Bart Adams v. Shane Deen

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2010 0V 13 SAN [ 1: 18

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION II

BART ADAMS, I No. 43288 -9 -II

Appellant,

IPA

SHANE DEEN, I UNPUBLISHED OPINION

JOHANSON, A. C. J. — Bart Adams appeals the trial court' s summary dismissal of his

trespass action and request for a permanent injunction against neighboring property owner Shane

Deen and its grant to Deen of an express easement for ingress, egress, and utilities over the

northernmost 30 feet of Adams' s property. This dispute relates to Deen' s use of a long- extant

driveway running through Adams' s undeveloped land to access Deen' s otherwise landlocked

property. On appeal, Adams argues, inter alia, that Deen has failed to establish that an express

easement or easement implied from prior use serves his property. Alternatively, Adams argues

that if an easement implied from prior use exists, remand. is necessary to determine the scope of

the easement.

We hold that while Adams is correct that an express easement has never burdened his

property, an easement implied from prior use does. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court' s

injunction. And based Deen'
summary dismissal Adams'
of s trespass action and permanent on s
No. 43288 -9 -II

concession at oral argument before this court, we vacate the trial court' s order granting a 30 foot

express easement and remand for the trial court to determine the correct scope of the implied

easement for ingress, egress, and utilities serving the Deen parcel.

FACTS

BACKGROUND

Floyd and Eloise Corbin originally owned the Adams and Deen parcels as part of a larger

estate in Roy, Washington. In 1973, the Corbins conveyed the property by statutory warranty

deed to Ralph and Ann Fiala.' In 1.984 -85, the Fialas entered into two boundary line adjustments

with a neighbor, Richard Raymond. The first adjustment transferred the east half of the Fiala

property to Raymond. The second adjustment, in 1985, created two parcels out of the existing

Fiala property —the Deen and Adams parcels as they exist today.2 It is unclear why the Fialas

subdivided the property, but a house has existed on what became the Deen parcel since at least

1976.

Homeowners access the house on the Deen parcel by a driveway extending east from 4th

Avenue South, a public thoroughfare. The driveway is approximately 9 feet wide and runs

through the northernmost 30 feet of the undeveloped Adams parcel and " appears to have been

there for many years." Clerk' s Papers ( CP) at 36. Utility lines and pipes ( including power,

1 The Fialas did not record this deed until April 1989.
2
We note that separate legal lots cannot be created through a boundary line adjustment without
following a municipality' s short plat or subdivision approval process. See City of Seattle v.
Crispin, 149 Wn.2d 896, 903 -04, 71 P. 3d 208 ( 2003); RCW 58. 17: 060( 1). Here, it is unclear
from the record whether the Fialas followed Pierce County' s short plat process and neither party
raises the issue. Accordingly, we do not further address this issue.

1)
No. 43288 -9 -II

telephone, and water) serving the Deen parcel also run through the northernmost 30 feet of the

Adams parcel.

In May 1989, the Fialas conveyed both parcels in a single deed to Edward and June

Pierce. The deed accurately describes both parcels, referring to the Adams parcel as " Parcel A"

and the Deen parcel as " Parcel B." The deed also lists easements ( described as Parcels C

through G) that serve both parcels. One such easement, " Parcel G," describes only land already

contained in " Parcel A" - the northernmost 30 feet of the Adams parcel running to a point even

with the eastern boundary of the Deen property. According to the Fiala- Pierce deed, a " non-

exclusive easement for ingress, egress and utilities over" the northernmost 30 feet of the Adams

property served the Deen parcel. CP at 67.

In 1998, the Pierces conveyed the Adams and Deen parcels in a single deed to David

Reed and Marcia Barnett. This deed included substantially the same description of the parcels

and easements as described in the Fiala- Pierce deed. Later, Reed and Barnett conveyed the two

parcels to Jill and Timothy Clothier by a single deed in 2003. The Clothier deed does not

explicitly reference the easements ( as did the previous deeds) but states that the deed is " subject

to easements, reservations, covenants, conditions, restrictions and agreements of record, if any,
3
as set forth in the commitment for title insurance. " CP at 72 ( capitalization omitted).

