NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-5748-12T4
A-5749-12T4
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION
Plaintiff-Appellant,
December 20, 2013
v.
APPELLATE DIVISION
TIMOTHY ADKINS,
Defendant-Respondent.
___________________________
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
TIMOTHY ADKINS,
Defendant-Appellant.
______________________________________________
Argued November 13, 2013 – Decided December 20, 2013
Before Judges Reisner, Alvarez and Ostrer.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New
Jersey, Law Division, Gloucester County,
Indictment No. 11-08-0734.
Ronald Susswein, Assistant Attorney General,
and Jenny M. Hsu, Deputy Attorney General,
argued the cause for appellant (A-5748-
12)/respondent (A-5749-12) (John J. Hoffman,
Acting Attorney General, attorney; Mr.
Susswein and Ms. Hsu, of counsel and on the
brief).
Richard F. Klineburger, III, argued the
cause for respondent (A-5748-12)/appellant
(A-5749-12) (Klineburger and Nussey,
attorneys; Mr. Klineburger, on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
REISNER, P.J.A.D.
By leave granted, the State appeals from paragraph one of a
June 7, 2013 order, suppressing the results of a warrantless
blood test, and defendant appeals from paragraph two of the same
order, denying his speedy trial motion. Because we conclude
that application of the exclusionary rule is not required in the
unusual circumstances of this case, we reverse on the State's
appeal. We affirm on defendant's appeal.1
I
The suppression issue is novel and arises from the
following scenario. On December 16, 2010, defendant was
involved in a one-car accident in which his vehicle struck a
utility pole and his two passengers were injured. After
defendant failed the roadside sobriety tests, the West Deptford
police arrested him at about 2:30 a.m., on suspicion of driving
while intoxicated (DWI). They transported defendant to police
1
These back-to-back appeals have been consolidated for purposes
of this opinion.
2 A-5748-12T4
headquarters, where they read him his Miranda2 rights and he
invoked his right to counsel. The police later transported
defendant to a local hospital. At 4:16 a.m., hospital personnel
drew a blood sample at the request of the police.3 The
requesting police officer, defendant, and a hospital nurse each
signed a Certificate of Request to Withdraw a Specimen, although
defendant signed the form two minutes after the blood was drawn.
See N.J.S.A. 2A:62A-11.4
2
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d
694 (1966).
3
The record does not indicate the time at which the police took
defendant to the hospital. Hence, it is not clear whether an
approximately two-hour hiatus, between the time of defendant's
arrest and the time the blood was drawn, was attributable to
delay in taking him to the hospital or delay experienced at the
hospital.
4
N.J.S.A. 2A:62A-11 is part of a statute that grants civil and
criminal immunity to medical personnel who draw blood samples at
the request of a law enforcement officer. N.J.S.A. 2A:62A-
10(a), -10(b). The statute further provides, in pertinent part:
"Any person taking a specimen pursuant to [this statute] shall,
upon request, furnish to any law enforcement agency a
certificate stating that the specimen was taken pursuant to
. . . this act and in a medically acceptable manner." N.J.S.A.
2A:62A-11. After reviewing the certificate in this case, we
conclude that it was not intended to establish a suspect's
consent to a warrantless search, but rather was intended to
satisfy the immunity statute and establish the chain of custody
of the blood sample. The State has waived any claim of Fourth-
Amendment consent, and for purposes of this opinion it is
irrelevant that defendant signed the form after the blood was
drawn.
3 A-5748-12T4
At the time of the accident in 2010, New Jersey law
permitted the police to obtain a blood sample without first
obtaining a warrant, so long as they had probable cause to
believe that the driver was intoxicated.5 That principle,
derived from Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 86 S. Ct.
1826, 16 L. Ed. 2d 908 (1966), was based on the presumed
exigency created by the dissipation of alcohol levels in the
bloodstream, and was clearly stated in opinions of our Supreme
Court. For example, in State v. Dyal, 97 N.J. 229 (1984), the
Court observed: "A drunken driver arrested by police with
probable cause to believe he is intoxicated has no federal
constitutional right to prevent the involuntary taking of a
blood sample. Of course, the sample should be taken in a
medically acceptable manner at a hospital or other suitable
health care facility." Id. at 238 (citing Schmerber, supra, 384
U.S. at 771-72, 86 S. Ct. at 1836, 16 L. Ed. 2d at 920). The
issue in Dyal was whether the police could obtain the results of
hospital blood tests drawn for purposes of medical treatment;
however, part of the Court's reasoning was that the police had
5
Before the trial court, as on this appeal, defendant did not
contest that the police had probable cause to seek a blood test.
