FILED
COURT OF APPEALS
2013100 13 AM 11: 14
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF W WASHINGT0
DIVISION II
T
FIRST -CITIZENS BANK & TRUST No. 43181 -5 - II
COMPANY, successor in interest to
VENTURE BANK,
Appellant, PUBLISHED OPINION
V.
BRUCE A. REIKOW and SANDRA J.
REIKOW, individually and the marital
community comprised thereof; KARL R.
ZETTERBERG and JANE ZETTERBERG,
individually and the marital community
comprised thereof,
Citizens Bank &
BJORGEN, J. — First - Trust Company sued Bruce and Sandra Reikow for
a deficiency judgment following a trustee' s sale of real property securing a commercial loan,
then in default, which the Reikows had guaranteed. The trial court granted partial summary
judgment to First -
Citizens as to the amount of the debt and the Reikows' liability for any
deficiency, but ultimately dismissed the complaint after holding an evidentiary hearing and
finding that the fair value of the property exceeded the amount owing on the loan.
First -
Citizens appeals, alleging that the trial court erred in denying it summary judgment
as to all issues, and, in the alternative, that the court abused its discretion in determining the fair
value of the foreclosed property. Because the trial court properly declined to determine the
amount of deficiency on summary judgment and because substantial evidence in the record
supports the trial court' s fair value determination, we affirm.
No. 43181 -5 -II
FACTS
I. THE COMMERCIAL LOAN AND ASSOCIATED GUARANTIES
Venture Bank made a $ 6, 746, 803. 53 commercial construction loan to NBP LLC, an
entity in which the Reikows had a 50 percent interest and in which Bruce Reikow served as a
managing member. To secure the promissory note, NBP granted the bank a deed of trust for the
property under development, known as Narrows Business Park.
The Reikows also executed personal guaranties for the entire amount of the loan. These
I
include language the Reikows to other things,
guaranties by which purported waive, among
any and all rights or defenses arising by reason of (A) any " one action" or " anti -
deficiency" law or any other law which may prevent Lender from bringing any
action, including a claim for deficiency, against Guarantor, ... or ( F) any
defenses given to guarantors at law or in equity other than actual payment and
performance of the indebtedness.
Clerk' s Papers ( CP) at 42, 45. The guaranties also required the Reikows to pay the lender' s costs
and legal fees incurred in enforcing the loan obligation.
II. NONJUDICIAL FORECLOSURE OF DEED OF TRUST
The Washington State Department of Financial Institutions subsequently closed Venture
Bank and placed it in receivership. The receiver sold all of the failed bank' s assets, including the
note and associated guaranties at issue here, to First -
Citizens. After NBP began missing
scheduled loan payments, First -Citizens declared the promissory note in default and initiated
nonjudicial foreclosure of the deed of trust under chapter 61. 24 RCW.
1
The document states, for example, that "[e] xcept as prohibited by applicable law, Guarantor
waives any right to require Lender ... to commit any act or omission of any kind, or at any time,
with respect to any matter whatsoever."
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No. 43181 -5 -II
First- Citizens submitted the sole bid at the trustee' s sale, purchasing the property for
5, 215, 000. 00 on July 9, 2010. At the time of the sale, the amount due on the note, including
interest, foreclosure costs, charges, and fees stood at $ 7, 168, 710. 74.
III. FIRST -CITIZENS' LAWSUIT AGAINST REIKOWS FOR DEFICIENCY
Following the trustee' s sale, First -Citizens sued the Reikows personally for a deficiency
judgment
in an amount to be proven at trial, representing the outstanding balance on the
Note ... less the fair value of the Property sold at the trustee' s sale or the price
paid at the trustee's sale ... plus [ costs and attorney fees].
CP at 4. The Reikows answered the complaint, admitting to the amount due on the promissory
note, to NBP' s default, and to their guarantee of the loan, but denying any remaining liability and
requesting judicial determination of the fair value of the property sold.
First -Citizens then moved for summary judgment. In its motion, First -Citizens argued
that the Reikows had waived any right to request a fair value hearing by virtue of the guaranties'
waiver provisions, and therefore, the deficiency amounted to the difference between the
outstanding debt and the sale price as a matter of law.
