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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 12-13863
________________________
Agency No. A089-422-039
QI HU SUN,
a.k.a. Qihu Sun,
Petitioner,
versus
UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of the Decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
_________________________
(November 13, 2013)
Before HULL and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges, and MOTZ,* District Judge.
PER CURIAM:
____________
*Honorable J. Frederick Motz, United States District Judge for the District of Maryland, sitting by
designation.
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Qi Hu Sun, a native and citizen of China, seeks review of the Board of
Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA’s”) order affirming the immigration judge’s (“IJ’s”)
denial of his motion to reopen an in absentia order of removal. On review, Sun
argues that (1) the BIA abused its discretion in denying his motion to reopen his
removal proceedings and to rescind the in absentia removal order because he was
neither actually nor constructively served with notice of the proceedings, and with
respect to the latter, that he rebutted the presumption of delivery of the Notice to
Appear (“NTA”) and the Notice of Hearing, which were mailed to his last known
address; and (2) the BIA abused its discretion in denying his motion to reopen
removal proceedings based on changed country conditions.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Sun married a United States citizen on July 22, 2006. On March 25, 2007,
Sun filed an application to adjust his status to lawful permanent resident based on
his marriage. The application listed Sun’s address as 2650 Chambers Way, Duluth,
Georgia, 30096. In November 2007, Sun’s status was adjusted to lawful permanent
resident on a conditional basis, which gave Sun notice that he and his wife were
required to file a joint petition to remove the conditions on his status by November
16, 2009. At that time he was also granted a two-year conditional green card,
which expired on November 17, 2009. Sun never filed the joint petition or
otherwise sought to remove the conditions on his status.
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Sun and his wife lived together at the Chambers Way address until March
2008, at which time they separated. Their divorce was final on February 10, 2009,
and Sun claims that he and his ex-wife ceased all communication at that time.
Because Sun never contacted the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”)
with respect to the removal of the conditions on his status, his legal status as a
lawful permanent resident was terminated on March 4, 2010, thus subjecting him to
removability. On February 28, 2011, DHS sent Sun an NTA via regular mail,
charging him with removability. On March 8, 2011, the Atlanta Immigration Court
sent Sun a Notice of Hearing via regular mail, setting his case for a hearing on April
27, 2011. Both notices were sent to Sun’s last known address, the Chambers Way
address, which had appeared on his application for adjustment of status filed in
March 2007. Neither notice was returned to the government by the Postal Service.
Sun failed to appear at the April 27, 2011 hearing, and he was ordered removed in
absentia. Sun was arrested on May 31, 2011, at which time he contends that he
learned for the first time about the NTA and the removal order. On January 11,
2012, Sun filed a counseled motion to reopen, seeking rescission of the removal
order on the grounds that he no longer resided at the Chambers Way address when
the NTA and the Notice of Hearing were mailed and that he had not received or
been aware of either notice. Sun submitted an affidavit stating that he moved from
the Chambers Way address to an address in Norcross in March 2008 and to another
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Norcross address in July 2009, where he claims he lived when the NTA and the
Notice of Hearing were mailed. However, Sun never advised the DHS of any
change of address. Along with the motion to reopen, Sun also filed an application
for asylum.
Both the IJ and the BIA denied Sun’s motion to reopen, finding, inter alia:
that the NTA and the Notice of Hearing had both been mailed by regular mail to
Sun’s last known address, i.e., the Chambers Way address; that neither notice had
been returned by the Postal Service; that Sun had never notified the government of
a change of address from the Chambers Way address, as required by 8 U.S.C. §
1305(a); and that Sun had failed to rebut the presumption that the NTA and the
Notice of Hearing had been received by him. In sum, both the IJ and the BIA found
that Sun was charged with having received the NTA and the Notice of Hearing and
that it was thus not appropriate to reopen the proceedings or rescind the in absentia
removal order.
When the BIA issues its own opinion, we review only that decision, except to
the extent that it expressly adopts the IJ’s reasoning of decision. Al Najjar v.
Ashcroft, 257 F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001). Here, because the BIA issued its
own opinion but explicitly adopted the IJ’s reasoning and factual findings, we
review both the BIA’s and the IJ’s decisions. See id. (reviewing the IJ’s decision
to the extent that the BIA found that its reasoning was supported by the record).