Because he was the driver in a one-car accident and failed the
roadside sobriety tests, probable cause would appear self-
evident.
4 A-5748-12T4
the right to obtain a blood sample from the driver. Dyal,
supra, 97 N.J. at 231, 238-39.
Several subsequent Appellate Division decisions likewise
read Schmerber as holding that a warrant was not required. See,
e.g., State v. Burns, 159 N.J. Super. 539, 544 (App. Div. 1978)
("[C]onsent is not required to the taking of a blood sample, but
the taking of such sample must be done in a medically acceptable
manner and environment and without force or violence or the
threat of same."); State v. Woomer, 196 N.J. Super. 583, 586
(App. Div. 1984) ("[A] blood sample may be taken involuntarily
[from a suspected drunk driver] and no consent is required.").
In State v. Ravotto, 169 N.J. 227, 231-33 (2001), the Court
held that the police used excessive force in obtaining a blood
sample from a drunk driving suspect who was terrified of
needles. However, the Court reaffirmed that the police did not
need a warrant to obtain the blood test:
Our holding is not to be understood as
suggesting that the police had to acquire a
warrant before obtaining a blood sample from
defendant or that they acted in an
unreasonable manner in seeking treatment for
him at the hospital. Because defendant's
car was found overturned and his behavior
demonstrated obvious signs of intoxication,
probable cause existed for the police to
seek evidence of defendant's blood alcohol
content level. Moreover, consistent with
Schmerber and our analogous case law, the
dissipating nature of the alcohol content in
defendant's blood presented an exigency that
5 A-5748-12T4
required prompt action by the police. Under
those conditions, a warrantless search was
justified.
[Id. at 250 (citation omitted).]
These rulings were also reflected in Guidelines issued by
the Attorney General to county and municipal prosecutors.6 In
pertinent part, the Guidelines advised that "[a] defendant has
no right to refuse to allow blood to be drawn as long as the
police or law enforcement officer has probable cause to believe
that the blood sample will contain evidence of alcohol and/or
drugs." Attorney General Guideline[s]: Prosecution of DWI &
Refusal Violations, at 9 (Jan. 24, 2005); N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.2a
(requiring the Attorney General to promulgate guidelines).7
Consequently, when the police obtained the warrantless blood
sample from Adkins, they acted pursuant to well-established
legal precedent in this State.
6
In this context, we recall our Court's recent admonition in
State v. Dabas, 215 N.J. 114, 136 (2013), that "the prosecutor's
office is not at liberty to disregard a pronouncement of this
Court, even if that pronouncement is properly characterized as
dictum." Likewise, "[a]ppellate and trial courts consider
themselves bound by this Court's pronouncements, whether
classified as dicta or not." Id. at 136-37.
7
In citing the Guidelines, we do not suggest that the Attorney
General can influence our jurisprudence on the exclusionary rule
by promulgating guidelines and then asserting that the police
reasonably relied on them. We cite the Guidelines only because
they rely on clear Supreme Court precedent.
6 A-5748-12T4
However, years later, the United States Supreme Court
clarified Schmerber -- and dramatically changed the legal
landscape in New Jersey and many other states -- by holding that
there was no per se rule of exigency in drunk driving cases, and
that the need to obtain a search warrant before taking a blood
sample was to be determined on a case by case basis. Missouri
v. McNeely, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 133 S. Ct. 1552, 1563, 185 L. Ed.
2d 696, 709 (2013); see id. at ___ n.2, 133 S. Ct. at 1558 n.2,
185 L. Ed. 2d at 704 n.2. Further, under well-settled federal
precedent, the Supreme Court's construction of the Fourth
Amendment must be given pipeline retroactivity. Griffith v.