Bruce Reikow filed a declaration in opposition to the summary judgment motion,
attaching an Internal Revenue Service ( IRS) form he had received from First -Citizens concerning
the trustee' s sale. The preparer, a First -Citizens employee, had listed the " fair market value" of
the property as $ 7, 820,000 on the form. CP at 150. Reikow also attached documents from the
Pierce County Assessor' s office showing the 2010 " assessed value" of the property as
7, 521, 000. CP at 154 -56. In its reply, First -Citizens submitted a professional appraisal dated
December 30, 2009, giving a " Prospective Market Value at Stabilization" of $7, 820, 000 and an
As - Market Value"
Is of $6, 630, 000. CP at 207 -09.
No. 43181 -5 -II
see
At the Citizen' s summary judgment
First - motion, the Reikows argued pro
hearing on
that the court should hold First -Citizens to its statement of fair market value on the IRS form.
First- Citizens maintained that the Reikows had waived any right to dispute the amount of the
deficiency and that the court should not hold a fair value hearing or consider the IRS form. The
court entered an order granting partial summary judgment to First -
Citizens as to the amount of
the debt and the Reikows' liability for any deficiency, but decided to hold a hearing to determine
the fair value of the property.
At the fair value hearing, First- Citizens presented the testimony of one of the
professionals who had prepared the December 2009 appraisal. One of First -
Citizens' employees
also testified to the bank' s opinion that the " estimated as -is market value" of the property shortly
before the trustee' s sale stood at $ 6, 370, 000. Verbatim Report of Proceedings ( VRP) ( Feb. 21,
2012) at 41.
Bruce Reikow testified on the Reikows' behalf, describing the difficulties he had
obtaining and retaining tenants during the nonjudicial foreclosure, which he attributed in part to
the conduct of First -
Citizens. Reikow also discussed receiving the IRS form from First -Citizens,
stating his belief that the amount on the form was correct. The court admitted the form into
evidence.
The court found the fair value of the property as of the trustee' s sale to have been
7, 820, 000. 00, a sum exceeding the amount due on the note by $651, 289. 26, and therefore
dismissed the complaint. Based on the fee -shifting provision in the guaranties, the court entered
2
The Reikows' counsel filed a notice of intent to withdraw on September 13, 2011.
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No. 43181 -5 -II
judgment in favor of the Reikows for reasonable costs and attorney fees incurred in defending
against First -
Citizens' deficiency suit. First- Citizens timely appeals.
ANALYSIS
First -Citizens' claim that the trial court erred in holding a fair value hearing, if correct,
would dispose of the question of whether the court' s value determination amounted to an abuse
of discretion. We therefore first address the trial court' s grant of partial summary judgment, then
consider the trial court' s finding as to the fair value of the foreclosed property
I. TRIAL COURT' S DECISION TO HOLD A FAIR VALUE HEARING
We review a trial court' s denial of summary judgment de novo. Walston v. Boeing Co.,
173 Wn. App. 271,' 279, 294 P. 3d 759, review granted, 177 Wn.2d 1019, 304 P. 3d 115 ( 2013)
citing Baker v. Schatz, 80 Wn. App. 775, 782, 912 P. 2d 501 ( 1996)).
Summary judgment should only be granted if after considering all the pleadings,
affidavits, depositions or admissions and all reasonable inferences drawn
therefrom in favor of the nonmoving party, it can be said ( 1) that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact, ( 2) that all reasonable persons could reach
only one conclusion, and ( 3) that the moving party is entitled to judgment [ sic] as
a matter of law.
Baker, 80 Wn. App. at 782.
Washington statutes allow deficiency judgments against a borrower or guarantor
following nonjudicial foreclosure on a deed of trust securing a commercial loan. RCW
61. 24. 100( 3). In actions against a guarantor for a deficiency,
the guarantor may request the court or other appropriate adjudicator to determine,
or the court or other appropriate adjudicator may in its discretion determine, the
fair value of the property sold at the sale and the deficiency judgment against the
guarantor shall be for an amount equal to the sum bf the total amount owed to the
beneficiary by the guarantor as of the date of the trustee' s sale, less the fair value
the trustee' s sale or the sale price paid at the trustee' s
of the property sold at
No. 43181 -5 -II
sale, whichever is greater, plus [ interest, costs, expenses, and fees, to the extent
provided for in the guaranty or related contract].
