Filed 11/6/13
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SEVEN
CAL-WESTERN BUSINESS SERVICES, B241714
INC.,
(Los Angeles County
Plaintiff and Appellant, Super. Ct. No. BC331294)
v.
CORNING CAPITAL GROUP et al.,
Defendants and Respondents.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Rex
Heeseman, Judge. Affirmed.
Roger A.S. Manlin for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Law Offices of Robert S. Altagen, Robert S. Altagen, and Jason J. Allison for
Defendants and Respondents.
_______________________
Appellant Cal-Western Business Services, Inc. appeals from the trial court’s
judgment dismissing its action against respondents Corning Capital Group, Kathryn
Smitham, Thomas Smitham, and Elaine Smitham.1 Following the entry of a judgment
in its favor in an underlying lawsuit, Part Properties, Inc. assigned its rights and interest
in the judgment to Pacific West One Corp. At a time when its corporate powers were
suspended for the failure to pay taxes, Pacific West One assigned its rights and interest in
the judgment to Cal-Western. Without Pacific West One’s corporate powers ever being
revived, Cal-Western filed this action to enforce the judgment against Corning Capital.
On its own motion, the trial court ordered that Cal-Western’s complaint be stricken and
the action be dismissed in its entirety because Cal-Western lacked the capacity to sue to
enforce the judgment as the assignee of a suspended corporation. We affirm.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On January 31, 1995, a judgment in the amount of $317,882 was entered in favor
of Part Properties and against Corning Capital in an action filed in Los Angeles County
Superior Court (the “Judgment”). On July 14, 1995, Part Properties assigned all of its
rights, title, and interest in the Judgment to Pacific West One. On July 3, 2000, the
Franchise Tax Board suspended Pacific West One’s corporate powers, rights, and
privileges for the failure to pay taxes pursuant to Revenue and Taxation Code section
23301. On August 25, 2001, while still suspended, Pacific West One assigned all of its
rights, title, and interest in the Judgment to Cal-Western.
Four years later, on April 4, 2005, Cal-Western filed the instant action against
Corning Capital to enforce the Judgment. As of the date the action was filed, Pacific
West One’s corporate status had not been reinstated and its suspension remained in
effect. On February 11, 2008, following several rounds of pleadings, Cal-Western filed a
1 Kathryn Smitham is the general partner of Corning Capital and the daughter
of Thomas and Elaine Smitham. For purposes of this appeal, Respondents shall be
collectively referred to as “Corning Capital.”
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fifth amended complaint alleging causes of action for fraud, deceit, fraudulent
concealment, fraudulent conveyance, abuse of process, conspiracy, constructive trust,
cancellation of instrument, and declaratory relief. The gravamen of Cal-Western’s
complaint was that Corning Capital had not paid any portion of the Judgment, but
nevertheless had caused to be filed a false and fraudulent full satisfaction of judgment for
the purpose of avoiding collection of the Judgment. Cal-Western also alleged that
Corning Capital had sought to conceal real property assets that could be used to satisfy
the Judgment by engaging in a series of fraudulent conveyances. As the assignee of the
Judgment, Cal-Western sought to recover the principal amount of $317,882 and accrued
interest of $327,857.
In January 2011, the trial court held a bifurcated jury trial on whether any of the
Smithams had caused, or was part of a conspiracy to cause, the full satisfaction of
judgment to be filed with the court or recorded with the county recorder. The jury
returned a special verdict finding that Kathryn Smitham was liable for causing the
satisfaction of judgment to be both filed and recorded, but that Thomas and Elaine
Smitham were not liable. Following the verdict, the trial court set a status conference and
ordered further briefing to determine the remaining issues to be tried and whether
Thomas and Elaine Smitham should be dismissed from the action in light of the jury’s
verdict.
On June 26, 2011, Corning Capital submitted a status conference brief in which it
raised, for the first time, the issue of whether Cal-Western had a right to sue on the
Judgment as the assignee of a suspended corporation. In support of its argument that Cal-
Western was precluded from suing, Corning Capital presented evidence that Cal-
Western’s assignor, Pacific West One, was suspended at the time of its assignment, that
its corporate powers had never been revived, and that it remained a suspended
corporation. The evidence showed that Pacific West One’s assignor, Part Properties, also
was a suspended corporation, although it was unclear whether it was suspended at the
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time of its assignment to Pacific West One.2 On August 31, 2011, the trial court set the
matter for a further status conference and ordered the parties to submit supplemental
briefing on the issue.
