Filed 11/5/13 P. v. Gonzales CA2/7
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SEVEN
THE PEOPLE, B242748
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. VA114826)
v.
GERALD LUIS GONZALES,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Robert J.
Higa, Judge. Affirmed.
John A. Colucci, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Scott A. Taryle and
Kimberley J. Baker-Guillemet, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
_______________________
INTRODUCTION
A jury convicted defendant Gerald Luis Gonzales of the first degree murder of
Gerald Ramirez (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a)) and possession of a firearm by a felon (id.,
§ 12021, subd. (a)(1)). The jury also found true the allegations that Gonzales personally
used a firearm (id., § 12022.53, subd. (b)), personally and intentionally discharged a
firearm, causing great bodily injury and death (id., § 12022.53, subds. (c) & (d)),
committed the crime for the benefit of, at the direction of, and in association with a
criminal street gang (id., § 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(C)). After the trial court found true the
allegations that Gonzales suffered two prior strike convictions (id., §§ 667, subds. (b)-(i),
1170.12), the court sentenced Gonzales to state prison for a total term of 110 years to life.
Gonzales’ sole contention on appeal is that the trial court erred in failing to
suppress statements he made to police during an interrogation. We conclude that the trial
court did not err in denying Gonzales’ motion to suppress the statements, and affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1
In the early morning hours of April 2, 2010 police found Ramirez dead in a
converted garage in Santa Fe Springs. The cause of death was a single gunshot wound to
the head. There were no signs of a struggle, and Ramirez had no defensive wounds.
Police determined that Gonzales lived in the garage, which was located behind his
family’s residence, and that Ramirez had been staying with Gonzales. Both men were
members of the Conta Ranas gang. Police broadcast a description of Gonzales.
Later that afternoon, police apprehended Gonzales in the San Gabriel riverbed. At
the police station, Whittier Police Detective Robert Wolfe advised Gonzales of his
1 Because this appeal involves the narrow issue of the trial court’s ruling on the
motion to suppress, it is unnecessary to set forth in detail the facts regarding the killing,
the investigation, or the extensive gang evidence introduced during trial.
2
Miranda2 rights. Gonzales stated he understood his rights but did not ask for an attorney.
During the subsequent two-hour videotaped interrogation, Gonzales initially claimed that
he returned home to find his friend dead. Eventually, he confessed to killing Ramirez for
gang-related reasons.
Prior to trial Gonzales filed a motion seeking exclusion of his videotaped
statements to police on the ground, among others, that his waiver of his Miranda rights
was tainted because he had previously requested an attorney. Gonzales stated in his
supporting declaration that at the scene of his arrest he recognized one of the police
officers, Detective Jerry Reyes, and told him, “I want my lawyer.”
The trial court held an evidentiary hearing pursuant to Evidence Code section 402,
prior to which defense counsel clarified that “[t]he basis for the suppression is not a,
quote, Miranda violation, because on its face there appears to be a compliant warning.”
Counsel emphasized that the basis for the motion was “the fact that he invoked his right
to counsel in the field, if you will, while being arrested.”
Whittier Police Detective Joie Tinajero and Detective Wolfe testified for the
People. According to Detective Tinajero, around 3:00 p.m. on April 2, 2010, in response
to information that Gonzales had been spotted running southbound in the San Gabriel
riverbed, he and his partner, Detective Sanchez, drove past Gonzales, got out of their car,
walked down into the riverbed, and waited for him. When Gonzales was about 20 feet
away, the detectives stepped out from behind a tree and ordered him to the ground at
gunpoint. After Gonzales complied, Detective Tinajero handcuffed him. During the time
Gonzales was with Detective Tinajero, he did not ask the detective why the officers were
arresting him. Gonzales also did not ask for an attorney or to speak with anyone else.
Detective Tinajero did not ask Gonzales any questions regarding the murder
investigation. The detective stayed with Gonzales until Detective Wolfe arrived. Once
Detective Wolfe arrived at the riverbed, he took custody of Gonzales.
