Jose GONZALES, Appellant, and
Al Bathke, Plaintiff,
v.
FARMERS INSURANCE COMPANY OF OREGON, an Oregon corporation; Farmers Insurance Exchange, a foreign corporation; Farmers Group, Inc., a foreign corporation; and
Mid-Century Insurance Company, a foreign corporation, Respondents.
9910-11479; A128598.
Court of Appeals of Oregon.
Argued and Submitted September 18, 2006. Decided December 20, 2006.Terrell W. Oxford, Texas, and Jeremy J. Brandon, Texas, argued the cause for appellant. On the briefs were Susman Godfrey, LLP, Texas, and Daniel J. Gatti and Gatti, Gatti, Maier, Krueger, Sayer & Assoc., and Tom D'Amore and D'Amore & Associates, and James Nelson and Nelson & MacNeil, and Christopher Hardman and Law Office of CR Hardman.
James N. Westwood, Portland, argued the cause for respondents. With him on the brief were Lois O. Rosenbaum and Stoel Rives LLP.
Before HASELTON, Presiding Judge, and ARMSTRONG and ROSENBLUM, Judges.
HASELTON, P.J.
Plaintiff Jose Gonzales appeals, assigning error to the allowance of summary judgment in favor of defendants, various Farmers Insurance-related companies.[1] The only issue presented is whether, under the terms of his automobile coverage with defendant, plaintiff is entitled to recover payment for his vehicle's "inherent diminished value" (IDV) following a collision. Specifically, is plaintiff entitled, in addition to payment for the cost of repair to the vehicle, to recover for the difference in his vehicle's fair market value before and after the collision? The trial court determined that a limitation of liability provision in the auto policy precluded recovery for IDV. As amplified below, we conclude that Dunmire Co. v. Or. Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 166 Or. 690, 114 P.2d 1005 (1941), and Rossier v. Union Automobile Ins. Co., 134 Or. 211, *21 291 P. 498 (1930), which are to the contrary, are controlling and dispositive. Consequently, we reverse and remand.
Summary judgment is proper if the "pleadings, depositions, affidavits, declarations and admissions on file show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." ORCP 47 C. In reviewing the allowance of summary judgment, we draw all reasonable inferences in favor of plaintiff, who was the nonmoving party. West v. Allied Signal, Inc., 200 Or.App. 182, 187, 113 P.3d 983 (2005).
We state the material facts consistently with that standard of review. In January 1998, plaintiff's 1993 Ford pickup truck, which was insured under the terms of a "car policy Oregon" issued by defendant, was damaged in a collision. As a result, plaintiff incurred $6,993.40 in repair costs, which defendant paid, minus the deductible. However, notwithstanding those repairs, the pickup could not be completely restored to its "pre-accident condition." Consequently, even after being repaired, the vehicle's market value was diminished.
Plaintiff subsequently filed a complaint against defendant, alleging that, under the terms of the auto insurance policy, defendant was obligated not only to pay for the cost of repairing the pickup, but also to compensate plaintiff for loss corresponding to IDV:
"In the event Defendants elect to repair a vehicle, they are obligated to restore the vehicle to its pre-loss condition. This includes the amount of loss of value to the vehicle that occurs as a result of the accident that is not repaired, called diminished value. Diminished market value occurs in situations where an insured vehicle has sustained damage such that the vehicle cannot be repaired to its pre-loss condition. Even after being repaired, these vehicles are worth less than similar vehicles that are in their original condition. Diminished market value is a loss which is not excluded by Defendants' insurance policy."