Kentucky, 479 U.S. 314, 328, 107 S. Ct. 708, 716, 93 L. Ed. 2d
649, 661 (1987) ("We therefore hold that a new rule for the
conduct of criminal prosecutions is to be applied retroactively
to all cases, state or federal, pending on direct review or not
yet final, with no exception for cases in which the new rule
constitutes a 'clear break' with the past.").
However, when applied in the federal courts, McNeely would
not result in suppression of the blood evidence obtained here,
because the United States Supreme Court will not apply the
exclusionary rule as a remedy where the police conducted a
search in good faith reliance on binding legal precedent in the
jurisdiction where the search occurred. See Davis v. United
7 A-5748-12T4
States, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 131 S. Ct. 2419, 2434, 180 L. Ed. 2d
285, 302 (2011).8
In Davis, the Court clarified that the retroactivity rule
announced in Griffith did not necessarily require application of
the exclusionary rule as a remedy where the Court announced a
new search and seizure rule. Davis, supra, ___ U.S. at ___, 131
S. Ct. at 2431, 180 L. Ed. 2d at 298-99. "[T]he retroactive
application of a new rule of substantive Fourth Amendment law
raises the question whether a suppression remedy applies; it
does not answer that question." Id. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2431,
180 L. Ed. 2d at 298.
Davis addressed searches conducted prior to Arizona v.
Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 129 S. Ct. 1710, 173 L. Ed. 2d 485 (2009), a
case holding that police could not automatically search the
passenger compartment of a vehicle whenever an occupant was
arrested. Davis, supra, ___ U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2424-25,
180 L. Ed. 2d at 291-92. Recognizing that its prior holding in
New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454, 101 S. Ct. 2860, 69 L. Ed. 2d
8
In McNeely, the Supreme Court of Missouri had upheld the
suppression of the blood evidence, but the suppression remedy
was not addressed in the United States Supreme Court's opinion.
See McNeely, supra, ___ U.S. at ___, 133 S. Ct. at 1557, 185 L.
Ed. 2d at 703. Further, the Missouri Supreme Court had never
construed Schmerber as allowing warrantless blood tests without
a case by case showing of exigent circumstances. State v.
McNeely, 358 S.W.3d 65, 72-74 (Mo. 2012). Therefore, Davis
would not apply to the McNeely search.
8 A-5748-12T4
768 (1981), had been widely understood as permitting such
searches, the Court concluded that the exclusionary rule was not
an appropriate remedy for pre-Gant searches. Davis, supra, ___
U.S. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2428-29, 180 L. Ed. 2d at 295-97.
The Court reasoned that, where the police acted in reliance on
established legal precedent, suppressing evidence would not
serve the purpose of the exclusionary rule to deter lawless
police conduct:
The question in this case is whether to
apply the exclusionary rule when the police
conduct a search in objectively reasonable
reliance on binding judicial precedent. .
. . The search incident to Davis's arrest
in this case followed the Eleventh Circuit's
[United States v.] Gonzalez[, 71 F.3d 819
(11th Cir. 1996),] precedent to the letter.
Although the search turned out to be
unconstitutional under Gant, all agree that
the officers' conduct was in strict
compliance with then-binding Circuit law and
was not culpable in any way.
Under our exclusionary-rule precedents, this
acknowledged absence of police culpability
dooms Davis's claim. Police practices
trigger the harsh sanction of exclusion only
when they are deliberate enough to yield
"meaningfu[l]" deterrence, and culpable
enough to be "worth the price paid by the
justice system." The conduct of the
officers here was neither of these things.
The officers who conducted the search did
not violate Davis's Fourth Amendment rights
deliberately, recklessly, or with gross
negligence. Nor does this case involve any
"recurring or systemic negligence" on the
part of law enforcement. The police acted
in strict compliance with binding precedent,
9 A-5748-12T4
and their behavior was not wrongful. Unless
the exclusionary rule is to become a strict-
liability regime, it can have no application
in this case.
. . . .
About all that exclusion would deter in this
case is conscientious police work.
Responsible law-enforcement officers will
take care to learn "what is required of
them" under Fourth Amendment precedent and
will conform their conduct to these rules.