2 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 [86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694].
3
Detective Tinajero further stated that there were a number of police officers at the
riverbed. He remembered seeing Detective Reyes but did not know the extent of his
involvement with or his proximity to Gonzales. To Detective Tinajero’s knowledge,
Detective Reyes was not close enough to Gonzales to hear anything Gonzales said.
Detective Tinajero, however, was not aware of where Detective Reyes was at all times.
When Detective Wolfe arrived at the riverbed with his partner, Detective Todd,
Gonzales was in the custody of Detectives Tinajero and Sanchez.3 Detective Wolfe took
custody of Gonzales, who was handcuffed and seated on the bike path with his legs
extended along a fence. Detective Wolfe was with Gonzales for approximately 30
minutes. During this time, Gonzales did not ask why he had been arrested, did not say he
wanted to speak with a lawyer, and did not tell Detective Wolfe he did not want to talk to
him. Gonzales did not appear disoriented or confused, suffering from a mental problem,
or under the influence of a controlled substance or alcohol. Within five minutes of his
arrival, Detective Wolfe asked Gonzales, without reading Gonzales his Miranda rights
before doing so, where the gun was, because Detective Wolfe was concerned about
public safety. Based on Gonzales’ responses, police were able to locate the gun, which
was in a public place and loaded.4 Eventually, the officers placed Gonzales into a patrol
car and transported him to the police station. Detective Wolfe stated that if Gonzales had
told another officer he wanted a lawyer, that officer would have informed him of
Gonzales’ request.
After returning to the police station, Detective Wolfe advised Gonzales of his
Miranda rights.5 Gonzales stated that he understood his rights and did not appear to be
3 When Detective Wolfe arrived on the scene Detective Reyes “was within the
vicinity of us” and then he “walked away.” Detective Wolfe noted, however, that
everyone was “within a line of sight of each other.”
4 Gonzales did not challenge the admissibility of these statements or of the gun.
5 Approximately three hours passed between the time Detective Wolfe arrived at the
riverbed and the time he interviewed Gonzales.
4
confused or disoriented or hallucinating. Gonzales did not state that he was extremely
high or severely intoxicated. He gave no indication that he did not understand what
Detective Wolfe was saying. Gonzales did not ask for an attorney or refuse to talk to the
detective. Detective Wolfe knew Gonzales from previous contacts and a prior arrest. At
no time during the interview did Gonzales complain of being tired or wanting to sleep or
having a “cloudy” mind. He also never claimed to have told another officer that he
wanted to talk to a lawyer.
After listening to the testimony presented at the evidentiary hearing and the
argument of counsel,6 the trial court ruled that “[b]ased upon the testimony and I’ve read
the declaration again, the motion to suppress is denied.” Defense counsel then stated a
continuing objection to the use of the videotape of Gonzales’ admission, which was
played for the jury.
Gonzales testified at trial. He stated that many of the statements he made during
his interview were lies. Gonzales testified that Ramirez had left his gun on the couch
with the hammer cocked. When Ramirez returned home, Gonzales retrieved the gun,
which Ramirez had placed on a shelf, and asked Ramirez to uncock the gun and put it
away. Ramirez, who was tired and lying down, told Gonzales to do it for him. When
Gonzales, who did not think the gun was loaded, attempted to uncock the hammer, the
weapon accidentally discharged, killing Ramirez. Gonzales called out Ramirez’s name
but did not know what to do. He ran from the scene, taking the gun with him, which he
hid on a nearby street. Gonzales testified that “[i]t was an accident. And I turned this
accident into one ugly lie.” He admitted to using methamphetamine regularly and
claimed that he had been “up for days” and was “high as a kite just tweaking out.”
6 The record is silent as to why the People did not call Detective Reyes to testify at
the Evidence Code section 402 hearing.