On November 14, 2011, following the status conference and briefing, the trial
court issued an order finding that Cal-Western lacked the capacity to sue to enforce the
Judgment as the assignee of a suspended corporation. The court reasoned that “[t]he fact
that [Cal-Western] is a corporation in good standing does not confer upon it the right to
enforce the Judgment and maintain an action based on the same. Because Pacific West
(and, perhaps, Part Properties too) was a suspended corporation at the time of the
Assignment and remains a suspended corporation, [Cal-Western] is, in essence, a
suspended corporation as it relates to the Judgment.” The court acknowledged that a
defense based on lack of capacity to sue had not been timely raised by Corning Capital,
but found that the defense could still be asserted given that one or both of the assignors
had been suspended for over a decade and did not appear to intend to pay the delinquent
taxes owed. The court concluded that “unless and until [Cal-Western] can bring to this
court proof of reviver it remains ‘incapacitated’ and thus . . . has no right to further
pursue this lawsuit.”3
On March 2, 2012, the trial court, on its own motion, issued an order striking Cal-
Western’s fifth amended complaint and dismissing the action in its entirety pursuant to
Code of Civil Procedure section 436, subdivision (b). In its written order, the court
2 According to the records that were presented to the trial court, Part Properties
was suspended by the Franchise Tax Board on January 3, 1994, which was prior to the
entry of the Judgment in its favor and its assignment of the Judgment to Pacific West
One. Part Properties also was a suspended corporation as of July 2011. However, the
records did not reveal whether Part Properties’ corporate status was reinstated for any
period of time following the 1994 suspension.
3 In its November 14, 2011 order, the trial court also granted, sua sponte, a motion
for judgment on the pleadings as to all causes of action alleged against Thomas and
Elaine Smitham. The court found that, based on the jury’s verdict, Cal-Western did
not have any viable claims remaining against these two defendants.
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stated: “As previously discussed in detail by this court, [Cal-Western] obtained the
Judgment by means of an assignment from a suspended corporation. Therefore, in
relation to the judgment, [Cal-Western] ‘stands in the shoes’ of a suspended corporation.
[Citation.] A suspended corporation lacks capacity to enforce a judgment and/or
maintain a lawsuit. [Citation.]” The court further noted that Cal-Western had
“represented to this court that it has no intention of reviving the corporate powers of the
assignor suspended corporation,” and “[a]s a result, this court sees no reason why this
action should be further entertained.” The court also rejected Cal-Western’s argument
that public policy favored allowing an assignee in good standing to sue to enforce a
judgment, reasoning that it would frustrate the purpose of Revenue and Taxation Code
section 23301 if “a suspended corporation could evade its tax obligations but still retain
the right to ‘profit from’ or ‘enforce’ its judgment by means of an assignment.” On
June 6, 2012, following the trial court’s entry of a judgment of dismissal, Cal-Western
filed a timely notice of appeal.
DISCUSSION
Among other arguments, Cal-Western contends that the trial court erred in striking
its complaint and dismissing the action in its entirety on the basis that Cal-Western lacked
the capacity to sue to enforce the Judgment. Cal-Western asserts that, as a matter of
statutory construction and public policy, Revenue and Taxation Code section 23301 only
applies to suspended corporations, and thus, Pacific West One’s lack of capacity to sue as
a suspended corporation did not preclude Cal-Western from suing as an assignee in good
standing. Cal-Western also argues that, even if an incapacity defense could be applied to
assignees of suspended corporations, the defense was waived here by Corning Capital’s
failure to timely assert it. Based on the facts presented in this case, we conclude that
Cal-Western lacked the legal capacity to bring an action to enforce the Judgment as an
assignee, and accordingly, its action against Corning Capital was properly dismissed.
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I. Standard of Review
Under Code of Civil Procedure section 436, the court “may . . . at any time in its
discretion, and upon terms it deems proper: . . . [¶] (b) Strike out all or any part of any
pleading not drawn or filed in conformity with the laws of this state, a court rule, or an
order of the court.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 436, subd. (b).) The trial court’s ruling on a
motion to strike a pleading under Code of Civil Procedure section 436 generally is
reviewed for abuse of discretion. (Pacific Gas and Electric Co. v. Superior Court
(2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 19, 23; Leader v. Health Industries of America, Inc. (2001)
89 Cal.App.4th 603, 612.) However, the proper interpretation of a statute, and its
application to undisputed facts, presents a question of law subject to de novo review.
