Filed 12/17/13 S.M. v. Super. Ct. CA1/5
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FIVE
S.M.,
Petitioner,
v. A139995
SUPERIOR COURT OF CONTRA (Contra Costa County
COSTA COUNTY, Super. Ct. Nos. J1200937, J1200938,
Respondent; J1200939)
CONTRA COSTA COUNTY
CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES
BUREAU, et al.,
Real Parties in Interest.
S.M. (Mother) seeks writ review of an order setting a permanency planning
hearing pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code section 366.26,1 a hearing at which her
parental rights to three of her children, T.M., P.L., and R.M. (Minors) may be terminated.
Mother contends the juvenile court should have accepted the recommendation of the
Contra Costa County Bureau of Children and Family Services (the Bureau) that she be
1
All statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
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given additional reunification services. She also contends the juvenile court erred in
failing to exercise its discretion to order additional reunification services for her.
We find no merit in either of Mother’s contentions and accordingly deny her
petition for extraordinary relief.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Mother has four children, three of whom are at issue in this writ proceeding.2 On
June 15, 2012, the Bureau filed petitions under section 300, subdivisions (b) and (j) with
regard to Minors. As relevant here, the petitions alleged Mother had a history of
substance abuse that placed the children at risk of harm. On June 18, 2012, the juvenile
court ordered Minors detained, and it later sustained the petitions’ section 300,
subdivision (b) allegation. In 2012, Mother received four referrals for drug testing
services, two referrals for drug treatment services, three referrals for parent education and
counseling, as well as a referral for legal counseling and placement services for Minors.
After the March 18, 2013 disposition hearing, Minors were ordered placed out of
home, and the juvenile court ordered that Mother have one hour of supervised visitation
twice per month. Mother’s case plan required her to stay sober and show her ability to
live free from alcohol dependency, and it required her to test for drugs and engage in
mental health counseling, parenting education, and substance abuse services. The
disposition order also set a six-month review hearing.3
The Bureau filed a six and twelve month status review report in connection with
the review hearing. The report explained the Bureau had very limited information about
Mother because of the latter’s reluctance to discuss her situation and activities with the
social worker. The social worker believed Mother was residing in Antioch, receiving
disability income, and was unemployed. The Bureau reported that Mother was not drug
testing with the company the Bureau used for such tests. Although Mother claimed she
2
At the time the proceedings in this case were commenced, T.M. was eight years old,
P.L. was six, and R.M. was two.
3
Mother filed an appeal from the March 18, 2013 disposition order. That appeal has
been docketed as case No. A138711.
2
was drug testing, she did not provide documentation to the Bureau but said she would
produce it at the review hearing. The Bureau had no evidence Mother had completed a
parenting education class.
Mother was seeing Minors almost weekly in therapeutic visits but was almost
always late. She did not participate in a visit with her youngest child when her two other
children were at summer camp, because she was angry that their participation in camp
had interfered with her visits. As the Bureau’s report explained, this limited participation
in visitation was the only component of the case plan with which Mother had complied.
The social worker could not recommend that Minors be returned home “[w]ithout
knowing [Mother’s] drug testing results, parent education experiences, or knowledge or
insight gained through therapy[.]” Since the dispositional hearing, Mother had become
willing “to engage [in] a slightly less hostile manner with [the social] worker.”
Nevertheless, in the social worker’s view, this change did “not indicate or even increase
confidence that [Mother] will develop the willingness to engage fully in her case plan and
then activate on the children’s behalf.” The Bureau recommended continued
reunification services for the family.
At the October 3, 2013 review hearing, Mother’s counsel requested a continuance
because Mother had not brought documentation to support her claim that she had been
drug testing at a location that was not approved by the social worker. The juvenile court
denied the request, and the matter proceeded to a contested hearing at the request of
Minors’ counsel, who disagreed with the Bureau’s recommendation that services be
extended.
The court asked the social worker for an update on Mother’s progress, and the
social worker reported Mother had refused to provide documentation that she was drug
testing, although Mother confirmed to the social worker that she had received a referral to
the testing site. Mother was referred for mental health services on November 16, 2012,
and the social worker informed the court that while Mother had seen a therapist twice, no
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mental health evaluation had been completed.4 To the social worker’s knowledge,
Mother had not participated in substance abuse treatment or a 12-step program. The
social worker explained that she had not assessed Mother’s home for safety because of
Mother’s animosity towards her. She also testified that Mother still required supervised
visitation because the Bureau did not know whether Mother was still using drugs or
alcohol, and therefore it could not determine whether unsupervised visitation with Mother
would be safe for Minors.
