on September 19, instructing "each party to bear its own costs." Finally, on October 22, the court denied the rule 59 motion, stating that "the issue of costs is premature" because the court had "not yet entered judgment on the Third-Party Complaint." In so doing, the court apparently overlooked its September 19 entry of judgment. At the same time, the district court invited Barker to file a new claim for costs, but he declined and instead filed an appeal.
¶ 8 The court of appeals affirmed as to both fees and costs. It first held that the reciprocal fee statute applies only when "the underlying litigation [is] based upon a contract" that "allow[s] at least one party to recover attorney fees." Dale K. Barker Co. v. Bushnell, 2009 UT App 385, ¶ 4, 222 P.3d 1188 (internal quotation marks omitted). In the court's view, this case did not qualify because the contract did not allow at least one party to recover fees, as the Bushnell/Barker Co. contract shifted fees only in a suit between a defaulting and nondefaulting party. Id. ¶¶ 4-6 And, the court of appeals reasoned, Bushnell's third-party action was based on the alter ego doctrine, which if successful, would merely hold Barker individually liable for Barker Co.'s contractual default. Id. ¶¶ 5-6. Barker in his individual capacity was not a party to the contract defaulting or otherwisenor would he have been even if Bushnell's alter ego theory had prevailed. Id. ¶ 7. Thus, in the court of appeals' view, "neither Bushnell nor Barker could have recovered fees in the third-party action given the facts of this case and the contract's attorney fees provision as written." Id.
¶ 9 The court next held that Barker was not entitled to costs. It reasoned that, regardless of the district court's misstatement that it had not entered judgment prior to October 22, "the rule 59 motion was the first time the court was asked to determine if rule 54(d) costs would be allowed." Id. ¶ 8. In the court of appeals' view, Barker should therefore have followed "the district court's invitation to [re]submit his claim for costs." Id. ¶ 9. Because he did not, the court held that the time for filing under rule 54(d) had lapsed. Id.
¶ 10 We granted Barker's petition for certiorari to resolve two issues: (1) whether the court of appeals erred when it affirmed the trial court's denial of Barker's request for attorney fees under Utah Code section 78B-5-826; and (2) whether the court of appeals erred in holding that Barker was not entitled to costs under Utah Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d). We review both decisions de novo, granting no deference to the court of appeals' statutory construction or its interpretation of rule 54(d). See State v. Virgin, 2006 UT 29, ¶ 15, 137 P.3d 787.
II
¶ 11 Barker first contends that he is entitled to attorney fees under the reciprocal fee-shifting *971 statute, Utah Code section 78B-5-826, which provides as follows:
A court may award ... attorney fees to either party that prevails in a civil action based upon any ... written contract ... when the provisions of the ... contract ... allow at least one party to recover attorney fees.
The statute is triggered only when the provisions of the contract would allow at least one party to recover fees if that party had prevailed under its theory of the case. Hooban v. Unicity Int'l, Inc., 2012 UT 19, ¶ 32, ___ P.3d ___.
¶ 12 Barker argues that this triggering condition is met: "Had Bushnell been successful in his claim, he would have established that Barker was a party to the contract and that he was personally liable [as a defaulting party]." In Barker's view, the contractual fee provision would then have authorized Bushnell to recover fees from Barker, and Barker is thus entitled to fees under the statute.
¶ 13 We agree with the court of appeals, however, that Bushnell's alter ego theoryeven if successfulwould not have made Barker a defaulting party to the contract, but would merely have made Barker personally liable for Barker Co.'s default. This is because "[a]n alter ego defendant has no separate primary liability to the plaintiff." Shaoxing Cnty. Huayue Imp. & Exp. v. Bhaumik, 191 Cal. App. 4th 1189, 120 Cal. Rptr. 3d 303, 310 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). An alter ego claim "is not itself a claim for substantive relief, e.g., breach of contract or to set aside a fraudulent conveyance, but rather, procedural, i.e., to disregard the corporate entity as a distinct defendant and to hold the alter ego individuals liable on the obligations of the corporation." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).[2] Thus, Barker would not have been a defaulting party even if Bushnell had prevailed, and the terms of the contract would not entitle at least one party to recover attorney fees in the sense required to trigger the statute. We therefore affirm the court of appeals' conclusion that Utah Code section 78B-5-826 does not authorize an award of attorney fees to Barker in this case.