(People ex rel. Lockyer v. Shamrock Foods Co. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 415, 432; California
Veterinary Medical Assn. v. City of West Hollywood (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 536, 546.)
II. Relevant Law
Revenue and Taxation Code section 23301 provides that “the corporate powers,
rights and privileges of a domestic taxpayer may be suspended” if it fails to pay “any tax,
penalty, or interest . . . that is due and payable” to the Franchise Tax Board. Except for
filing an application for tax-exempt status or amending the articles of incorporation to
establish a new corporate name, “a suspended corporation is disqualified from exercising
any right, power or privilege.” (Timberline, Inc. v. Jaisinghani (1997) 54 Cal.App.4th
1361, 1365; see also Kaufman & Broad Communities, Inc. v. Performance Plastering,
Inc. (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 212, 217 [suspended corporation cannot “exercise the
powers and privileges of a corporation in good standing”].) Consequently, “[d]uring
the period that a corporation is suspended for failure to pay taxes, it may not prosecute
or defend an action [citation], appeal from an adverse judgment [citation], seek a writ
of mandate [citation], or renew a judgment obtained prior to suspension [citation].”
(Grell v. Laci Le Beau Corp. (1999) 73 Cal.App.4th 1300, 1306; see also Palm Valley
Homeowners Assn., Inc. v. Design MTC (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 553, 560 [suspended
corporation is “disabled from participating in any litigation activities”].) The purpose
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of Revenue and Taxation Code section 23301 “is to ‘prohibit the delinquent corporation
from enjoying the ordinary privileges of a going concern’ [citation], and to pressure it to
pay its taxes [citation].” (Grell v. Laci Le Beau Corp., supra, at p. 1306.)
Civil Code section 954 states that “[a] thing in action, arising out of the violation
of a right of property, or out of an obligation, may be transferred by the owner.” One
commonly used method of transfer is an assignment. (Essex Ins. Co. v. Five Star Dye
House, Inc. (2006) 38 Cal.4th 1252, 1259.) “A judgment creditor may assign the right
represented by the judgment to a third person. [Citations.] In doing so, the judgment
creditor assigns the debt upon which the judgment is based. [Citation.] Through such
an assignment, the assignee ordinarily acquires all the rights and remedies possessed by
the assignor for the enforcement of the debt, subject, however, to the defenses that the
judgment debtor had against the assignor. [Citation.]” (Great Western Bank v. Kong
(2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 28, 31-32.) This is consistent with the general rule that “‘[t]he
assignee “stands in the shoes” of the assignor, taking his rights and remedies, subject
to any defenses which the obligor has against the assignor prior to notice of the
assignment.’” (Johnson v. County of Fresno (2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 1087, 1096; see
also Bliss v. California Co-op. Producers (1947) 30 Cal.2d 240, 250 [“an assignee of a
chose in action is subject to all equities and defenses existing at or before the notice of
the assignment”]; Teater v. Good Hope Dev. Corp. (1942) 55 Cal.App.2d 459, 462 [“an
assignee of a chose in action ordinarily acquires all of the rights and remedies possessed
by the assignor for its enforcement, subject, however, to the defenses which may be
urged against the assignor”].) This principle is also codified in Code of Civil Procedure
section 368 which provides, in pertinent part, that “[i]n the case of an assignment of a
thing in action, the action by the assignee is without prejudice to any set-off, or other
defense existing at the time of, or before, notice of the assignment.”
In cases where the assignor of a chose in action is a suspended corporation,
California courts generally have recognized that the assignee is subject to the same
defenses that could have been asserted against the assignor. In Cleveland v. Gore Bros.,
Inc. (1936) 14 Cal.App.2d 681, for instance, the plaintiff assignee sought to recover
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damages arising from the wrongful eviction of her assignor by the defendant. Prior to the
commencement of the action, the corporate assignor had been suspended for failure to
pay taxes. The assignor’s corporate status was revived during the pendency of the action,
but only after the statute of limitations on the action had run. (Id. at p. 682.) The Court
of Appeal upheld the trial court’s conclusion that the assignee, “being the agent and
trustee of [the assignor] for the commencement and prosecution of this action, was
subject to the same incapacities with respect its commencement and prosecution as [the
assignor] during the period of time that its corporate rights, privileges and powers were
suspended.” (Id. at pp. 682-683.) Because the statute of limitations was not tolled for the
assignor during the period of its suspension, the same defense applied to the assignee and
the action was time-barred. (Id. at p. 683.)