In 2005, the Clothiers conveyed the Adams and Deen parcels to Patricia Powers in

separate warranty deeds. Neither warranty deed mentions the easements listed in the Fiala-

Pierce or Pierce -Reed deeds. However, at the time Powers purchased both parcels, she obtained

a loan from Pierce Commercial Bank secured by a deed of trust against the Deen parcel, which

3
The commitment for title insurance from the Clothier deed is not part of the record for review.

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No. 43288 -9 -II

provided, " Borrower irrevocably grants and conveys to Trustee, in trust, with power of sale, the

following described property ... TOGETHER WITH ... all easements, appurtenances, and

fixtures now or hereafter a part of the property." CP at 82 -83. This deed of trust was eventually

assigned to Deutsche Bank, as trustee.

In 2007, Powers obtained a loan from Adams secured by a deed of trust on both the

Adams and Deen parcels. After Powers defaulted on the loan, Adams foreclosed on both parcels

in December 2008. Because the Deutsche Bank deed was recorded prior to the Adams deed,

Adams' s title to the Deen parcel remained subject to the bank' s senior security interest, a point

Adams has not disputed.

In 2009, Deutsche Bank obtained title to the Deen parcel after Powers defaulted on her

bank loan, eliminating Adams' s interest in the Deen parcel. On October 2, Deutsche Bank

conveyed the Deen parcel to Deen by " Special /Limited Warranty Deed." This deed included the

alleged express easement over the northernmost 30 feet of the Adams parcel that appeared in the

Fiala- Pierce and Pierce -Reed deeds.

PROCEDURE

Almost immediately after Deen moved into the home on his parcel, Adams filed a

complaint in Pierce County Superior Court against Deen alleging trespass. Adams requested that

the court enter a " declaratory judgment determining that the Defendant [ Deen] has no easement

across" the northernmost 30 feet of the Adams parcel and that Deen be permanently enjoined

from entering Adams' s property. CP at 2.

In September 2011, Deen moved for summary judgment asking the court to dismiss

Adams' s complaint and enter judgment declaring that an easement over the northernmost 30 feet

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No. 43288 -9 -II

of Adams' s property serves the Deen parcel. Deen argued that based on the chain of title for

both properties and the history of the driveway serving the Deen parcel, the trial court should

rule that either ( 1) an express easement appurtenant over the northernmost 30 feet of the Adams

parcel serves the Deen parcel or ( 2) an implied easement serves the Deen parcel. Alternatively,

Deen argued that an easement of necessity serves the Deen parcel because it is landlocked.

Adams filed a responsive memorandum in which he also requested summary judgment.

Adams did not dispute the chain of title for both properties or the history of use of the driveway

serving the Deen parcel. Instead, he argued that ( 1) contrary to Deen' s assertions, these

undisputed facts did not establish the existence of an easement ( express, implied, or of necessity)

as a matter of law, and ( 2) Deen should instead be forced to seek a " private way of necessity"
4
under RCW 8. 24. 030.

After oral argument, the court granted Deen' s motion for summary judgment and denied

Adams' s motion. In its written order, the court decreed that the Deen property " is the

beneficiary of an easement for ingress, egress, and utilities" over the northernmost 30 feet of the

Adams property. CP at 365. Adams now appeals.

ANALYSIS

Adams argues that no easement serving the Deen parcel has ever burdened his land.