Mother also testified at the hearing, and she conceded she had missed a visit the
previous week. She said she had missed the visit with her youngest child when the older
children were at camp because the Bureau had cancelled the visit and not rescheduled it.
Mother claimed she had been getting tested for drugs but had not had a test in the past
month because “everything feels hopeless[.]” Mother testified she was willing to
participate in a mental health assessment, but she was unable to explain why she had
refused to use the drug testing facility to which the Bureau had referred her. She ascribed
her discomfort with the testing facility to her “paranoia” and depression.
The juvenile court found that the social worker had “go[ne] the extra mile” in this
case, and it ruled there was clear and convincing evidence the Bureau had provided
Mother with reasonable services. Mother, however, had “simply chosen to not
participate.” The court specifically noted that Mother had produced no evidence
whatsoever that she had participated in drug treatment or testing “which are the primary
issues that brought this family before the Court.” The court explained Mother had “done
absolutely nothing based on the state of the evidence” before it, and it expressly found
Mother was not credible. Although the court believed Mother loves her children, it
concluded “she has simply refused to participate in any way with her case plan and
4
At some point, Mother’s Medi-Cal coverage “changed to San Francisco” for an
unexplained reason. Mother was given information about how to change her coverage
back to Contra Costa County, and this was done. The social worker had numerous
conversations with Mother regarding the change of her Medi-Cal coverage, and Mother’s
“typical response was that she was aware of what she needed to do and who she needed
to call regarding that.”
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address her substance abuse issues that brought these kids to court.” Thus, it found
Mother had made “minimal” progress toward alleviating or mitigating the problems
necessitating Minors’ placement in foster care, and it concluded returning the children to
her custody would create a substantial risk of detriment to their safety and well-being. It
therefore set a section 366.26 hearing for January 15, 2014.
Mother then filed a timely writ petition under California Rules of Court,
rule 8.452(a).
DISCUSSION
Mother’s petition raises two issues. She claims the juvenile court erred in refusing
to adopt the Bureau’s recommendation that services be extended, because the lower
court’s finding that she had been offered reasonable services is unsupported by
substantial evidence. She also argues the juvenile court erred in failing to exercise its
statutory discretion to extend services. Neither argument has merit.
I. Standard of Review
The juvenile court’s finding that the Bureau provided reasonable reunification
services to Mother must be upheld if it is supported by substantial evidence. (James B. v.
Superior Court (1995) 35 Cal.App.4th 1014, 1020.) Although the juvenile court must
make this finding by clear and convincing evidence, that standard is for the edification
and guidance of the trial court and is not a standard of appellate review. (Sheila S. v.
Superior Court (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 872, 880.) If substantial evidence supports the
juvenile court’s finding, its reasonable services determination is not open to review on
appeal. (See id. at pp. 880-881.)
The juvenile court’s decision on whether to order additional reunification services
is reviewed for abuse of discretion. (See V.C. v. Superior Court (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th
521, 528.) This test requires us to ask only whether the juvenile court’s decision
exceeded the bounds of reason; if two or more inferences can reasonably be drawn from
the facts, we have no authority to substitute our decision for that of the juvenile court.
(Ibid.)
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II. Substantial Evidence Supports the Juvenile Court’s Reasonable Services Finding.
Mother tells us “[t]he record in the instant case is uncontradicted.” In her view,
through no fault of her own, she was told she could receive no referrals from the Bureau
because her Medi-Cal coverage in Contra Costa County had been terminated. According
to Mother, the social worker “testified she was unable to provide referrals to [Mother]
until September 17, 2013, two weeks prior to the contested hearing of October 3, 2012.”
This contention is simply false.
