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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHY
DIVISION II
WILL MCKASSON, No. 43486 -5 -II
Appellant,
MAI
BRIAN JOHNSON and DANIELLE PUBLISHED OPINION
JOHNSON, husband and wife; and
ACADEMY OF BRIAN JOHNSON, LLC, a
Washington limited liability company,
HUNT, J. — Will McKasson appeals the superior court' s denial of summary judgment on
the issue of enforceability of a noncompete clause in his employment contract with the Academy
of Brian Johnson, LLC ( the Academy) which he sued for damages and a temporary restraining
order to prohibit enforcement of the noncompete clause. McKasson argues that the noncompete
clause is unenforceable as a matter of law because the employment contract states that the
Academy gave him no consideration for this new employment restriction other than continuing
his at -will employment. The Academy responds that it gave McKasson additional consideration
in exchange for this noncompete restriction, which created a material issue of fact precluding
summary judgment. We agree with McKasson, hold that the noncompete clause is
unenforceable as a matter of law, and reverse and remand for entry of summary judgment in
favor of McKasson on the issue of enforceability of the noncompete clause.
No. 43486 -5 -II
FACTS
I. EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT
Brian and Danielle Johnson own the Academy of Brian Johnson, LLC, a fitness business
with approximately 400 members. The Academy provides group classes, individual instruction,
and on -site equipment for self-directed exercise in its facility.
Will McKasson worked for the Academy without a contract as an at - ill employee from
w
Brianl
2004 to 2009. At some future point, wanted to transfer the Academy' s ownership to
McKasson; these two agreed on a transfer plan, which included, among other things, Brian' s
desire to formalize McKasson' s employment in a written contract. In 2009, the Academy and
McKasson signed a written employment contract, drafted and presented by the Academy. This
employment contract, however, did not mention any such plan to transfer ownership of the
business to McKasson; nor did it provide any change in McKasson' s employment other than
adding a noncompete restriction.
This employment contract provided that McKasson would remain an at -will employee at
his wage of $16. The contract also included a noncompete clause, stating that
previous hourly
after termination of his employment, McKasson could not work for any business in competition
with the Academy for three years. The, contract stated explicitly that the Academy did not give
McKasson any consideration for this employment restriction, other than continuing his at -will
1
For clarity, we refer to Brian and Danielle Johnson by their first names. We intend no
disrespect.
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No. 43486 -5 -II
employment. 2 The contract also contained an integration clause, which provided:
T] his instrument contains the entire agreement between the parties. No
amendment or variations of the terms and conditions of this Agreement shall be
valid unless it is in writing and signed by all parties hereto. Any prior
agreements between the parties are revoked in their entirety by this Agreement.
Clerks Papers ( CP) at 15 ( emphasis added).
Brian never transferred the Academy to McKasson. Instead, the Academy fired
McKasson in 2011, alleging that he had engaged in a sexual relationship with a customer.
Thereafter, the Academy' s attorney informed McKasson' s new prospective employer about
McKasson' s noncompete restriction and alleged misconduct.
The parties disputed whether McKasson received additional employment benefits as
consideration for the noncompete restriction. Brian asserted that before signing the contract the
two agreed that McKasson would take on a management role, that the Academy would allow
McKasson to teach private lessons and " open" classes in the Academy' s facility, and that
McKasson would be permitted to sell exercise equipment inside the facility. CP at 26. Brian
further claimed that if McKasson had not agreed to the noncompete restriction, he ( Brian) would_
not have allowed McKasson to conduct these additional business activities and to keep the
revenue they generated. Brian implied that he had also sought the noncompete restriction
2
Specifically, the contract provided:
The consideration for Employee' s agreement under this Section 2 is the
execution of this Agreement by Employer and Employer' s agreement hereunder
to employ Employee. No additional consideration for Employee' s post -
termination competition agreement hereunder is intended by the parties and the
parties hereby acknowledge the adequacy and sufficiency of said consideration.
CP at 13.