Deen argues that because " Washington does not allow land to remain unused," the question " is

not whether Deen has a right to travel over Adams' s property, but only which legal or equitable

4
RCW 8. 24. 030 allows private property owners to condemn land for a private way of necessity
in a manner similar to the State' s eminent domain power. If a party does condemn land for a
private way of necessity, it must compensate the condemnee and, further, RCW 8. 24. 030 grants
trial courts the discretion to award reasonable attorney fees and expert witness costs.

z
No. 43288 -9 -II

theories provide the basis for Deen' s right." Br. of Resp' t at 13. We agree with Deen and

conclude that an easement implied by prior use serves his land.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a trial court' s summary judgments de novo. Torgerson v. One Lincoln Tower,

LLC, 166 Wn.2d 510, 517, 210 P. 3d 318 ( 2009). Summary judgment is appropriate only if the

pleadings, affidavits, depositions, and admissions on file demonstrate the absence of any genuine

issues of material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. CR

56( c). A material fact is one on which the outcome of the litigation depends in whole or in part.

Owners Ass' n Bd. of Dirs.
Atherton Condo. Apartment - v. Blume Dev. Co., 115 Wn.2d 506, 516,

799 P. 2d 250 ( 1990).

EXPRESS EASEMENT

Adams argues that an express easement appurtenant benefiting Deen' s land has never

burdened his property because an owner cannot burden his own property with an easement

benefiting himself or, in the alternative, that the merger doctrine has extinguished the existence

of any such easement. We agree with both contentions.

An easement is a property right separate from ownership that allows the use of another' s

land without compensation." 810 Props. v. Jump, 141. Wn. App. 688, 696, 170 P. 3d 1209

2007). " An express conveyance of an easement, by grant or reservation, must be made by

written deed." Beebe v. Swerda, 58 Wn. App. 375, 379, 793 P. 2d 442 ( 1990); RCW 64: 04. 010

Every conveyance of real estate, or any interest therein, and every contract creating or

evidencing any encumbrance upon real estate, shall be by deed. "). " No particular words are

necessary to constitute a grant, and any words which clearly show the intention to give an

R
No. 43288 -9 -II

easement, which is by law grantable, are sufficient to effect that purpose, providing the language

is sufficiently definite and certain in its terms." Beebe, 58 Wn. App. at 379 ( emphasis added).

Easements appurtenant benefit a dominant estate and pass with the land to successors -in-

interest. Heg v. Alldredge, 157 Wn.2d 154, 161, 137 P. 3d 9 ( 2006). Accordingly, an easement

appurtenant "` is not a mere privilege to be enjoyed by the person to whom it is granted or by

whom it is reserved. It passes by a deed of such person to his grantee and follows the land

without any mention whatever. "' Winsten v. Prichard, 23 Wn. App. 428, 431, 597 P. 2d 415

1979) ( quoting 2 THOMPSON ON REAL PROP., § 322, at 69 ( repl. 1961)).

It has. long been a general rule of the common law that " one cannot have an easement in

one' s own property." Radovich v. Nuzhat, 104 Wn. App. 800, 805, 16 P. 3d 687 ( 2001);

RESTATEMENT OF THE LAW: PROP. ch. 41, § 497, cmt. a ( 1944) ( " To assume the existence of an

easement appurtenant to land there must be presupposed two tracts of land in separate

ownerships. "). Washington courts have long adhered to this rule. See, e. g., Coast Storage Co. v.

Schwartz, 55 Wn.2d 848, 853, 351 P. 2d 520 ( 1960) ( " One cannot have an easement in his own

property. ")

Here, although it is clear from the record that the Fialas intended on creating an express

easement appurtenant benefiting the Deen parcel when they conveyed both parcels to the Pierces,

no such easement was ever created: because a landowner cannot burden her own land with an

easement benefiting herself, it follows that she cannot grant successive owners -in-interest to the

same land an easement that is not, by law, grantable. Accordingly, we conclude that the Fialas

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No. 43288 -9 -II

both in
ownerships)

and all succeeding owners holding parcels common never successfully

created an express easement appurtenant benefiting the Deen parcel.