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We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen for an abuse of discretion. Ali v.
U.S. Att’y Gen., 443 F.3d 804, 808 (11th Cir. 2006).
II. SUN FAILED TO REBUT THE PRESUMPTION OF DELIVERY
OF THE NTA AND THE NOTICE OF HEARING SUCH THAT
HE IS CHARGED WITH HAVING RECEIVED THEM.
In this case, Sun does not dispute that a presumption of receipt of the NTA
and/or a Notice of Hearing applies here because the notices were sent by regular
mail properly addressed to the alien’s last known address. Rather, Sun argues the
presumption is a weak one because service was by regular mail and the BIA and IJ
erred in the finding that he had not rebutted the presumption of receipt.
Although this presumption is weaker than the one accorded to a notice sent
by certified mail, the cases have indicated a non-exhaustive list of factors to be
considered in determining whether an alien has overcome the presumption of
receipt. These factors include: (1) the alien’s affidavit; (2) affidavits from family
members or other individuals who are knowledgeable about the facts relevant to
whether notice was received; (3) the alien’s actions upon learning of the in absentia
order and whether he exercised due diligence in seeking to redress the situation; (4)
any prior affirmative application for relief, indicating that the alien had an incentive
to appear; (5) any prior application for relief filed with the Immigration Court or
any prima facie evidence in the record or in the alien’s motion of statutory
eligibility for relief, indicating that the alien had an incentive to appear; (6) the
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alien’s previous attendance at Immigration Court hearings, if applicable; and (7)
any other circumstances or evidence indicating possible nonreceipt of notice.
Matter of M-R-A-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 665, 674 (BIA 2008).
Both the IJ and the BIA in this case considered the foregoing factors and
found that Sun had failed to rebut the presumption that he received both the NTA
and the Notice of Hearing.1 We cannot conclude that the IJ and the BIA erred in
finding that Sun did not have an incentive to appear at the April 27, 2011 hearing
about which he was placed on notice by the NTA and the Notice of Hearing. As of
November 17, 2009, Sun had not filed the appropriate documents to remove the
conditions on his conditional lawful permanent resident status. We cannot conclude
that the IJ erred in finding that Sun knew that if he wished to lawfully remain in the
United States, the law imposed on him a duty to remove the conditions on his
residency, and thus his failure to take action to remove such conditions constituted
an abandonment of his claim for lawful permanent resident status. Accordingly, we
find no fault with the conclusion of the IJ and the BIA that Sun lacked an incentive
to appear at the April 27, 2011 hearing. This is a significant factor in the
determination of whether an alien has rebutted the presumption of receipt of notice.
1
Because we agree with the IJ and the BIA that Sun is properly charged with
constructive notice of the NTA and the Notice of Hearing, we need not address the finding that
Sun was still actually living at the Chambers Way address when the NTA was mailed on February
28, 2011.
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The IJ and the BIA also found against Sun with respect to another significant
factor in the determination. Both the IJ and the BIA found that Sun had failed to
exercise due diligence in seeking to redress his failure to appear at the April 27,
2011 hearing and the resulting in absentia removal order. We agree. Even
accepting Sun’s assertion that he learned of the hearing and the removal order only
at the time of his arrest on May 31, 2011, he nevertheless delayed over seven
months until his January 11, 2012 filing of the instant motion to reopen. Moreover,
we agree with the IJ that this lack of due diligence was compounded by Sun’s lack
of diligence in seeking to remove the conditions on his permanent residence. As
the IJ noted, Sun has adduced no evidence at all that he exercised due diligence in
either respect.
The BIA also relied on the fact that neither the NTA nor the Notice of
Hearing were returned to the government by the Postal Service. This is some
evidence that they were in fact delivered to Sun’s last known address and supports
the conclusion that he can be charged with receipt of the notices. 2
For the foregoing reasons, we cannot conclude that the IJ and the BIA erred
2
Although not expressly relied upon by the IJ or the BIA, we also note that Sun
failed to present any evidence to corroborate his self-serving assertions that he was not in fact
aware of the NTA and the Notice of Hearing or his self-serving suggestion that his ex-wife might
have kept the information from him because of feelings of hostility. It does not seem plausible
that corroborating evidence would not have been available. The IJ did note and rely upon the fact
that Sun should have known that he continued to live in the United States unlawfully for several
years (i.e., after November 17, 2009 when his conditional green card expired) without attempting
to contact the government or rectify his unlawful status.