III
¶ 14 Barker next contends that the district court should have ruled on his request for costs under rule 54(d) of the Utah Rules of Civil Procedure. We agree and reverse the court of appeals' conclusion that Barker failed to make a timely request for costs.
¶ 15 Under rule 54(d)(1), "costs shall be allowed as of course to the prevailing party unless the court otherwise directs." To request a cost award, a party must file a "memorandum of costs" with the court within five days after the entry of judgment. UTAH R. CIV. P. 54(d)(2). Alternatively, a "memorandum of costs served and filed after the verdict... but before the entry of judgment is nevertheless considered as served and filed on the date judgment is entered." Id.
¶ 16 Barker was thus required to file his memorandum of costs within five days after the entry of judgment or at some time after the verdict but before the entry of judgment. We conclude that he did so, and thus that the district court should have considered and ruled on this issue.
¶ 17 The trial court granted Barker's motion for a directed verdict from the bench on April 3, 2008. This was the date of the "verdict" in this case for rule 54(d) purposes.[3] Barker filed his memorandum of costs a few weeks later, on May 7, 2008. The district court subsequently entered its judgment on *972 September 19, 2008. Because Barker filed his memorandum after the verdict but before the judgment, his request for costs was not premature (as the trial court thought) or late (as the court of appeals concluded).
¶ 18 The trial court's ruling on Barker's rule 59 motion was doubly flawed. First, apparently thinking that costs must always be requested after entry of the judgment, the court concluded that Barker's request for costs was "premature" because the "Court ha[d] not yet entered [final] judgment." Second, the court also overlooked that it had, in fact, entered judgment on September 19.
¶ 19 In our view, the court of appeals also erred in concluding that Barker's rule 59 motion was the "first time the [district] court was asked" to award costs. Dale K. Barker Co. v. Bushnell, 2009 UT App 385, ¶ 8, 222 P.3d 1188. Well before the rule 59 motion, Barker's May 7 filing asked the court to award costs. And the court of appeals likewise erred in concluding that Barker was required to resubmit his cost memorandum. Such a response may have been advisable given the district court's misunderstanding. But there is nothing in the rules of civil procedure requiring such a filing. In fact, if Barker had made such a filing, it presumably would not have satisfied rule 54(d) because it would have been filed more than "five days after the entry of judgment," which (notwithstanding the district court's confusion) was entered September 19. Resubmitting the cost request may thus have been prudent to satisfy the district court, but it was not required as a matter of law. We therefore reverse and remand for the district court to determine Barker's costs.
Justice LEE authored the opinion of the Court, in which Chief Justice DURRANT, Associate Chief Justice NEHRING, Justice DURHAM, and Justice PARRISH joined.
NOTES
[1] Prior to renumbering in 2008, this provision was codified in section 78-27-56.5.
[2] See also BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1264 (9th ed. 2009) (defining "piercing the corporate veil" as "imposing personal liability on otherwise immune corporate officers, directors, or shareholders for the corporation's wrongful acts" (emphasis added)); VFP VC v. Dakota Co., 141 Idaho 326, 109 P.3d 714, 723 (2005) ("The theory allows the fact finder to disregard the corporate form, thereby making individuals liable for corporate debts...."); Sean Wood, L.L.C. v. Hegarty Group, Inc., 422 N.J.Super. 500, 29 A.3d 1066, 1077 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.2011) ("Before invoking an alter ego theory to pierce the corporate veil, evidence must first establish an independent basis to hold the corporation liable.").
[3] See BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1696 (9th ed. 2009) (defining a nonjury verdict as a judge's resolution of the issues of a case).