RCW 61. 24. 100( 5) ( emphasis added). The plain language of the statute thus limits the
deficiency judgment to the difference between the outstanding loan balance and the " fair value"
of the related costs
collateral, plus collection - explicitly allowed by contract. 3 As First -
Citizens
properly concedes, the statute also expressly grants courts discretion to determine the fair value
even when the guarantor does not request such a determination.
First -
Citizens devotes considerable argument to its claim that the Reikows waived any
right they may have had to request a judicial determination of fair value. Nowhere, however,
4
does First -
Citizens explain how this questionable proposition, were it established, would entitle
3 Professor Marjorie Rombauer articulates the rationale behind this rule as follows:
A nonjudicial foreclosure sale ( indeed, any foreclosure sale) always carries a
certain danger of a windfall to the beneficiary. When the debt owed the
beneficiary is large, and /or when a secondary lienor is a taxing agency also owed
a significant sum, junior lienors and unrelated bidders are much less likely to be
able to bid a sufficient amount to prevail at the sale, even when there is equity in
the property. A foreclosing beneficiary could choose to bid a large amount, but
less than its loan balance. Should another bidder bid higher, the beneficiary can
protect its position by raising its bid to the amount owed it with no actual outlay.
Should the beneficiary prevail on its " lowball" bid, arguably she will benefit in
two ways. First, as the prevailing bidder —she will have obtained a windfall -
of the property at less than its fair market value. Second, as the
ownership
foreclosing beneficiary —she will have received less than the full amount owed
her and can thus proceed to foreclosure on the other real property collateral.
27 WASHINGTON PRACTICE: CREDITORS' REMEDIES - DEBTORS' RELIEF, § 3. 3 7, at 177. In the
context of commercial loans, a foreclosing lender could also, absent this rule, gain such a
windfall by obtaining a deficiency judgment against the debtor or a guarantor.
4
We note that, under Washington law, " a guaranty agreement should receive a fair and
reasonable interpretation reflecting the purpose of the agreement and the right ofthe guarantor
not to have his obligation enlarged." Old Nat' l Bank of Wash. v. Seattle Smashers Corp., 36
Wn. App. 688, 691, 676 P. 2d 1034 ( 1984) ( emphasis added). Our Supreme Court has shown
great reluctance to allow waiver of the statutory requirements governing nonjudicial foreclosure.
Schroeder v. Excelsior Mgmt. Grp., LLC, 177 Wn.2d 94, 106- 07, 297 P. 3d 677 ( 2013) ( stating
that "` [w] e will not allow waiver of [chapter 61. 24 RCW' s] protections lightly "' and citing
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No. 43181 -5 -II
the bank to a larger deficiency judgment than the statute allows. First -
Citizens merely asserts
that "[ t] he only reason there was a fair value hearing in this case is because the Reikows
requested one." Br. of Appellant at 15.
The record does not support First -
Citizens' assertion. To begin with, First -Citizens'
complaint itself calls for a fair value hearing, although the Reikows also requested a judicial
determination of fair value in their answer to the complaint. At the hearing on First -
Citizens'
motion for summary judgment, however, the Reikows, then proceeding pro se, did not mention
their prior request for a fair value determination. Instead, they argued that the court should
prohibit First -Citizens from asserting a value lower than that stated in the IRS form that the bank
had prepared.
The court on its own initiative expressed the concern that, having already foreclosed on
the collateral and obtained a settlement from a different guarantor, 5 First -
Citizens might be
double- dipping," particularly as it bid " some hundreds of thousands less than the bank' s
appraisal" at the trustee' s sale.' VRP ( Jan. 27, 2012) at 4 -6. Indeed, the record indicates that the
cases) ( quoting Bain v. Metro. Mortg. Grp., 175 Wn.2d 83, 108, 285 P. 3d 34 ( 2012)). A valid
waiver, furthermore, requires " intentional abandonment or relinquishment of a known right, and
intent to waive must be shown by unequivocal acts or conduct which are inconsistent with any
intention other than to waive." Harmony at Madrona Park Owners Ass' n v. Madison Harmony
Dev., Inc., 143 Wn. App. 345, 361, 177 P. 3d 755 ( 2008), appeal after remand, 160 Wn. App.
728 ( 2011). Thus, were we to find the issue relevant to this dispute, the broad, boilerplate waiver
in the guaranties' fine print could hardly defeat the explicit and specific provisions of RCW
61. 24. 100( 5), which plainly aim to protect guarantors from having their obligations enlarged.