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in charging Sun with notice of the NTA and the Notice of Hearing. Because Sun is
thus deemed to have received the NTA and the Notice of Hearing, Sun’s reliance
upon In re G-Y-R-, 23 I. & N. Dec. 181 (BIA 2001), and Matter of Anyelo, 25 I. &
N. Dec. 337 (BIA 2010), is misplaced. In neither case could the alien be properly
charged with having received the NTA. In In re G-Y-R-, it was clear that the NTA
was returned to the government from the Postal Service, and this was apparently
also the case in Matter of Anyelo (because it was “undisputed” there that the alien
did not receive the NTA and could not properly be charged with having received it).
Unlike in those two decisions, in this case, neither the NTA nor the Notice of
Hearing was returned to the government by the Postal Service, and Sun could
properly be charged with having received the notices. Therefore, the in absentia
removal order was not improper. See Matter of Anyelo, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 339
(“[A]n Immigration Judge therefore has no authority to order an alien’s removal
from the United States in absentia unless the alien has received (or can be properly
charged with receiving), at his last provided address, the . . . warnings and advisals
contained in the Notice to Appear.” (emphasis added)); In re G-Y-R-, 23 I. & N.
Dec. at 189-90 (“This does not mean, of course, that the alien must personally
receive, read, and understand the Notice to Appear for the notice requirements to be
satisfied. An alien can, in certain circumstances, be properly charged with
receiving notice, even though he or she did not personally see the mailed document.
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. . . If the alien actually receives or can be charged with receiving that mailed
notice, then the address used by the Service qualifies . . . and in absentia
proceedings are thereafter authorized.” (emphasis added)). Thus, because Sun
could be charged with receipt of the notices, unlike the aliens in In re G-Y-R- and
Matter of Anyelo, our holding is not inconsistent with those opinions.
Furthermore, the government here relies on our decision in Dominguez v.
U.S. Attorney General, 284 F.3d 1258 (11th Cir. 2002), to argue that because Sun
failed to notify the government of his change of address, he cannot now complain
of a lack of notice to have the in absentia removal order rescinded. We note that
there appears to be some tension between our decision in Dominguez and the BIA’s
decisions in In re G-Y-R- and Matter of Anyelo. Dominguez suggests that an
alien’s failure to notify the government of a change of address as required under 8
U.S.C. § 1305(a) bars the alien from complaining of a lack of notice when notice
was mailed to the alien’s last known address, 284 F.3d at 1260, while In re G-Y-R-
expressly rejects that proposition and Matter of Anyelo limits Dominguez to a due
process analysis and reaffirms In re G-Y-R-. However, we have distinguished this
case from In re G-Y-R- and Matter of Anyelo on the basis that the NTA in those
cases was returned by the Postal Service, and the aliens in those cases could not be
charged with notice. By contrast, the NTA was not returned by the Postal Service
in this case, and Sun could properly be charged with receipt of the NTA and the
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Notice of Hearing. Because In re G-Y-R- and Matter of Anyelo are readily
distinguished, we need not resolve that tension to decide the petition currently
before the Court, and this case therefore does not present an appropriate opportunity
to do so.
For the foregoing reasons, we cannot conclude that the IJ and the BIA abused
their discretion in declining to reopen these proceedings to rescind the in absentia
removal order.3
III. THE IJ AND THE BIA DID NOT ABUSE THEIR DISCRETION
IN DENYING SUN’S MOTION TO REOPEN BASED ON
CHANGED COUNTRY CONDITIONS.
Neither below nor in Sun’s brief on appeal does he point to evidence of
changed country conditions in China. Accordingly, we cannot conclude that the IJ
and the BIA abused their discretion in denying Sun’s motion to reopen removal
proceedings based on changed country conditions.
PETITION DENIED.
3
We reject without need for discussion Sun’s argument that the IJ ignored relevant
evidence. Although Sun has already been deported to China, this does not moot his appeal.
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