Case: 12-15703 Date Filed: 12/13/2013 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 12-15703
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:11-cr-20167-RWG-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
MAZUKI LOPEZ,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(December 13, 2013)
Before PRYOR, MARTIN and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Case: 12-15703 Date Filed: 12/13/2013 Page: 2 of 8
Mazuki Lopez appeals his 48-month sentence imposed after he pleaded
guilty to (1) conspiring to commit access-device fraud (18 U.S.C. § 1029(b)(2));
(2) possessing fifteen or more counterfeit and unauthorized access devices (18
U.S.C. § 1029(a)(3)); and (3) aggravated identity theft (18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1)).
As part of the conspiracy, Lopez received fraudulent credit cards from co-
defendant Manuel LaBrada. Lopez used the credit cards to buy diesel fuel and sell
it to truck drivers at a discounted price. Lopez and LaBrada then split the
proceeds.
On appeal, Lopez argues that, despite his sentencing objections, the
government failed to present sufficient and reliable evidence to support the
application of two sentencing enhancements: (1) a 4-level enhancement because
the offense involved 50 or more victims, see United States Sentencing Guidelines
(USSG) § 2B1.1(b)(2)(B); and (2) an 8-level enhancement for a fraud loss of more
than $70,000, see id. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(E). For the reasons that follow, we vacate and
remand for resentencing.
I.
This Court reviews de novo the interpretation and application of the
Guidelines, and reviews underlying factual findings, including the district court’s
calculation of the number of victims and amount of loss, for clear error. United
States v. Lee, 427 F.3d 881, 892, 894–95 (11th Cir. 2005). “When the government
2
Case: 12-15703 Date Filed: 12/13/2013 Page: 3 of 8
seeks to apply an enhancement under the Sentencing Guidelines over a defendant’s
factual objection, it has the burden of introducing ‘sufficient and reliable’ evidence
to prove the necessary facts by a preponderance of the evidence.” United States v.
Washington, 714 F.3d 1358, 1361 (11th Cir. 2013). “[A]bsent a stipulation or
agreement between the parties, an attorney’s factual assertions at a sentencing
hearing do not constitute evidence that a district court can rely on.” Id. Where the
government knew of the defendant’s objection and had an opportunity to introduce
relevant evidence, the government will not be permitted to present evidence at
resentencing absent special circumstances. Id. at 1362–63. Circuit courts have
broad discretion under 28 U.S.C. § 2106 to fashion an appropriate mandate on
remand after the vacatur of a sentence. United States v. Martinez, 606 F.3d 1303,
1304 (11th Cir. 2010).
A. VICTIM ENHANCEMENT
Lopez first challenges the district court’s imposition of a 4-level
enhancement for the number of victims. Under the Sentencing Guidelines, if an
offense involved 50 or more victims, the offense level is increased by 4 levels. See
USSG § 2B1.1(b)(2)(B). Application Note 1 defines a “victim” in part as “any
person who sustained any part of the actual loss determined under subsection
(b)(1).” Id. § 2B1.1 comment. (n.1). Application Note 4(E) further defines a
“victim” in a case involving “means of identification” as “any individual whose
3
Case: 12-15703 Date Filed: 12/13/2013 Page: 4 of 8
means of identification was used unlawfully or without authority.” Id. § 2B1.1
comment. (n.4(E)(ii)) (emphasis added).
In the Presentence Investigation Report (PSI), the probation office
recommended a 4-level enhancement based on the number of victims involved in
Lopez’s offense. The PSI stated: “The government has provided several lists of
credit card numbers that were found during the investigation of the instant offense”
and that “[a] review of that information revealed that a total of 115 individuals and
four banking institutions were victims.”
Lopez objected in writing and at the sentencing hearing to the 4-level victim
enhancement. At the sentencing hearing he argued that the only victims were
people who suffered actual losses or whose identification and credit card numbers
were “used.” 1
The government did not present any witnesses or exhibits to support the
number of victims it alleged were involved, nor did it present evidence to show
which card numbers were used. The probation officer, who participated in the
hearing but did not testify as a witness, stated that “just passing along the credit
card numbers from one person to another . . . accounts for use of the card.” The
1
Lopez also claimed, in his objections below and on appeal, that those individuals who were
reimbursed by their banks should not be classified as victims. This argument is foreclosed by
Application Note 4(E) to § 2B1.1, which defines a victim in identify theft cases as, in addition to
one who has sustained a loss, one “whose means of identification was used unlawfully or without
authority.” See USSG § 2B1.1, comment. (n.4(E)(ii)).
4
Case: 12-15703 Date Filed: 12/13/2013 Page: 5 of 8
government argued that “someone whose identity is stolen” counts as a victim.
After listening to each side’s argument, the district court overruled Lopez’s
objection and sentenced him with the 4-level enhancement recommended by the
PSI.