Alternatively, even if the Fialas had succeeded in creating an express easement

appurtenant in the Pierce deed, the doctrine of merger necessitates a finding that extinguishment

of the easement occurred each time a common owner held all legal and equitable rights to both

parcels. The doctrine of merger stems from the same common law principle —that one cannot

have an easement in one' s own property— discussed above. Thus, when " the dominant and

servient estates of an easement come into common ownership, the easement is extinguished."

Radovich, 104 Wn. App. at 805; RESTATEMENT, supra, § 497, cm. a ( if two separate tracts of

land " come into common ownership they cannot continue to be dominant and servient, and the

easement appurtenant ceases to. exist ").

Here, despite frequent changes in ownership between 1989 and 2009, title to both the

Adams and Deen parcels remained in common ownership. Accordingly, even had the Fialas or

Pierces successfully created an express easement appurtenant, it would have extinguished

pursuant to merger long before Deen acquired his parcel from Deutsche Bank.6

s Although the 2009 deed from Deutsche Bank to Deen expressly included the same alleged
easement over the northernmost 30 feet of the Adams parcel that appeared in the Fiala- Pierce
and Pierce -Reed deeds, Deutsche Bank never owned the Adams
Accordingly, absent the
parcel.

preexistence of an easement appurtenant benefiting the Deen parcel, Deutsche Bank could not
create an easement over land it did not have any interest in (namely, the Adams parcel).
6
Deen argues that Division One' s Beebe decision suggests a different result. In Beebe, a
property owner conveyed a parcel of land subject to " an easement for road purposes for the use
and benefit of the public and for the use and benefit of the property herein conveyed." 58 Wn.

App. at 377. Although the Beebe court noted that " the necessity for an easement was unclear at
the time of the conveyance because the [ buyer] would not need an easement over his own
property," the decision fails to account for the fact that, unlike in this case, the easement
provided public access to other properties uninvolved in the immediate transaction between
8
No. 43288 -9 -II

EASEMENT IMPLIED FROM PRIOR USE

Deen argues that he is entitled to access over the " Adams Property by virtue of an

easement by implication,' also referred to as an ` implied easement "' or an easement implied

from prior use. Br. of
Resp' t at 34. Because a driveway and utilities have long served the home

on the Deen property in continuous fashion, we agree

Easements by implication arise where property has been held in a unified title, and

during such time an open and notorious servitude has apparently been impressed upon one part

of the estate in favor of another part." Bailey v. Hennessey, 112 Wash. 45, 48, 191 P. 863

1920). " The rule, then, is, that upon ... severance, there arises, by implication of law, a grant of

the right to continue such use." Bailey, 112 Wash. at 49. " The party seeking to establish an

easement implied from prior use generally must establish three key elements: ( 1) unity of title

and subsequent separation by grant of the dominant estate; ( 2) apparent and continuous use; and

3) the easement must be reasonably necessary to the proper enjoyment of the dominant estate."

MacMeekin v. Low Income Hous. Inst., Inc., 111 Wn. App. 188, 195, 45 P. 3d 570 ( 2002).

Here, the first and third elements are uncontested: both parcels were long held in

common ownership before Deen acquired title to the dominant estate and, absent the ability to

use the driveway over the Adams parcel, the Deen parcel would become inaccessibly landlocked.

Adams argues that use of the existing driveway has not been continuous because it was

not used for a very brief period of time, about five months, after he foreclosed on the property

buyer and seller. 58 Wn. App. at 381. In light of this oversight — and the fact that, here, none of
the deeds purported to grant public access to the Adams or Deen parcels —we conclude that

Beebe is distinguishable and do not find the Beebe decision' s reasoning involving the
transformation of easements in gross to appurtenant easements persuasive.

9
No. 43288 -9 -II

then owned by Powers) and before Deen moved into the home on the Deen parcel. This

argument lacks merit. For a right - way like an easement to be considered abandoned, a brief
of -

period of nonuse is immaterial:

Generally, abandonment will take place only when the period of nonuse is
accompanied by acts that manifest a clear intention to abandon or that destroy the
object for which the easement was created or the means of its enjoyment.