Defendant moved for summary judgment, contending that, under the terms of the auto policy, its liability was limited to the actual cost of repairs. In so contending, defendant relied on various provisions of the policy, particularly its "Limits of Liability" provision. The collision coverage provision of the policy states, "We will pay for loss to your insured car caused by collision less any applicable deductibles." (Boldface in original.) The policy, in turn, defines "Loss" as "direct and accidental loss of or damage to your insured car, including its equipment." (Boldface in original.) The "Limits of Liability" provision provides, in pertinent part:
"Limits of Liability
"[Defendant's] limits of liability for loss shall not exceed:
"1. The amount which it would cost to repair or replace damaged or stolen property with other of like kind and quality; or with new property less an adjustment for physical deterioration and/or depreciation."[2]
(Boldface in original.) The policy further provides that "[w]e will pay the loss in money or repair or replace damaged or stolen property." (Boldface in original.) Finally, under "Rights and Responsibilities," the policy provides that "[t]he insured has the right to payment for the loss in money or repair or replacement of the damaged or stolen property, at the option of [defendant]."
Plaintiff, in opposing summary judgment, argued that the policy's "Limits of Liability" provision did not preclude recovery for IDV-related loss. Plaintiff argued, in part, that the Oregon Supreme Court's decisions in Dunmire Co. and Rossier were dispositive.[3]
*22 The trial court allowed summary judgment, concluding:
"Any ambiguity in an insurance contract is to be construed against the insurer according to a long line of Oregon cases. The essential question then becomes whether or not there is any `ambiguity' in the `repair' clause taken in context with the options that Defendant has regarding reimbursement. The three options are not equal in kind or in value to the insured. A cash payment would likely take into [account] factors different from a decision to repair the vehicle (which is only an option if the vehicle is repairable) and the replacement option could arguably include diminution of market value. `Replace' is defined as `to put back into former position' or `take the place of' (American Heritage Dictionary, Third Ed., p. 1157) and thus, putting something back into former position could arguably include the former `undamaged' position.
"However, `repair' is defined (in the same Dictionary p. 1156) as meaning `to restore to a sound condition after injury or damage' which was done in this case. The `repair' option chosen by Plaintiff in this case along with the standard definition of `repair' coupled with no specific mention anywhere about `diminution of market value' requires me to grant Defendant Farmers['s] motion for summary judgment."
The trial court, in so concluding, did not refer to either Dunmire Co. or Rossier.
On appeal, as before the trial court, plaintiff invokes Dunmire Co. and Rossier. Plaintiff contends that both cases are dispositive and that the circumstances in Dunmire Co., in particular, were materially indistinguishable from those presented here. Defendant, as described more fully below, counters that Rossier is materially distinguishable; that Dunmire Co. and Rossier were both wrongly decided in the first instance; and that, in all events, neither Dunmire Co. nor Rossier is controlling because both were premised on a method of insurance policy construction that has been superseded by the analysis described in Hoffman Construction Co. v. Fred S. James & Co., 313 Or. 464, 836 P.2d 703 (1992). Defendant further contends that, under the analysis described in Hoffman Construction Co., it is entitled to prevail. For the reasons that follow, we agree with plaintiff.
We begin, inevitably, with Rossier and Dunmire Co. In Rossier, the plaintiff purchased a Studebaker sedan, which was involved in an accident after it had been driven only 140 miles. 134 Or. at 215, 291 P. 498. The car was insured under a policy issued by the defendant. That policy provided coverage for property damage to the vehicle caused by an accidental collision. The policy further provided as follows:
"`The company's liability for loss or damage under this endorsement by reason of any one collision is limited to the actual cost of replacement of the property damaged or destroyed, and in no event, to exceed the true cash value of the automobile current at the time loss or damage occurs.'"
Id. at 213, 291 P. 498.
The defendant insurer took the position that, under the policy, it was obligated to pay only "the actual cost of replacement of damaged or broken parts." Id. at 212, 291 P. 498. The plaintiff, however, brought an action seeking to recover the difference between the Studebaker's precollision "fair cash value" ($1,535) and its post-collision fair *23 cash value (which, the plaintiff alleged, was "no greater * * * than $450"). Id. at 212-13, 291 P. 498. The trial court, over the defendant's objections, instructed the jury consistently with the plaintiff's construction of the policy, and the jury awarded damages of $950. Id. at 212, 291 P. 498.