Contrary to Mother’s claims, the social worker testified Mother’s first mental
health referral was on November 16, 2012. Mother had been referred for drug testing
even earlier, in either June or August of 2012. Far from being uncontradicted, the record
completely belies Mother’s claim that she received no referrals until two weeks prior to
the hearing. As the juvenile court found, Mother simply chose not to avail herself of
those services, and it was not the social worker’s obligation “take [Mother] by the hand
and escort . . . her . . . through classes or counseling sessions.” (In re Michael S. (1987)
188 Cal.App.3d 1448, 1463, fn. 5; see also V.C. v. Superior Court, supra, 188
Cal.App.4th at p. 529 [parent’s failure to participate in services is prima facie evidence
that return of minor to parent’s custody would be detrimental].)
Equally unavailing are Mother’s arguments that she failed to receive adequate
visitation services. She claims it is “uncontroverted” that no visitation occurred between
her and Minors and that she received only one hour per week of “family therapy.” This
does not accurately reflect the testimony at the hearing, which was that Mother was
receiving supervised visitation. Although Mother now complains this visitation was
insufficient, the social worker explained that the Bureau was unwilling to allow further
unsupervised visitation because it could not be sure Mother was not abusing alcohol and
drugs. In addition, Mother refused a visit with her youngest child because of her anger at
the fact her older children had been sent to summer camp. Thus, Mother did not even
participate fully in the visitation she was offered. (See V.C. v. Superior Court, supra, 188
Cal.App.4th at pp. 528-529 [juvenile court did not abuse discretion in refusing to order
additional reunification services where father visited child inconsistently].)
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III. The Juvenile Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Declining to Extend Services.
Mother argues the juvenile court had discretion to extend reunification services
beyond the combined six and twelve month review hearing, and in refusing to do so, it
failed to give sufficient weight to the goal of family preservation. (See In re Daniel G.
(1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 1205, 1216-1217 [in exercising discretion to order further
reunification services, juvenile court “should consider the services already provided
[parent and child], the likelihood of success of any further reunification efforts, whether
[child’s] need for a prompt resolution of his status outweighs any benefit from further
reunification services and such other factors as the parties may bring to the court's
attention”].) Mother has not demonstrated that the juvenile court’s decision exceeded the
bounds of reason, and we therefore find no abuse of discretion. (V.C. v. Superior Court,
supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 528.)
Where, as here, one of the children in a sibling group is under the age of three at
the time of removal, a parent’s failure to participate regularly in court-ordered treatment
programs or to avail herself of services provided as part of the case plan “may result in a
termination of efforts to reunify the family after six months.” (§ 361.5, subd. (a)(3); see
Sara M. v. Superior Court (2005) 36 Cal.4th 998, 1009, fn. 4 [“When the child is under
the age of three, the maximum period of reunification services is generally six
months.”].) Dependency law does not establish a minimum period of reunification.
(Denny H. v. Superior Court (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 1501, 1510.) Instead, the law’s
“emphasis is on ‘setting outside limits to the length of time a child may be kept in foster
care before a permanent plan is established.’” (Ibid.)
As explained in the preceding section of this opinion, the juvenile court found
Mother had failed to participate in court-ordered services and had made only minimal
progress toward the goals set in her case plan. Her substance abuse was what brought her
family to the Bureau’s attention, yet she refused to be tested for drugs at the facility to
which the Bureau had referred her. Despite her awareness of her case plan and her
referrals for drug testing and treatment, she provided no documentation to the court that
she had been getting tested for drugs. Mother had been referred for services beginning in
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the summer of 2012, but by the time of the October 3, 2013 review hearing, she had
largely refused to participate. In these circumstances, the juvenile court was certainly
entitled to conclude that the likelihood of success of further reunification efforts was low.
While family preservation is the first priority when dependency proceedings are
commenced, the unique needs of children under the age of three justify “a greater
emphasis on establishing permanency and stability earlier in the dependency process ‘“in
cases with a poor prognosis for family reunification.”’” (M.V. v. Superior Court (2008)
167 Cal.App.4th 166, 175, quoting Daria D. v. Superior Court (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th
606, 611.) Given Mother’s failure to participate in services, the juvenile court could
properly conclude that the prognosis for this particular family’s reunification was indeed
poor. In so concluding, it did not abuse its discretion.
DISPOSITION
The petition for an extraordinary writ and request for stay are denied on the merits.
(§ 366.26, subd. (l)(4)(B).) This decision shall be final immediately. (Cal. Rules of
Court, rules 8.452(i), 8.490(b)(3).)
_________________________
Jones, P.J.
We concur:
_________________________
Simons, J.
_________________________
Needham, J.
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