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No. 43486 -5 -II
3
because McKasson would receive valuable knowledge during his employment. McKasson,
however, asserted that he received no pay raise, no promotion, and no improvement in his
employment after he signed the contract.
II. PROCEDURE
McKasson sued the Johnsons and the Academy for damages; he also sought a temporary
restraining order prohibiting them from enforcing the noncompete clause. He moved for partial
summary judgment, asking the superior court to rule that the noncompete restriction was
unenforceable as a matter of law. The superior court denied his motion, ruling that
enforceability of the noncompete restriction remained a factual issue that precluded resolution as
a matter of law. The superior court also denied McKasson' s motion to reconsider.
McKasson sought discretionary review, in connection with which the parties stipulated
that ( 1) the superior court' s orders involve a controlling question of law, about which there is
substantial ground for a difference of opinion; and ( 2) immediate review would materially
advance the ultimate termination of the litigation. Our commissioner granted discretionary
review.
ANALYSIS
McKasson argues that the noncompete clause in his employment contract with the
Academy is unenforceable as a matter of law because ( 1) Washington case law holds that
continuing employment is not consideration for a noncompete restriction after employment has
begun; ( 2) the employment contract explicitly stated that the Academy did not give McKasson
3
More specifically, Brian asserted, " Knowing the integral value of the techniques and business
practices we use, Will and I agreed that he should sign an Employment Agreement that included
compete provision."
a non - CP at 26.
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No. 43486 -5 -II
any consideration for the noncompete restriction other than continuing employment; ( 3) the
contract also contained an integration clause, which invalidated any agreement made before
execution of the contract as well as any amendment to the contract not in writing and signed by
both parties; and ( 4) therefore, the Academy' s evidence of other oral agreements or amendments
to the contract was not admissible under the parol evidence rule to contradict the written
contract' s terms, and the Academy could not prove it had provided independent consideration for
the noncompete restriction to create an enforceable noncompete clause.
The Academy primarily argues in response that ( 1) the parties' intent to create a partially
integrated contract remains an issue of fact, precluding summary judgment on the issue of
enforceability of the noncompete restriction; ( 2) its additional consideration for the noncompete
restriction was not incorporated in the written agreement; and ( 3) the contract' s language was
deficient. These arguments do not defeat McKasson' s entitlement to summary judgment. We
hold that the noncompete restriction was unenforceable as a matter of law for lack of
consideration and reverse on that basis; thus, we do not address the other arguments.
I. CONTINUING EMPLOYMENT NOT SUFFICIENT CONSIDERATION FOR NONCOMPETE CLAUSE
Courts will enforce a noncompete clause if the restriction is reasonable and the clause
was validly incorporated into an employment agreement. Labriola v. Pollard Grp., Inc., 152
Wn.2d 828, 833, 100 P. 3d 791 ( 2004). Valid incorporation of a noncompete clause requires the
employer to give the employee consideration in exchange for the employee' s employment
restriction; consideration in this context is an employer' s promise to do something for the
employee or to give the employee an additional benefit in exchange for the employee' s
agreement to the restriction. See RESTATEMENT ( SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 71( 1) -( 3) ( 1981).
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No. 43486 -5 -II
Whether employment alone constitutes sufficient consideration for an employee' s
noncompete restriction depends on when the employer and employee agree to it. If a prospective
employee agrees to a noncompete restriction when he or she is first hired, employment by itself
may be sufficient consideration. Labriola, 152 Wn.2d at 834. But when an existing at -will
employee agrees to a noncompete restriction some time after he or she was hired, the restriction
is enforceable only if the employer gives the employee independent consideration at the time of
their agreement. Id. Such independent consideration in exchange for the employee' s new
employment restriction requires the employer to undertake an obligation or promise, other than
4
continuing employment, that it was not previously required to undertake. Id. Examples of
independent consideration for a noncompete restriction include increased wages, a promotion, a
bonus, or access to protected information. Id.
The noncompete clause at issue here expressly stated that the Academy did not give
McKasson any consideration other than continuing at -will employment in exchange for his
noncompete restriction. The Academy concedes that the employment contract does not provide
independent consideration for the noncompete restriction and that continued at -will employment
is not sufficient to create an enforceable restriction.