On appeal, the defendant assigned error to the instruction on damages. The Supreme Court affirmed, concluding that that instruction comported with the proper construction of the policyand, particularly, with its limitation of liability provisions:
"That an insurer may, by contract, limit its liability, is well recognized. It is also uniformly held that if there is any doubt or ambiguity in the terms of such limitation it will be resolved in favor of the insured. An insurance policy, like any other kind of contract, must be considered in its entirety and conflicting clauses reconciled if possible.
"Unquestionably the primary object or purpose of the plaintiff was to be indemnified against loss or damage to his automobile resulting from accidental collision. It is common knowledge that the nature and extent of damage to a car may be such that replacement or repair of broken parts will not compensate the insured for his loss. * * * To award him damages for the actual cost of replacement of broken or damaged parts would, indeed, be inadequate relief. That there would be diminution of value as the result of collision as here shown seems obvious. In many instances the injury to the automobile may be of such nature and extent that, after repairs have been made, there will be no diminution of value. Under such circumstances cost of repairs would be equivalent to the difference between the value of the automobile before and after collision.
"In addition to the general provision indemnifying the assured against loss or damage by reason of accidental collision, the policy provided for a limitation of liability `to the actual cost of replacement of the property damaged or destroyed.' `Replacement' as thus used means, in our opinion, the restoration of the property to its condition prior to the injury. Such restoration may or may not be accomplished by repair or replacement of broken or damaged parts. It cannot be said that there has been a complete restoration of the property unless it can be said that there has been no diminution of value after repair of the car."
Id. at 214-16, 291 P. 498 (emphasis added).
As support for that conclusion, the court noted that its holding comported with the "weight of authority" of other courts that had resolved the same coverage issue. Id. at 216, 291 P. 498. The Rossier court quoted with particular approval the following language from Standard Accident Ins. Co. of Detroit v. Richmond, 297 S.W. 879, 880 (Tex.Civ.App. 1927):
"`The injury being one for which the appellant was liable under the terms of the policy, the appellee had the right to claim full compensation for his loss. That loss was the difference between the value of the car before and after the injury. Appellant had, in effect, contracted to do all that reasonably could be done to restore the car to its original condition in the way of making repairs and replacements, or to pay the full amount of damages sustained. The testimony indicates that the principal damage was to the body of the car. Witnesses testified that this could not be restored to its original condition by merely being repaired. It was damaged to the extent that this was impossible, they stated. Appellant contends that it was only required to pay the cost of restoring the car to substantially the same condition it was in before the injury. That is true, if the words "substantially the same" mean a condition which made the car equal in value to what it was before the injury. Anything less than that would not be adequate compensation for the loss sustained.'"
Rossier, 134 Or. at 216, 291 P. 498 (emphasis added).
In Dunmire Co., the insured vehicle, a Packard, was damaged in a collision. The policy issued by the defendant insurer limited the insurer's liability to "`what it would * * * cost to repair or replace the automobile, or parts thereof, with other of like kind *24 and quality.'" 166 Or. at 699, 114 P.2d 1005. The defendant contended that the plaintiff's recovery should be limited to the amount (roughly $600) that the plaintiff was charged for repair of the vehicle. Id. Conversely, the plaintiff contended that the proper measure of recoverable loss under the policy was the difference between the Packard's preaccident and post-accident market value (approximately $1,000). As in Rossier, the trial court agreed with the plaintiff.
Again, the Oregon Supreme Court affirmed, quoting with approval its holding in Rossier regarding the meaning of "replacement." Dunmire Co., 166 Or. at 699-700, 114 P.2d 1005 (quoting Rossier, 134 Or. at 215-16, 291 P. 498). The Supreme Court noted, particularly, that the policy language in Dunmire Co. was "identical" to that in Stoops v. First American Fire Ins. Co., 160 Tenn. 239, 22 S.W.2d 1038 (1930), which it had cited with approval in Rossier:
"In [Stoops] the policy of insurance contained language identical with that employed in the policy here before us, in relation to the liability of the insurer in the event of damage to the automobile. The court held that the clause was ambiguous and required construction. It further held that the recovery by the assured was not limited to the cost of repairs and replacements, unless such repairs and replacements restored the automobile to as good condition as it was in before it was damaged."[4]
Dunmire Co., 166 Or. at 700, 114 P.2d 1005.
