UNITED STATES of America
v.
Paul A. SLOUGH et al., Defendants.
Misc. Action No. 10-0005(RMU).
United States District Court, District of Columbia.
January 7, 2010.*297 Steven R. Welk, Office of US Attorney, Los Angeles, CA, Frank D. Kortum, Office of US Attorney, Los Angeles, CA, for Plaintiff.
David S. McLane, Kaye, McLane and Bednarski, LLP, Pasadena, CA, for Defendants.
MEMORANDUM ORDER
RICARDO M. URBINA, District Judge.
ORDERING THE IMMEDIATE DISCLOSURE OF REDACTED VERSIONS OF THE PARTIES' PRE- AND POST-HEARING MEMORANDA AND ALL OTHER BRIEFS SUBMITTED IN CONNECTION WITH THE KASTIGAR HEARING; DIRECTING THE CLERK OF THE COURT TO UNSEAL ALL MATERIALS RELATING TO THE KASTIGAR HEARING ON FEBRUARY 2, 2010.
Beginning on October 14, 2009, the court held a Kastigar hearing to explore whether the government had impermissibly used the defendants' compelled, immunized statements in the course of its prosecution. In connection with this hearing, the parties drafted extensive pre- and post-hearing memoranda, submitted into evidence hundreds of exhibits and offered the testimony of twenty-five witnesses.
Upon the joint request of the defendants and the government, these proceedings and all related filings have been maintained under seal pursuant to an order issued from the bench on October 14, 2009.[1] The court explained the necessity of sealing the Kastigar hearing as follows:
[T]he danger [attendant] to media coverage of the instant Kastigar hearing [is] far more specific and severe than the generalized risk of jury taint. This hearing will explore whether or not any immunized testimony was improperly used in connection with this prosecution. If ... as the defendants contend, such immunized testimony was given by the defendants, media coverage of the hearing will surely expose potential jurors and witnesses to this testimony, greatly diminishing defendants' prospects of a fair trial [free] from such taint.
Hr'g Tr., Oct. 14, 2009 at 12. The court also noted that the Kastigar hearing would likely involve a detailed examination of grand jury proceedings, which are generally kept secret. Id. at 13. Lastly, the court concluded that "[g]iven the centrality of purportedly immunized testimony and grand jury minutes to this hearing, the Court . . . found no practical way to permit the public partial access to the hearing." Id. at 14.
On December 31, 2009, 677 F. Supp. 2d 112, the court issued a memorandum opinion dismissing the indictment in its entirety based on the government's failure to prove that it did not use the defendants' compelled, immunized statements in the course of the prosecution. See generally Mem. Op. (Dec. 31, 2009). The court's memorandum opinion cited portions of the hearing transcript, exhibits, pre- and post-hearing memoranda and other sealed materials in explanation of its holding. See generally id.
*298 On January 4, 2010, the Washington Post submitted a request for access to the sealed materials, including all memoranda and briefs, hearing transcripts and exhibits. See Letter from James McLaughlin, dated Jan. 4, 2010, at 1. In its request, the Washington Post asserts that "[t]he public's interest in these matters ... is even greater since the Kastigar issue has become dispositive of the government's entire case." Id.
On January 5, 2010, the Associated Press joined in the Washington Post's request. See Letter from Jeanette Bead, dated Jan. 5, 2010 at 1-3. Noting that the court's December 31, 2009 memorandum opinion places on the public record facts disclosed during the closed hearing, the Associated Press asserts that "[i]f no compelling interest requires the Court's summary of the testimony and evidence to be sealed, it is difficult to understand the reason for continuing to keep secret the evidence, transcripts and arguments of counsel upon which the Court's decision is based."[2]Id. at 3.
Both the government and the defendants respond that the court should refrain from unsealing the Kastigar materials prior to the expiration of the government's time to appeal the court's December 31, 2009 ruling.[3]See generally Govt's Response to Court's Order Concerning Potential Unsealing of Kastigar Record ("Govt's Opp'n"); Defs.' Objection to Present Disclosure of Kastigar Record ("Defs.' Opp'n"). The parties note that until the government exhausts its appeal rights, the possibility of a trial remains. Govt's Opp'n at 3-4; Defs.' Opp'n at 1. Given this possibility, the parties argue, the same considerations that led the court to seal the Kastigar record in the first instance support keeping these materials under seal.[4] Govt's Opp'n at 3-4; Defs.' Opp'n at 1.
As a form of compromise, the government proposes that the parties submit redacted versions of their post-hearing memoranda for public release. Govt's Opp'n at 4. This proposal, the government suggests, would address the First Amendment concerns raised by the Washington Post and the Associated Press while limiting the dissemination of tainted information. Id.