5 First -Citizens' complaint also named Karl and Jane Zetterberg, the Reikows' business partners,
who had also guaranteed the loan at issue here. First -
Citizens voluntarily dismissed the
Zetterbergs, apparently as part of a package settlement involving multiple claims. Neither party
alleges that the dismissal has any bearing on this dispute.
Citizens bid $ 1,
In fact, First - 415, 000 less at the trustee' s sale than the " As -Is Fair Market
Value" given in the bank' s professional appraisal, and $ 1, 145, 000 less than its own " estimated
as -is market value." CP at 18, 207 -09; VRP (Feb. 21, 2012) at 41.
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No. 43181 -5 -II
trial court set the fair value hearing sua sponte: " I' m going to deny the motion for a deficiency
judgment. I think what we need to do is set a hearing for this." VRP ( Jan. 27, 2012) at 12
emphasis added). - First -
Citizens concedes the court had the power to order such a hearing sua
sponte. Reply Br. of Appellant at 14 -15 ( arguing that enforcing the waiver provision would not
violate public policy because " the trial court could still sua sponte order a fair value hearing ").
VRP ( Jan. 27, 2012) at 12. Even if the Reikows, arguendo, had waived their right to request a
fair value hearing, the court retained its authority to hold one.
The statute limits a deficiency judgment following nonjudicial foreclosure based on the
fair value of the foreclosed collateral and gives courts discretion to determine that value. Cases
where the fair value might exceed the price obtained at the trustee' s sale plainly call for such
judicial determination. Here, First -
Citizens submitted the only bid at the trustee' s sale, a bid
over $ 1, 000, 000 less than its own valuation of the property. The trial court had before it the
county assessor' s valuation and a tax document prepared by First -Citizens itself, both giving
values substantially higher than that bid and well in excess of the outstanding loan balance.
First -Citizens had, furthermore, presented two widely divergent values. Thus, reasonable minds
plainly differed as to the fair value of the property, a question of fact diapositive of the entire
action.
Under these circumstances First -Citizens' argument, that no issue of material fact
remained and that reasonable persons could have concluded only that the law entitled First -
Citizens to a specific sum of money, has no merit. We hold that the trial court properly denied
summary judgment as to the amount of the deficiency and thus did not err in holding a fair value
hearing.
No. 43181 -5 -II
II. THE TRIAL COURT' s FAIR VALUE DETERMINATION
In an action for a deficiency judgment following a nonjudicial foreclosure, the plaintiff
bears the burden of establishing a deficiency between the debt and the value of the collateral
sold. See Sec. State Bank v. Burk, 100 Wn. App. 94, 101, 995 P. 2d 1272 ( 2000) ( interpreting an
analogous provision in the Uniform Commercial Code). The statute at issue here defines " fair
value" as
the value of the property encumbered by a deed of trust that is sold pursuant to a
trustee' s sale. This value shall be determined by the court or other appropriate
adjudicator by reference to the most probable price, as of the date of the trustee' s
sale, which would be paid in cash or other immediately available funds, after
deduction of prior liens and encumbrances with interest to the date of the trustee' s
sale, for which the property would sell on such date after reasonable exposure in
the market under conditions requisite to a fair sale, with the buyer and seller each
acting prudently, knowledgeably, and for self -
interest, and assuming that neither
is under duress.
RCW 61. 24. 005( 6).
Because this provision and RCW 61. 24. 100( 5) by their terms grant courts discretion to
determine fair value, we review such determinations under the abuse -of-discretion standard. See,
of Matthews, 156 Wn. App. 201, 214, 232 P. 3d 1140 ( 20 10) ( noting that
e. g., In re Guardianship
where a " statute explicitly grants the superior court discretion," we review for abuse of
discretion). Under this deferential standard, an abuse of discretion occurs when a decision is
unreasonable, or exercised on untenable grounds, or for untenable reasons." Mayer
manifestly
v. Sto Indus., Inc., 156 Wn.2d 677, 684, 132 P. 3d 115 ( 2006) ( quoting Assoc. Mortg. Investors v.