Here, defendant does not contend that the "Limits of Liability" provision in its coverage is materially distinguishable from the limitation of liability construed and applied in Dunmire Co. Rather, defendant contends that both Dunmire Co. and Rossier have been overruled sub silentio because their rationales have been "superseded" by (in defendant's characterization) the "recently developed" methodology for interpretation of insurance policies stated in Hoffman Construction Co.[5]
Defendant's position rests, and depends, on a false premise. Hoffman Construction Co. did not alter long-standing principles of Oregon law governing construction of insurance policies. To be sure, Hoffman Construction Co. may have synthesized and amplified those principles in an especially useful fashion, but it made no bones about its antecedents. Further, Rossier and Dunmire Co. comported, at least ostensibly, with the same methodology.
In Hoffman Construction Co., the court summarized the methodology under Oregon law for construing insurance policies. As with other contracts, in interpreting insurance policies, "`[t]he primary and governing rule * * * is to ascertain the intention of the parties.'" 313 Or. at 469, 836 P.2d 703 (quoting Totten v. New York Life Ins. Co., 298 Or. 765, 770, 696 P.2d 1082 (1985)) (brackets in Hoffman Construction Co.). The court specifically addressed the proper application of the maxim that ambiguous terms in an insurance policy are to be construed against the drafter, i.e., the insurer, and explained that that "tie-breaking" maxim does not apply when disputed language is merely literally subject to more than one plausible interpretation. Rather, a true ambiguity supporting the application of the "construe against the drafter" maxim exists
"only if two or more plausible interpretations of that term withstand scrutiny, i.e., continues to be reasonable, after the interpretations are examined in the light of, among other things, the particular context in which that term is used in the policy and the broader context of the policy as a whole."
313 Or. at 470, 836 P.2d 703 (emphasis in original).
*25 Hoffman Construction Co. did not purport to announce any new method of construction. Indeed, as support for the propositions quoted above, the court quoted precedents dating to 1954, viz., I-L Logging Co. v. Mfgrs. & Whlse. Ind. Exc., 202 Or. 277, 317, 275 P.2d 226 (1954).[6] In short, Hoffman Construction Co. did not transform Oregon law governing the interpretation of insurance policies. As plaintiff correctly observes, "Hoffman neither announced a new rule nor renounced an old one. If it did anything new, it simply unpacked what has always been the rule."
Dunmire Co. and Rossier (albeit construing different policy language) comported with that methodology. They explicitly addressed the meaning of the term "replace" or "replacement"and, to the extent that any ambiguity remained after considering the parties' intentions as expressed in the totality of the policy, resolved any remaining question regarding the limitations of liability in favor of the plaintiff insureds.[7]
It may beand we imply no view on the matterthat, as defendant contends, Dunmire Co. and Rossier were wrongly decided in the first instance. But neither has been implicitly abrogated by some subsequent material change in Oregon law governing the construction of insurance policies. To the extent, if any, that the Oregon Supreme Court may have erred in applying then-applicableand still applicableprinciples of policy construction, defendant's recourse lies with that court. See Schiffer v. United Grocers, Inc., 143 Or.App. 276, 284, 922 P.2d 703 (1996), rev'd, 329 Or. 86, 989 P.2d 10 (1999) ("Those decisions, however old, are still goodor, at least, bindinglaw. * * * We are not in the business of overruling decisions of the Oregon Supreme Court.").
Reversed and remanded.
NOTES
[1] Plaintiff Bathke's complaint was voluntarily dismissed. The defendants in this case are Farmers Insurance Company of Oregon, Farmers Insurance Exchange, Farmers Group, Inc., and Mid-Century Insurance Company. For convenience, we refer to the remaining plaintiff as "plaintiff" and to the defendants collectively as "defendant."