After Lopez’s sentencing hearing, we clarified the meaning of the phrase
“was used” in the commentary to the victim enhancement guideline in another case
involving identity theft and fraudulent use of credit cards, United States v. Hall,
704 F.3d 1317 (11th Cir. 2013). In Hall we found that the “mere transfer of the
personal identifying information, without more action, did not employ that
information for the purpose for which the conspiracy was intended—the
procurement of fraudulent credit cards and cash advances.” Id. at 1322. It was not
until the co-conspirators secured the fraudulent credit cards that the personal
information “was used” and the individuals became victims for the purposes of a
§ 2B1.1(b)(2) enhancement. Id.
In light of this Court’s holding in Hall, the district court’s finding here that
there were more than 50 victims is incorrect. The mere theft or possession of the
personal information was insufficient under this guideline section to make
someone a victim, because the “personal identifying information was not used.”
Id. at 1322. Only those individuals whose information was used to make a
fraudulent credit card or to make purchases constituted victims.
5
Case: 12-15703 Date Filed: 12/13/2013 Page: 6 of 8
Unlike in Hall, the record here is not clear as to the number of victims whose
identification “was used,” as opposed to transferred. Because Hall was decided
after Lopez’s sentencing hearing, we remand to permit the parties to present
evidence and allow the district court to resentence Lopez in accordance with the
meaning of this phrase as established in Hall.
B. AMOUNT OF LOSS ENHANCEMENT
Lopez also challenges the district court’s finding that the amount of loss was
more than $70,000, which in turn supported an 8-level enhancement. 2 See USSG
§ 2B1.1(b)(1)(E). Lopez objected to the loss amount calculation in the PSI and at
the sentencing hearing. Lopez questioned whether additional card numbers found
on computers seized during the arrest or the loss amount related to those cards had
been adequately tied to him or the conspiracy. Specifically he objected to
paragraph 17 of the PSI during the sentencing hearing. Instead of all 115
individual’s cards, he argued he should only be responsible for the loss amounts
associated with the 28 cards he and his co-defendant had in their possession when
they were arrested. Thus the objections raised two factual issues: which card
numbers were attributable to Lopez and should be included in the calculation, and
whether the losses alleged on those cards were attributable to the conspiracy.
2
The government tries to cast Lopez’s objection to this enhancement as a legal one. The
government argues that Lopez is not contesting the fact that the additional numbers existed, but
rather he is claiming he should not be held responsible for the additional numbers. However, we
read Lopez’s objections to raise questions of fact about the loss amounts that placed an
evidentiary burden on the government. Thus, we reject the government’s argument.
6
Case: 12-15703 Date Filed: 12/13/2013 Page: 7 of 8
In response, the probation officer, who was not sworn or called as a witness,
said that Lopez was held accountable for all of the card numbers because of his
participation in the conspiracy, describing it as “relevant conduct.” The
government made additional arguments to support the probation officer’s
statements, asserting that the existence of additional numbers on the computers
was a reasonably foreseeable act in furtherance of the conspiracy. The government
did not offer any witnesses or exhibits. Instead the government relied on the PSI
report, the probation officer’s statements, and its own factual assertions. Again the
district court overruled Lopez’s objection and sentenced Lopez using the 8-level
loss amount enhancement.
In light of Lopez’s objections, however, we must consider whether there was
sufficient and reliable evidence to support a finding that the card numbers on the
co-defendant’s computers and the alleged losses associated with those cards could
be attributed to Lopez. Washington, 714 F.3d at 1361. We remand because the
government did not present sufficient and reliable evidence at the sentencing
hearing of the loss amount for these 115 individuals’ cards. Even if Lopez’s
admissions in his factual proffer were sufficient to establish that the card numbers
found on the computers constituted relevant conduct under the Guidelines, see
USSG § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B), Lopez questioned whether the losses associated with any
card numbers from the computers were attributable to the conspiracy. In response
7
Case: 12-15703 Date Filed: 12/13/2013 Page: 8 of 8
the government did not submit any evidence to show dates, amounts, or other
factual information that would have established by a preponderance those losses
and their connection to the conspiracy.
Because the government had ample notice of the defendant’s sentencing
objection and a full opportunity to introduce relevant evidence, we decline to allow
the presentation of new evidence on this issue. Washington, 714 F.3d at 1362.
Lopez concedes a $24,000 loss amount. We therefore remand for resentencing
with a 4-level increase. See USSG § 2B1.1(b)(1)(C) (providing for 4-level
increase for loss amount more than $10,000 and less than $30,000).
We vacate Lopez’s sentence and remand for re-sentencing in accordance
with this opinion. Because we have found Lopez’s sentence was procedurally
unreasonable based on the calculation errors discussed above, we do not reach
Lopez’s argument that his sentence was substantively unreasonable.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
8