The Supreme Court has recognized that a qualified First Amendment right of access applies to many pretrial hearings in criminal matters. See Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court, 478 U.S. 1, 13, 106 S. Ct. 2735, 92 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1986). This right of access extends to documents and other materials submitted in connection with such hearings. See In re N.Y. Times Co., 828 F.2d 110, 113 (2d Cir.1987); Associated Press v. U.S. Dist. Court for the Cent. Dist. of Cal., 705 F.2d 1143, 1145 (9th Cir.1983). The Supreme Court has noted, however, that
[w]hile open criminal proceedings give assurances of fairness to both the public and the accused, there are some limited circumstances in which the right of the accused to a fair trial might be undermined by publicity. In such cases, the trial court must determine whether the situation is such that the rights of the *299 accused override the qualified First Amendment right of access.
Id. at 9; see also Gannett Co. v. DePasquale, 443 U.S. 368, 378, 99 S. Ct. 2898, 61 L. Ed. 2d 608 (1979) (noting that "[t]o safeguard the due process rights of the accused, a trial judge has an affirmative constitutional duty to minimize the effects of prejudicial pretrial publicity").
To overcome the public's qualified First Amendment right of access, the court must make specific, on-the-record findings that "closure is essential to preserve higher values and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest." Press-Enterprise, 478 U.S. at 13-14, 106 S. Ct. 2735. The Supreme Court has remarked that special publicity considerations exist for hearings concerning potentially inadmissible, tainted evidence:
Publicity concerning pretrial suppression hearings . . . poses special risks of unfairness. The whole purpose of such hearings is to screen out unreliable or illegally obtained evidence and insure that this evidence does not become known to the jury. Publicity concerning the proceedings at a pretrial hearing, however, could influence public opinion against a defendant and inform potential jurors of inculpatory information wholly inadmissible at the actual trial.
Gannett Co., 443 U.S. at 378, 99 S. Ct. 2898. Indeed, this Circuit has expressly observed that a district court may conduct a closed Kastigar hearing to limit the dissemination of tainted materials. United States v. De Diego, 511 F.2d 818, 824 (D.C.Cir.1975).
Although the court's December 31, 2009 memorandum opinion discloses some sealed material, including portions of some of the defendants' compelled statements, disclosure of the entire Kastigar record will reveal significantly more information regarding these compelled statements. As the court explained in its October 14, 2009 ruling, the dissemination of such information would materially increase the likelihood of prejudicial juror and witness taint. Thus, the court concludes that so long as a future trial following appellate review remains a possibility, maintaining the Kastigar materials under seal and limiting the dissemination of additional tainted material serve the important purpose of preserving the effectiveness of appellate review by ensuring that a fair trial remains possible.
At the same time, the court sees no reason to maintain these documents under seal indefinitely. Indeed, neither party has offered any justification for withholding these documents from the public beyond the expiration of the government's time to lodge an appeal of the court's December 31, 2009 decision. See generally Govt's Opp'n; Defs.' Opp'n.
In addition, if the parties were to redact all references to tainted information contained in the memoranda and briefs they submitted in connection with the Kastigar hearing, these materials could be disclosed promptly without any fear of exacerbating witness or juror taint. The court expects that the preparation of these redactions will entail a minimal burden, as only information that specifically implicates the concerns addressed in the court's October 14, 2009 sealing order should be redacted.[5]
Thus, to balance the public's First Amendment right of access with the defendants' right against prejudicial pretrial publicity, it is this 7th day of January, 2010, hereby
ORDERED that on or before January 11, 2010 at 12:00 p.m., the government and *300 the defendants shall submit redacted versions of their pre- and post-hearing memoranda, as well as all memoranda and briefs submitted in connection with the Kastigar hearing, under seal for the court's review; and it is
FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court shall unseal all materials relating to the Kastigar hearing on February 2, 2010.[6]
SO ORDERED.
NOTES
[1] The court order issued this order after reviewing a written submission from the Washington Post and hearing oral argument from an attorney representing the Washington Post regarding its right to access these proceedings. See Hr'g Tr., Oct. 14, 2009 at 5-11.
[2] On January 5, 2010, the court ordered any party objecting to the media's request for access to promptly file a written opposition. See Order (Jan. 5, 2010).
[3] The government must file a notice of appeal on or before February 1, 2010. See 18 U.S.C. § 3731; FED.R.APP.P. 4(b).
[4] The defendants also assert that if the court orders disclosure, they should be given an opportunity to review the record and remove any information implicating privacy concerns pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 49.1. Defs.' Opp'n at 2.
[5] Indeed, the court advised the parties in mid-November 2009 that the court intended to order the parties to produce redacted versions of their pre- and post-hearing memoranda.
[6] Because the government's filing of a notice of appeal would remove this court's jurisdiction over the case, any application to maintain these materials under seal after the filing of a notice of appeal would have to be made to the Circuit.