In Thorner v. Selective Cam Transmission Co. (1960) 180 Cal.App.2d 89, the
plaintiff assignee was assigned the right to collect on certain promissory notes executed
by the defendant and payable to the assignor. The assignor was a foreign corporation not
authorized to do business in California and was barred by former Corporations Code
section 6801 from maintaining an action in the state. (Id. at p. 90.) In rejecting the
assignee’s argument that the statute, on its face, did not preclude an action by an
assignee, the Court of Appeal held that “an assignee of a foreign corporation is barred
from suing where the corporation would be barred for failure to comply with the
requirements for doing business in the state.” (Id. at p. 93.) The court reasoned that “to
permit an assignee for collection to sue where the corporation is barred by the statute
from doing so would so obviously frustrate the purpose of the statute that we are
unwilling to place such a narrowly technical construction upon it.” (Ibid.)
III. Cal-Western’s Incapacity to Sue as the Assignee of a Suspended Corporation
In this case, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in striking
the fifth amended complaint based on Cal-Western’s lack of capacity to file and maintain
the instant suit. As the assignee of the Judgment, Cal-Western acquired all the rights and
remedies possessed by the assignor for enforcement of the Judgment, subject, however,
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to any defenses that existed against the assignor at or before the notice of the assignment.
At the time Pacific West One assigned the Judgment to Cal-Western by a private
agreement between the parties, Pacific West One’s corporate powers and privileges had
been suspended for failure to pay taxes, and it was thus barred from bringing an action to
enforce the Judgment under Revenue and Taxation Code section 23301. At the time Cal-
Western filed the instant action on the Judgment four years later, Pacific West One’s
corporate powers had not been revived and it remained a suspended corporation lacking
capacity to file or maintain a suit. Therefore, because a defense based on lack of capacity
to sue existed at the time of notice of the assignment and could have been asserted against
Pacific West One had it brought the action itself, Cal-Western was subject to the same
defense in suing to enforce the Judgment as Pacific West One’s assignee.
We further conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in deciding to
relieve Corning Capital of its failure to timely raise the defense. A defense based on a
suspended corporation’s lack of capacity to sue “‘is a plea in abatement which is not
favored in law, is to be strictly construed, and must be supported by facts warranting the
abatement’ at the time of the plea.’” (Traub Co. v. Coffee Break Service, Inc. (1967) 66
Cal.2d 368, 370.) In addition, “a plea in abatement such as lack of capacity to sue ‘must
be raised by defendant at the earliest opportunity or it is waived. . . .’” (Color-Vue, Inc.
v. Abrams (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 1599, 1604). However, “[i]n the unusual circumstance
where a corporation announces that it does not intend to pay its delinquent taxes, the trial
court may properly relieve a defendant from his waiver and permit him to assert the
corporation’s lack of capacity to sue. [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1605; see also Kaufman &
Broad Communities, Inc. v. Performance Plastering, Inc., supra, 136 Cal.App.4th at
p. 226.) Although Corning Capital did not timely raise the lack of capacity to sue as a
defense in any of its responsive pleadings,4 the trial court observed that Pacific West One
4 Corning Capital did assert the lack of standing to sue as an affirmative defense
in its answer to the original complaint. However, “‘[t]here is a difference between the
capacity to sue, which is the right to come into court, and the standing to sue, which is
the right to relief in court.’ [Citation.] ‘Incapacity is merely a legal disability, such as
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had been suspended for over a decade and its corporate status had never been reinstated.
Cal-Western also had represented to the trial court that it had no intention of reviving the
corporate powers of Pacific West One by paying its delinquent taxes. Based on these
facts, the trial court reasonably could find that Corning Capital’s failure to assert Cal-
Western’s lack of capacity to sue earlier in the litigation did not bar the defense.