[2] Defendant does not contend that the policy's definition of "loss" does not include diminution of value. Rather, defendant argues that any recovery of IDV is precluded by the "Limits of Liability" provision.
[3] Before the trial court, as on appeal, the parties cited myriad decisions from other jurisdictions addressing claims under auto insurance policies for recovery of IDV-related loss. Specifically, plaintiff cites MFA Ins. Co. v. Citizens Nat. Bank of Hope, 260 Ark. 849, 545 S.W.2d 70 (1977); Hyden v. Farmers Ins. Exchange, 20 P.3d 1222 (Colo.Ct.App.2000), cert. den. (Colo. 2001); State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Mabry, 274 Ga. 498, 556 S.E.2d 114 (2001); Dodson Aviation v. Rollins, et al., 15 Kan. App. 2d 314, 807 P.2d 1319, rev. den., 249 Kan. 779 (1991); Federal Ins. Co. v. Hiter, 164 Ky. 743, 176 S.W. 210 (1915); Ciresi v. Globe & Rutgers Fire Ins. Co., 187 Minn. 145, 244 N.W. 688 (1932); and Weems v. Service Fire Ins. Co. of New York, 181 Tenn. 1, 178 S.W.2d 377 (1944).
In response, defendant cites Siegle v. Progressive Consumers Ins. Co., 819 So. 2d 732 (Fla. 2002); Sims v. Allstate Ins. Co., 365 Ill.App.3d 997, 303 Ill. Dec. 514, 851 N.E.2d 701 (2006); Allgood v. Meridian Sec. Ins. Co., 836 N.E.2d 243 (Ind.2005); Given v. Commerce Ins. Co., 440 Mass. 207, 796 N.E.2d 1275 (2003); Davis v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Arizona, 140 N.M. 249, 142 P.3d 17 (N.M.Ct.App.), cert. granted, 140 N.M. 543, 144 P.3d 102 (2006); Culhane v. Western Nat. Mut. Ins. Co., 704 N.W.2d 287 (S.D.2005); Black v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 101 S.W.3d 427 (Tenn.Ct.App.2002), appeal den. (Tenn. 2003); and American Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Schaefer, 124 S.W.3d 154 (Tex.2003). Defendant also argues that the weight of authority identified in George J. Couch, 12 Couch on Insurance § 177:19 (3d ed 1998), supports the denial of IDV claims under similar circumstances.
[4] The Tennessee Court of Appeals has distinguished Stoops and declined to adhere to it as binding authority with respect to the recoverability of IDV in analogous circumstances. See Black v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 101 S.W.3d 427, 429 (Tenn.Ct.App.2002), appeal den. (Tenn 2003).
[5] Defendant also identifies various factual distinctions between the circumstances presented here and those in Rossier. However, with respect to Dunmire Co., defendant's sole contentions both in briefing and at oral argument were that (1) Dunmire Co. was wrongly decided and (2) in all events, given Hoffman Construction Co., Dunmire Co. is no longer good law.
[6] The portion of I-L Logging Co. cited in Hoffman Construction Co., in turn, cited cases and treatises dating back to 1939. See, e.g., 202 Or. at 317-18, 336, 275 P.2d 226; see also Clark Motor Co. v. United Pac. Ins. Co., 172 Or. 145, 149, 139 P.2d 570 (1943) (reiterating principle that insurance policy, including limitation of liability provision, is to be construed as a whole: "All parts and clauses must be construed to determine if and how far one clause is modified, limited, or controlled by others[.]").
[7] Rossier recited the rule for construing ambiguous statutes against the insurer, but never explicitly determined whether the provision at issue was, in fact, ambiguous. See 134 Or. at 214-17, 291 P. 498. Similarly, as noted, Dunmire Co. relied upon the Tennessee decision, Stoops, in which a similar policy provision was held to be ambiguous and was, thus, construed against the insurer. 166 Or. at 700, 114 P.2d 1005. The court explained, and relied upon, the Tennessee court's reasoning, but never explicitly held that the provision before it was ambiguous. Id.