But by the same token, when binding
appellate precedent specifically authorizes
a particular police practice, well-trained
officers will and should use that tool to
fulfill their crime-detection and public-
safety responsibilities. An officer who
conducts a search in reliance on binding
appellate precedent does no more than
"'ac[t] as a reasonable officer would and
should act'" under the circumstances. The
deterrent effect of exclusion in such a case
can only be to discourage the officer from
"'do[ing] his duty.'"
That is not the kind of deterrence the
exclusionary rule seeks to foster. . . .
Evidence obtained during a search conducted
in reasonable reliance on binding precedent
is not subject to the exclusionary rule.
[Ibid. (citations omitted).]
In New Jersey, new State constitutional search and seizure
rules ordinarily are applied prospectively. "In cases where the
new rule is an exclusionary rule, meant solely to deter illegal
police conduct, the new rule is virtually never given
retroactive effect. The reason is that the deterrent purposes
of such a rule would not be advanced by applying it to past
10 A-5748-12T4
misconduct." State v. Burstein, 85 N.J. 394, 406 (1981); see
also State v. Earls, 214 N.J. 564, 590 (2013); State v. Purnell,
161 N.J. 44, 54 (1999); State v. Knight, 145 N.J. 233, 251
(1996); State v. Young, 87 N.J. 132, 140-41 (1981); State v.
McCann, 391 N.J. Super. 542, 555 (App. Div. 2007); State v.
Skidmore, 253 N.J. Super. 227, 236 (App. Div. 1992). Had
McNeely been decided by the New Jersey Supreme Court in
construing our State Constitution, it would not have been
applied retroactively -- thus reaching the same result as in the
federal system but by a different route.
The Court's recent decision in State v. Earls does not
compel a different result here. In Earls, the Court gave the
defendant the benefit of its ruling that, under the New Jersey
Constitution, "police must obtain a warrant based on a showing
of probable cause, or qualify for an exception to the warrant
requirement, to obtain tracking information through the use of a
cell phone." Earls, supra, 214 N.J. at 588. The Court
recognized that the holding was novel and law enforcement
officers could not have anticipated it. Id. at 589. The Court
also acknowledged that "deterrence is rarely a basis to apply a
new rule retroactively," id. at 590 (citing Knight, supra), and
that retroactive application would substantially disrupt the
administration of justice. Id. at 591. In that context, the
11 A-5748-12T4
Court applied the rule "to defendant Earls and future cases
only."9 Ibid.; see also State v. Henderson, 208 N.J. 208, 302
(2011). Unlike Earls, in this case defendant's appeal did not
result in a new interpretation of our State Constitution, which
might justify giving him the benefit of the new rule; rather, he
simply invoked newly-decided federal case law which, in the
federal court system, would not benefit him.10
In our view, the real issue here is whether, given the
federal retroactivity requirement, we should, as the State
argues, apply an approach analogous to that set forth in Davis,
9
The Court also held that the warrant requirement would take
effect thirty days after its decision to give the Attorney
General time to issue guidance to state and local law
enforcement. Ibid.
10
Defendant's reliance on State v. Wessells, 209 N.J. 395
(2012), is not persuasive. Wessells was not a Fourth Amendment
search-and–seizure case and, not surprisingly, the opinion does
not mention Davis. In Wessells, our Court applied a new Fifth
Amendment ruling of the United States Supreme Court and
determined, using "the ordinary federal retroactivity analysis,"
id. at 413, that the defendant was entitled to the benefit of
the federal ruling because he had not yet been tried. Under
federal Fifth Amendment principles, "the coercive taint of the
initial interrogation had not dissipated" when defendant made
his later incriminating statements to the police, and,
therefore, those statements were deemed "not voluntary." Ibid.
No such considerations apply to the blood evidence here, which
cannot be regarded as tainted or unreliable by virtue of the
warrantless manner in which the police obtained it. See
Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon, 548 U.S. 331, 349, 126 S. Ct. 2669,
2681, 165 L. Ed. 2d 557, 578 (2006) (noting that coerced
confessions "tend to be unreliable").
12 A-5748-12T4
or whether, as defendant argues, the result here is dictated by
State v. Novembrino, 105 N.J. 95, 157-59 (1987), which rejected
a "good faith" exception to the application of the exclusionary
rule.