Cal-Western argues that the assignment of the Judgment by Pacific West One
was a valid and enforceable contract and was not subject to collateral attack by Corning
Capital as a non-party to the agreement. In support of this argument, Cal-Western cites
to Revenue and Taxation Code section 23304.1 which states that “[e]very contract made
in this state by a taxpayer during the time that the taxpayer’s corporate powers, rights,
and privileges are suspended . . . shall . . . be voidable at the instance of any party to the
contract other than the taxpayer,” and section 23304.5 which provides that “[a] party that
has the right to declare a contract to be voidable . . . may exercise that right only in a
lawsuit brought by either party with respect to the contract. . . .” (Rev. & Tax. Code,
§§ 23304.1, subd. (a), 23305.5.) However, in ruling that Cal-Western could not sue to
enforce the Judgment, the trial court never concluded that Pacific West One’s status as a
suspended corporation rendered the assignment void. To the contrary, the trial court
expressly recognized that the validity of the assignment was “irrelevant to the issues
before this court.” The relevant issue was not whether Pacific West One had the capacity
to contract as a suspended corporation, but whether Cal-Western had the capacity to sue
on an assignment that was made when its assignor was suspended. For the reasons
discussed, the trial court correctly concluded that Cal-Western lacked the capacity to
bring to an action to enforce the Judgment under such circumstances.
Cal-Western further asserts that public policy considerations favor allowing an
assignee corporation that is in good standing to sue to enforce a judgment regardless of
infancy or insanity, which deprives a party of the right to come into court. The right to
relief, on the other hand, goes to the existence of a cause of action. It is not a plea in
abatement, as is lack of capacity to sue.’ [Citation.]” (Color-Vue, Inc. v. Abrams,
supra, at p. 1604, fn. omitted.)
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whether the assignor corporation was in good standing at the time the assignment was
made. Cal-Western reasons that the purpose of Revenue and Taxation Code section
23301 is to motivate delinquent corporations to pay their taxes, and that such purpose is
not served by punishing assignees that have complied with their own tax obligations.
However, as the trial court observed, if an assignee of a claim by a suspended corporation
were not subject to the same incapacity defense as the assignor, then a suspended
corporation simply could sell its claim to a third party without ever having to cure the
default that caused the suspension. In such a case, the assignment would allow the
suspended corporation to circumvent the restrictions imposed by the Revenue and
Taxation Code on litigation-related activities and would remove the statutory incentive
that is in place to induce the corporation into paying its delinquent taxes.
Cal-Western also contends that it would be unduly burdensome for an assignee to
ensure that every assignor in the chain of title of a judgment has the capacity to enforce
the assigned rights. Yet we fail to see how it would have placed an undue burden on Cal-
Western to confirm whether Pacific West One was a suspended corporation at the time of
its assignment, particularly since it appears all three corporations involved in assigning
the Judgment in this case shared some of the same principals or attorneys, and therefore,
should have been able to readily determine the assignor’s corporate status. Finally, Cal-
Western argues that Corning Capital should not be allowed to benefit from its wrongful
conduct in filing a false and fraudulent satisfaction of judgment in the underlying action.
However, this court rejected a similar argument in Timberline, Inc. v. Jaisinghani, supra,
54 Cal.App.4th 1361, 1368, where we concluded that a suspended corporation which
lacked the capacity to renew a judgment could not invoke the doctrine of unclean hands
against the judgment debtor. As this court explained, “[w]hile we may disapprove of [the
debtor’s] action, we are not free to interject equitable doctrines into what is otherwise a
comprehensive statutory scheme specifying the requirements and powers of California
corporations.” (Ibid., fn. 5.)
Based on the totality of circumstances in this case, the trial court did not err in
concluding that Cal-Western lacked the legal capacity to sue to enforce the Judgment as
11
the assignee of a corporation that was suspended at the time of the assignment and
remained suspended at the time of the instant suit. The trial court’s order striking
Cal-Western’s fifth amended complaint and dismissing the action in its entirety was
accordingly not an abuse of discretion.5
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Respondents shall recover their costs on appeal.
ZELON, J.
We concur:
PERLUSS, P. J.
SEGAL, J.
5 In light of our conclusion that the entire action was properly dismissed based on
Cal-Western’s lack of capacity to sue, we need not address Cal-Western’s remaining
arguments on appeal.
Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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