II. NONCOMPETE CLAUSE UNENFORCEABLE AS A MATTER OF LAW
Nevertheless, the Academy argues that it did give McKasson additional consideration for
the noncompete clause ( e. g., additional business opportunities) in separate oral agreements not
4
Conversely, mere continuing employment, without any new promise or benefit by the
employer, is not sufficient consideration when an existing employee agrees to a noncompete
restriction. See Labriola, 152 Wn.2d. at 836 ( employer did not provide independent
consideration where employer' s duties to employee did not change after agreement; instead,
remained same as before).
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No. 43486 -5 -II
included in the written employment contract. The plain language of the written contract' s
integration clause, however, expressly states that ( 1) the contract " contains the entire agreement
between the parties "; ( 2) no variations in its terms are valid if not in writing and signed by the
parties; and ( 3) any prior agreements between the parties are revoked. CP at 15. But the
Academy asserts that the contract' s inclusion of this integration clause was a mistake and,
therefore, we should ignore it in favor of contrary separate oral agreements, which it further
argues create issues of material fact that defeat summary judgment.
The Academy' s argument lacks merit. First, the plain language of the written contract' s
integration clause expressly precluded the enforceability of the Academy' s alleged oral
5
agreement providing consideration for the noncompete restriction. Second, we do not entertain
the Academy' s proffered excuse that it included the integration clause in the written contract by
mistake because we construe written contracts against their drafters such that they cannot later
benefit from " mistakes" that they were in a position to prevent. See Pierce County v. State, 144
Wn. App. 783, 813, 185 P. 3d 594 ( 2008) ( ambiguous contracts are generally construed against
the drafter); Emter v. Columbia Health Servs., 63 Wn. App. 378, 384, 819 P. 2d 390 ( 1991)
drafter cannot take advantage of ambiguities it could have prevented with greater diligence);
Cont' l Ins. Co. v. PACCAR, Inc., 96 Wn:2d 160, 167, 634 P. 2d 291 ( 1981) ( party who created
5
When a contract' s term is plain and unambiguous, we interpret the term' s meaning and, thus,
the parties' intentions, according to its plain language. Cornish Coll. ofthe Arts v. 1000 Va. Ltd.
P' ship, 158 Wn. App. 203, 231, 242 P. 3d 1 ( 2010), review denied, 171 Wn.2d 1014 ( 2011).
VA
No. 43486 -5 -II
6
the contract is in better position to prevent ambiguous language or mistakes). Based on the
record here, it is undisputed that the Academy drafted the employment contract and presented it
to McKasson to sign; the Academy cannot now escape the contract' s clear provisions by
claiming ambiguity in its favor. Thus, the Academy cannot present unenforceable separate oral
agreements to create issues of material fact in the summary judgment context.
There are no issues of material fact that prevent summary judgment to McKasson on the
enforceability of the noncompete clause in his employment contract with the Academy. Looking
to the fully integrated written employment contract, we hold, as a matter of law, that the
noncompete restriction is legally unenforceable and that, therefore, the superior court should
have granted, rather than denied, McKasson' s motion for partial summary judgment.
Accordingly, we reverse the superior court' s denial of McKasson' s motion for summary
6
See also the Restatement, which echoes The party who drafts the contract ( 1)
these rationales:
is more likely to protect his or her own interests over the other party' s interests; and ( 2) may
intentionally leave a term ambiguous, hoping to decide at a later date what meaning the term
should hold. RESTATEMENT ( SECOND) OF CONTRACTS, § 206( a) ( 1981).
7
The superior court acknowledged that the noncompete clause was unenforceable. But it
nevertheless denied summary judgment to McKasson because it viewed the Academy' s
representation of additional business opportunities for McKasson as creating a material issue of
fact, distinguishing this case from Labriola.
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No. 43486 -5 -II
judgment and remand for entry of summary judgment on his behalf on the issue of enforceability
of the noncompete clause. E
f x
Hunt, J