In Novembrino, our Court, in construing the State
Constitution, declined to follow the rule announced in United
States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 104 S. Ct. 3405, 82 L. Ed. 2d 677
(1984). Leon held that the exclusionary rule would not apply
where the police acted in objectively reasonable reliance on a
facially valid search warrant, which was issued by a judge but
was "ultimately found to be unsupported by probable cause." Id.
at 900, 922, 104 S. Ct. at 3409, 3420, 82 L. Ed. 2d at 684,
698.11 In adopting what it characterized as a "good-faith
exception for searches conducted pursuant to warrants," the Leon
Court reasoned that "the marginal or nonexistent benefits
produced by suppressing evidence obtained in objectively
reasonable reliance on a subsequently invalidated search warrant
cannot justify the substantial costs of exclusion." Id. at 924,
922, 104 S. Ct. at 3420-21, 82 L. Ed. at 698-99.
11
In Leon, the Court of Appeals held that the warrant was
invalid because it was based on stale information from an
informant, and did not sufficiently establish the informant's
credibility. Id. at 904-05, 104 S. Ct. at 3411, 80 L. Ed. 2d at
686-87. The Supreme Court assumed, without deciding, that the
warrant was invalid for lack of probable cause. Ibid.
13 A-5748-12T4
In declining to adopt the good faith rule, under the
auspices of the New Jersey Constitution,12 our Court
characterized Leon as solely concerned with deterring unlawful
police conduct:
The major premise of the Court's holding in
Leon is that the exclusionary rule is not
required by the fourth amendment but rather
operates as "'a judicially created remedy
designed to safeguard Fourth Amendment
rights generally through its deterrent
effect, rather than a personal
constitutional right of the person
aggrieved.'" The opinion observes that in
view of the rule's function as a deterrent
of police misconduct, its application in
particular cases "must be resolved by
weighing the costs and benefits of
preventing the use in the prosecution's
case-in-chief of inherently trustworthy
tangible evidence obtained in reliance on a
search warrant issued by a detached and
neutral magistrate that ultimately is found
to be defective."
The majority, after citing examples of the
Court's prior application of the cost-
benefit analysis to the exclusionary rule,
concluded that there is little likelihood
that the exclusion of evidence obtained
pursuant to a subsequently invalidated
search warrant will have a deterrent effect
on law-enforcement officers.
[Novembrino, supra, 105 N.J. at 140-41
(citations omitted).]
Our Court disagreed with Leon, emphasizing the critical
constitutional significance of the probable cause standard. Id.
12
N.J. Const., art. I, ¶ 7.
14 A-5748-12T4
at 107-08. Indeed, much of the opinion is devoted to a
discussion of the probable cause standard and its central
importance to the warrant requirement. Id. at 105-22. The
Court also observed that the defects in the Novembrino warrant
probably resulted from the hurried actions of an inexperienced
police officer. Id. at 129. The Court concluded that
suppressing evidence seized pursuant to invalid warrants would
safeguard the integrity of the process by which warrants are
sought and issued. "Our view that the good-faith exception will
ultimately reduce respect for and compliance with the probable-
cause standard that we have steadfastly enforced persuades us
that there is a strong state interest that would be disserved by
adopting the Leon rule." Id. at 154.
Our Court also took a broader view of the purpose of the
exclusionary rule:
Our concern . . . is with the Constitution
and with the basic and fundamental
guarantees that that document was intended
to afford to all our citizens, particularly
in times of public ferment. In our view,
the citizen's right to be free from
unreasonable searches and seizures conducted
without probable cause is just such a
fundamental principle, to be preserved and
protected with vigilance. In our tripartite
system of separate governmental powers, the
primary responsibility for its preservation
is that of the judiciary.
The exclusionary rule, by virtue of its
consistent application over the past twenty-
15 A-5748-12T4
five years, has become an integral element
of our state-constitutional guarantee that
search warrants will not issue without
probable cause. Its function is not merely
to deter police misconduct. The rule also
serves as the indispensable mechanism for
vindicating the constitutional right to be
free from unreasonable searches. Because we
believe that the good-faith exception to the
exclusionary rule adopted in Leon would tend
to undermine the constitutionally-guaranteed
standard of probable cause, and in the
process disrupt the highly effective
procedures employed by our criminal justice
system to accommodate that constitutional
guarantee without impairing law enforcement,
we decline to recognize a good-faith
exception to the exclusionary rule.