1 WASH. REAL PROP. DESKBOOK § 7. 8( 2)( c) ( 4th ed. 2009). Without question, Deen has met all

three requirements to establish an easement implied from prior use.

Alternatively, Adams attaches great significance to the types of deeds used in conveying

the properties over the years. He essentially argues that because the deeds from 2003 through

2009 do not expressly mention an easement, the parties must have intended to extinguish the

of -
right - way over the Adams parcel. But Adams fails to account for the fact that, whether

mentioned in the deeds or not, the common owners of both parcels continuously accessed the

home on the Deen parcel via a driveway over the Adams parcel. When determining whether

intent exists supporting an easement implied by prior use, courts look to the intent of the original

grantor and the use made before severance. See, e.g., Bushy v. Weldon, 30 Wn.2d 266, 270 -71,

191 P. 2d 302 ( 1948).

Here, the Fialas clearly intended to establish an easement for ingress, egress, and utilities

over the northernmost 30 feet of the Adams parcel to serve the home on the Deen parcel. All

subsequent owners ( before Adams) acted in accord with this intent by using the driveway and

7
Adams admitted that to the best of his knowledge, " the path now being used [ by Deen as a
driveway] is in the same location as the path used prior to the property being vacated by Mr. and
Mrs. Powers." CP at 253.

10
No. 43288 -9 -II

utilities at the home on the Deen parcel. Accordingly, we hold that the Deen parcel is served by
8
an easement implied by prior use burdening the Adams parcel.

SCOPE OF THE EASEMENT

Adams argues that if this court concludes that an easement implied by prior use exists, " it

should rule that the easement for ingress and egress is limited to the nine foot width supported by

the record." Br. of Appellant at 27. At oral argument before this court, Deen conceded that if

we were to conclude that an easement implied by prior use exists ( rather than an express

easement), remand to the trial court would be appropriate to determine the scope of the

easement. Wash. Court of Appeals oral argument, Adams v. Deen, No. 43288 -9 -II ( Sept. 12,

2013), at 14 min., 45 sec. ( on file with court). We accept that concession.

As explained in Evich v. Kovacevich, 33 Wn.2d 151, 159 -60, 204 P. 2d 839 ( 1949)

quoting 17 AM. JuR. 997, Easements, § 99),

As a general rule, an easement implied from an existing use is subject to
the conditions and burdens imposed upon it at the time of severance; it can be
used only for the purposes of the dominant tenement as existing at that time. The
basis of this rule is that a person who does not secure an actual grant for all
purposes is not entitled to be put in a better position than to be able to enjoy that
which he had at the time the grant was made."

Here, " severance" of the two parcels of land occurred in 2009 at the earliest, when

Adams and Deutsche Bank acquired the parcels from Powers. At that time, a driveway and

utilities clearly served the Deen parcel. However, we are ill- suited to determine the exact extent

8
Deen argues, alternatively, that he should be granted an easement of necessity. Because we

hold that the Deen parcel is served by an easement implied by prior use, we do not address this
argument.

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No. 43288 -9 -II

and nature of these ingress, egress, and utilities easements. Remand is appropriate to determine

9
the scope of such easements.

We affirm the trial court' s summary dismissal of Adams' s trespass and injunction claims,

vacate the trial court' s order granting an express 30 foot easement, and remand for the trial court

to determine the scope of the implied easement for ingress, egress, and utilities serving the Deen

parcel.

A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2. 06. 040, it is so ordered.

Y¢ 3

A.C. J.

9
Adams also argues that the easement is " subject to being moved by Adams to another location
at his request." Br. of Appellant at 29. But we have previously rejected this identical argument.
Crisp v. VanLaeken, 130 Wn. App. 320, 325 -26, 122 P. 3d 926 ( 2005); see also MacMeekin, 111
Wn. App. at 190 ( " We ... adhere to the traditional rule that easements may not be relocated
absent mutual consent of the owners of the dominant and servient estates. ").
12