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DISCUSSION
When an arrestee invokes his right to counsel, “a valid waiver of that right cannot
be established by showing only that he responded to further police-initiated custodial
interrogation even if he has been advised of his rights.” (Edwards v. Arizona (1981) 451
U.S. 477, 484 [101 S.Ct. 1880, 68 L.Ed.2d 378], fn. omitted.) In fact, an accused who
has asked for an attorney “is not subject to further interrogation by the authorities until
counsel has been made available to him, unless the accused himself initiates further
communication, exchanges, or conversations with the police” (id. at pp. 484-485; accord,
Minnick v. Mississippi (1990) 498 U.S. 146, 150, 153 [111 S.Ct. 486, 112 L.Ed.2d 489];
Arizona v. Roberson (1988) 486 U.S. 675, 677 [108 S.Ct. 2093, 100 L.Ed.2d 704]) or
there has been a break in custody (People v. Storm (2002) 28 Cal.4th 1007, 1013; In re
Bonnie H. (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 563, 584). “‘“Even if a conversation taking place after
the accused has ‘expressed his desire to deal with the police only through counsel,’ is
initiated by the accused, where reinterrogation follows, the burden remains upon the
prosecution to show that subsequent events indicated a waiver of the Fifth Amendment
right to have counsel present during the interrogation.” [Citation.]’” (People v. Bradford
(1997) 15 Cal.4th 1229, 1311.)
The purpose of the rule in Edwards v. Arizona, supra, 451 U.S. 477, “is to
preserve ‘“the integrity of an accused’s choice to communicate with police only through
counsel,” [citation] by “prevent[ing] police from badgering a defendant into waiving his
previously asserted Miranda rights” [citation].’ [Citation.] It ‘is not a constitutional
mandate, but judicially prescribed prophylaxis.’ [Citation.] Application of the Edwards
rule ‘is “justified only by reference to its prophylactic purpose”’ and its presumption is
not to be uncritically extended. [Citation.]” (People v. Thomas (2012) 54 Cal.4th 908,
926.)
Implied in the trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence is “whatever
finding of fact is prerequisite thereto.” (Evid. Code, § 402, subd. (c); see People v.
DeHoyos (2013) 57 Cal.4th 79, 132.) Implied in the trial court’s ruling here denying
6
Gonzales’ motion to exclude his videotaped statement is the court’s factual finding that
Gonzales did not ask any of the officers, including Detective Reyes, for an attorney while
at the riverbed. Substantial evidence supports this finding. (See People v. Gamache
(2010) 48 Cal.4th 347, 385; People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 730.)
Detective Tinajero, along with his partner, intercepted Gonzales as he fled in the
riverbed. They ordered him to stop at gunpoint and took him into custody. Detective
Tinajero stayed with Gonzales until Detective Wolfe arrived on the scene. At that point
Detective Tinajero turned over custody of Gonzales to Detective Wolfe, who stayed with
Gonzales until placing him into a patrol car for transportation to the police station.
Although Detective Tinajero and Detective Wolfe confirmed that Detective Reyes was
present at the river bed, neither heard Gonzales ask for an attorney.
The fact that Detective Reyes did not testify at the Evidence Code section 402
hearing does not mean that the trial court’s finding is not supported by substantial
evidence. There was testimony at the hearing that due to their close proximity to
Gonzales, Detectives Tinajero and Wolfe would have heard Gonzales if he had said
something to Detective Reyes or made a statement about wanting to speak with an
attorney. They did not hear any such statements. Moreover, Detective Wolfe testified
that, if Gonzales had made such a request, the officer to whom the request had been made
would have advised him.
The People presented ample evidence establishing that Gonzales did not ask for an
attorney at the riverbed and that there was no violation of Edwards v. Arizona, supra, 451
U.S. 477. We have no basis to disturb the trial court’s decision to deny Gonzales’ motion
to suppress and to allow the People to present Gonzales’ videotaped statement to the jury.
7
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
SEGAL, J.*
We concur:
PERLUSS, P. J.
ZELON, J.
* Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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