[Id. at 156-58 (footnote omitted).]
As an intermediate appellate court we are, of course, bound
by Novembrino. However, we do not believe that Novembrino
applies to the very different circumstances of this case, which
has nothing to do with invalid warrants or unlawful police
activity. In reaching that conclusion, we note that in very
limited circumstances, the Court has signaled that application
of the exclusionary rule may not always be appropriate where
applying the rule would not serve its well-understood purposes.
In State v. Harris, 211 N.J. 566 (2012), the Court declined
to order the suppression of an illegal handgun seized during a
search authorized by a warrant properly issued pursuant to the
Prevention of Domestic Violence Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35.
Unlike a warrant issued for a criminal investigation, a domestic
16 A-5748-12T4
violence warrant need not be issued on probable cause. However,
the Court reasoned that the gun was discovered and seized during
a "special needs search," conducted to protect a victim of
domestic violence and not for the purpose of uncovering evidence
of crime. Id. at 584. Ordinarily, the fruits of such a search
may be admissible in a subsequent criminal prosecution, so long
as the search was conducted pursuant to a valid domestic
violence warrant and was not a mere pretext to uncover criminal
evidence. Id. at 585-86 (citing State v. Dispoto, 189 N.J. 108,
123 (2007)).
In declining to apply the exclusionary rule, however, the
Court further stated:
It is also appropriate to consider the
purpose that undergirds the exclusionary
rule. Almost inevitably, whether as the
result of mistake, inadvertence, ignorance,
or overzealousness, police can come into
possession of evidence bearing on criminal
activity without having complied perfectly
with the constitutional requirement of
probable cause. In response to this
reality, courts have crafted the
exclusionary rule, under which evidence
seized illegally is suppressed. United
States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 347-48, 94
S. Ct. 613, 619-20, 38 L. Ed. 2d 561, 571
(1974); Handy, supra, 206 N.J. at 45-46.
The purpose of the rule is two-fold: 1) to
assure that the law does not provide an
incentive for police misconduct and 2) to
protect judicial integrity. Mapp v. Ohio,
367 U.S. 643, 655-59, 81 S. Ct. 1684, 1692-
94, 6 L. Ed. 2d 1081, 1090-92 (1961); Elkins
v. United States, 364 U.S. 206, 216-17, 80
17 A-5748-12T4
S. Ct. 1437, 1444, 4 L. Ed. 2d 1669, 1677
(1960). Here, there was no misconduct of
any sort, no mistake in executing the
warrant, and no disregard of its
requirements. Consequently, to apply the
exclusionary rule in this context would not
further any of its purposes. We reach this
conclusion in this limited, particular
context, and we should not be understood at
this juncture as retreating from our earlier
rejection of the good faith exception.
State v. Novembrino, 105 N.J. 95, 157-58
(1987).
[Harris, supra, 211 N.J. at 590 (emphasis
added) (citing State v. Handy, 206 N.J. 39,
45-46 (2011)).]
The above-quoted language is readily applicable to this
case. Like Harris, and unlike Novembrino, here there was no
mistake by the police, good faith or otherwise. At the time of
the search, their conduct was lawful under well-established case
law in this State. See also State v. Domicz, 188 N.J. 285, 295-
96 (2006) (declining to characterize a thermal scan as "unlawful
conduct" by the police, when at the time of the scan, most
courts that had considered the issue had held that a thermal
scan was not a "search"). The police were not acting pursuant
to an invalidly-issued warrant which they mistakenly thought was
valid. Nor was there any unreasonable or improper conduct by
another State law enforcement employee involved in the search.