GP Kent Constr. Co., 15 Wn. App. 223, 229, 548 P. 2d 558 ( 1976)). A discretionary decision
rests on untenable grounds or is based on untenable reasons if the trial court relies on
unsupported facts or applies the wrong legal standard; the court' s decision is manifestly
unreasonable if the court, despite applying the correct legal standard to the supported facts,
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No. 43181 -5 -II
adopts a view that no reasonable person would take. Mayer, 156 Wn.2d at 684. We defer to the
trial court regarding witness credibility and conflicting testimony, viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prevailing party: here, the Reikows. City of Walla Walla v.
401, 333. 44, 164 Wn. App. 236, 256, 262 P. 3d 1239 ( 2011).
First -Citizens presented expert testimony concerning the professional appraisal it had
commissioned. The appraiser explained that the difference between the two values given, the
as -is fair market value" of $6, 630, 000 and the " prospective market value at stabilization" of
7, 820, 000, resulted largely from the fact that he calculated the latter figure assuming the
property were fully leased out, but based the former on the actual tenancy status at the time of
the appraisal. VRP ( Feb. 21, 2012) at 23 -25.
Fair value" presumes " reasonable exposure in the market under conditions requisite to a
fair sale," not a price based on duress. RCW 61. 24. 005( 6). Bruce Reikow testified that his
inability to obtain tenants for some of the vacant portions of the property resulted from the
actions of First -
Citizens itself. the bank' s refusal to cooperate with NBP and the prospective
tenants' uncertainty about the foreclosure process. First -
Citizens did not present any contrary
evidence.
The Reikows also presented a document prepared and submitted to the IRS by First-
Citizens itself, admitting that the fair market value of the property at issue exceeded the amount
of the debt. First -
Citizens presented opinion testimony that someone erroneously entered that
figure on the IRS form, but the witness admitted that he did not know who prepared the form or
whether First -
Citizens had issued a correction. The witness also admitted that, had a corrected
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No. 43181 -5 -II
form issued, the Reikows would have received a copy. Bruce Reikow disputed the claim of
mistake and testified that he had never received a correction.
Thus, the uncontroverted evidence showed that First -
Citizens' appraisers based the lower
valuation on the then -current reduced tenancy status, which resulted in part from the foreclosure
process itself. The trial court could reasonably have concluded that this assumption did not
comport with the statutory requirement of "reasonable exposure in the market under conditions
requisite to a fair sale," but instead reflected a seller under " duress." RCW 61. 24. 005( 6).
Further, the resolution of the conflicting testimony concerning First Citizens' apparent admission
on the IRS form lies in the province of the trial court. We hold that the trial court' s fair value
determination was not an abuse of discretion.
First -
Citizens points out that the trial court did not discuss the unpaid taxes owed on the
property, which the statute requires the court to deduct in determining fair value. Because the
value accepted by the court exceeded the outstanding debt by over $650, 000. 00, and the unpaid
taxes amounted to only $ 133, 358. 14, the court had no reason to explicitly perform this
calculation. The evidence and the findings of fact thus support the trial court' s conclusion that
the Reikows had no remaining liability to First -
Citizens.
First -
Citizens' claim that the trial court abused its discretion fails. The evidence supports
the trial court' s determination of the fair value of the property as of the trustee' s sale, a sum
exceeding the outstanding debt plus the unpaid taxes. The trial court' s conclusions of law
properly followed from its findings and required dismissal of the suit. For these reasons, we
affirm.
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No. 43181 -5 -II
ATTORNEY FEES
Washington law requires courts to apply one -way fee- shifting provisions bilaterally.
RCW 4. 84. 330. The guaranties at issue here contain such one -way fee -shifting provisions.
Having obtained dismissal with prejudice of First -Citizens' lawsuit against them, the Reikows
plainly prevailed below. Thus, the trial court properly awarded the Reikows their costs, as well
as the attorney fees they incurred before proceeding pro se.
Both parties request fees on appeal. When a contract provides for a fee award in the trial
court, the party prevailing before us may seek reasonable costs and attorney fees incurred on
appeal. RAP 18. 1; Reeves v. McClain, 56 Wn. App. 301, 311, 783 P. 2d 606 ( 1989). The
Reikows prevail here and have complied with applicable procedural requirements. We therefore
award the Reikows the reasonable costs and attorney fees they incurred in this appeal and deny
First -
Citizens' fee request.
Affirmed.
EJ; cGEN, J r
We (=
oncur: ,+ `
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Hin• s P. J. —
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12