This case is not like State v. Handy, where a police
dispatcher negligently and inaccurately informed an officer that
18 A-5748-12T4
there was an outstanding warrant for the defendant. Handy,
supra, 206 N.J. at 41-42. Handy was arrested, and a search
incident to the arrest yielded contraband. Id. at 42. The
Court distinguished prior federal cases involving "an attenuated
clerical error in a database upon which police officials
reasonably relied." Id. at 52. Instead, the Court found that
the dispatcher was "an active participant" in the chain of
events leading to the defendant's arrest. Id. at 47-48. The
Court concluded that suppression "would have important deterrent
value, would underscore the need for training of officers and
dispatchers to focus on detail, and would serve to assure that
our own constitutional guarantees are given full effect." Id.
at 52. Cf. State v. Pitcher, 379 N.J. Super. 308, 311 (App.
Div. 2005) (declining to suppress evidence where the police
officer stopped defendant's car based on a computer check of
Motor Vehicle records, which inaccurately indicated that the
car's owner had a suspended license).
Handy is not on point because, at the time the police
obtained the blood sample in this case, they were conducting
themselves in a manner sanctioned by decades of precedent from
our Supreme Court. No amount of additional police training
would have deterred the search in this case, because the police
were following the law as it existed at the time. As in Harris,
19 A-5748-12T4
suppressing the evidence would not serve the purpose of the
exclusionary rule to prevent illegal police conduct. Nor would
admitting the evidence involve the judiciary in what Handy
described as "'the taint of partnership in official
lawlessness.'" Handy, supra, 206 N.J. at 45 (citation omitted).
While it could be argued that suppression would, in some
abstract sense, vindicate defendant's state and federal
constitutional right against illegal searches, it would do so at
a cost our Court has not always found justifiable.
Retroactivity analysis implicitly recognizes that, where
retrospective application of a new rule of law will inflict
major disruption on the criminal justice system, some defendants
will not get the benefit of the new rule even if it implicates
constitutional rights. Thus, in declining to give retroactive
application to new search and seizure rulings -- and to various
other criminal law rulings, see, e.g., Henderson, supra, 208
N.J. at 302, -- the Court necessarily deprives some defendants
of an avenue to vindicate newly-recognized rights.
In the very narrow circumstances presented here, we
conclude that Harris and by analogy, Davis, signal the correct
path to our decision. We recognize that there are doctrinal
differences between the reasoning in Davis and in Harris. For
example, Davis rested in part on the good faith exception
20 A-5748-12T4
articulated in Leon, which our Court rejected in Novembrino.
But at the heart of both opinions is the same core of common
sense.
"In this case, the State does not seek to admit the fruits
of unlawful police conduct since the police fully complied with
the law in effect at the time they acted." Skidmore, supra, 253
N.J. Super. at 237.13 Consequently, application of the
exclusionary rule here would not serve the rule's principal
purposes articulated by our Court. It would not deter unlawful
police conduct, and it would not meaningfully safeguard the
integrity of our judicial process. It is one thing for our
courts to eschew involvement in admitting evidence seized
unlawfully. It is another thing entirely to exclude evidence
seized in conformity with the law as it existed at the time of
the seizure. Consequently, we reverse the trial court's order
suppressing the blood evidence.
In reaching this conclusion, we emphasize the unusual
circumstances of this case, where (a) the United States Supreme
Court issued a new search and seizure rule that was more
13
Skidmore involved a retroactivity analysis of State v.
Hempele, 120 N.J. 182 (1990), which held that police searches of
curbside garbage required a warrant. Skidmore concluded that
because Hempele represented a dramatic break with prior law, it
would not be applied retroactively. Id. at 238. Skidmore,
therefore, did not reach the issue of whether the exclusionary
rule would apply if the Hempele ruling were retroactive.
21 A-5748-12T4
restrictive than existing precedent from our Supreme Court; (b)
at the time the search was conducted, it was authorized by
settled precedent from our Supreme Court; and (c) had the new
rule been issued by our Supreme Court as an interpretation of
the New Jersey Constitution, it would not have been applied
retroactively.
[At the direction of the court pursuant to
R. 1:36-2(a), the discussion addressing the
defendant's appeal in Part II has been
omitted from the published version of the
opinion.]
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for trial.
22 A-5748-12T4
State of New Jersey v. Timothy Adkins
Court: New Jersey Superior Court Appellate Division
Date filed: 2013-12-20
Citations: 433 N.J. Super. 479, 81 A.3d 680
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