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10URT OF APPEALS D1V I
STATE OF WASHINGTON
2013 DEC 23 AM 10' 10
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DEBRA FULWILER,
No. 69338-7-I
Appellant,
DIVISION ONE
ARCHON GROUP, L.P., a foreign entity
WHITEHALL STREET REAL ESTATE,
L.P., a foreign entity, W2007 SEATTLE
OFFICE 10700 BUILDING REALTY, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
LLC, a Delaware limited liability
company; WA-10700 BUILDING, LLC,
a Delaware limited liability company;
CB RICHARD ELLIS, INC., a Delaware
Corporation; and BELLEVUE COLLEGE
(formerly BELLEVUE COMMUNITY
COLLEGE) (BCC)), a division of the
STATE OF WASHINGTON,
Respondent. FILED: December 23. 2013
Spearman, A.C.J. — Deborah Fulwiler commenced this premises liability
personal injury action to recover for injuries from a fall on a set ofexterior steps
at Bellevue College's north campus. The trial court granted the defendants'
motions for summary judgment. Because there is sufficient evidence to raise
issues of material fact regarding Fulwiler's claims, we reverse.
No. 69338-7-1/2
FACTS
On September 5, 2008 at about 10:45 a.m., Debra Fulwiler and her friend
visited an office building located at 10700 Northrup Way, Bellevue, Washington.
Archon Group, Whitehall Street Real Estate, W2007 Seattle Office 10700
Building Realty, LLC, WA-10700 Building (collectively, Archon) owned the
building. CB Richard Ellis, Inc. (CBRE) provided property management services.
Bellevue College, (herein, BC) leased the building, inclusive of use of the exterior
steps and parking lot.
Fulwilertestified at her deposition that she met her friend at BC in order to
show her friend where to register for classes and to visitthe bookstore before
having lunch at another location. Fulwiler had previously taken a class at BC, but
was not attending or registering herself for class at that time. In order to enter the
building, both women climbed the staircase at issue in this case.
Both Fulwiler and her friend visited the bookstore and browsed for books.
In a declaration filed in response to the defendants' motions for summary
judgment, Fulwiler stated that her friend did make a purchase at the bookstore.1
Fulwiler also stated that she had intended to purchase a book ifshe found
something she liked, but, after asking a bookstore employee some questions
about a book, she opted not to purchase it.
1The defendants moved the trial court to strike Fulwiler's declaration and the declarations
ofherexperts, Thomas Baird and Gary Sloan, on the grounds thatthey contradicted Fulwiler's
deposition testimony and thus could not be used to create an issue of material fact. But the order
granting the defendants' summary judgment motions states that the court considered each of the
declarations objected to, thus implicitly denying the motions to strike. Thedefendants did not
cross appeal this ruling. Thus, Fulwiler's declaration and those ofher experts are part of the
record on review.
No. 69338-7-1/3
About 15 minutes later, Fulwiler and her friend emerged from the
bookstore and headed toward their parked cars. Fulwiler's friend preceded her
down the stairs without incident. Fulwiler testified that she walked down the
upper section of the stairs herself without incident. Then, she "lost her balance
and fell" on the lower section of the stairs. Clerk's Papers (CP) at 3. She further
testified that: "you cannot hardly tell one step from the other here. And that's
what I believe that's why I fell.... I couldn't see the step." [sic]. CP at 119. In her
declaration, she stated that she relied heavily on the handrail while descending
the stairs. She stated that she grasped the handrail and, as her foot was in
motion leaving the first step, she naturally looked down for cues about where to
place her foot on the next step. As she did so, the individual steps of the
aggregate rock stairs blended together so that the steps were indiscernible from
one another. Fulwiler fell down the stairs on the aggregate rock cement. Injuries
to her ankle sustained in the fall left her permanently disabled after multiple
surgeries.
Fulwiler commenced this action alleging that all defendants were negligent
in maintaining the stairs and/or failing to warn of their unsafe condition.2
Fulwiler's response to the defendants' motions for summary judgment, included
2In her complaint, Fulwiler also advanced a res ipsa loquitur theory, butabandoned it in
her response to defendants' motions for summary judgment.
No. 69338-7-1/4
her declaration and detailed declarations from two experts.3 The trial court
granted the motions for summary judgment. Fulwiler appeals.
DISCUSSION
We review summary judgment decisions de novo. Ranger Ins. Co. v.
Pierce County. 164 Wn.2d 545, 552, 192 P.3d 886 (2008). Summary judgment is
proper ifthere is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. CR 56(c). A genuine issue of material fact
exists if "reasonable minds could differ on the facts controlling the outcome of the
litigation." Ranger Ins. Co.. 164 Wn.2d at 552 (citing Wilson v. Steinbach. 98
Wn.2d 434, 437, 656 P.2d 1030 (1982)). When determining whether an issue of
material fact exists, the court must construe all facts and inferences in favor of
the nonmoving party, jd.
Summary judgment is subject to a burden-shifting scheme. IcL The initial
3Thomas K. Baird, a safety expert, and the principal ofSafety Systems America, Inc.,
submitted a declaration in this case. Mr. Baird opined that the subject stairs are "unreasonably
hazardous and dangerous because there was no contrast on the nosings of the steps in order for
Debra Fulwiler to adequately identify the step edge. This hazardous condition presented an
unreasonable risk of injury to her as she walked down the stairs." CP at150-151. He further
opined that this risk "was foreseeable such that the owner or occupier of the subject property
should discover the condition through reasonable care, and should realize, not only that it
involves an unreasonable risk to persons using the stairs, but that it is a danger that someone
using the stairs would not realize and would not be prepared to protect themselves from." Jd. He
also stated that the stairs do not comply with the "American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) F1637-95 Standard Practice for Safe Walking Surfaces,... a nationally recognized
consensus safety standard; that the rise and run of the stairway exceeded the 3/8" variance
allowed under the 1979 Uniform Building Code (UBC); and opined that the excessive variance in
the rise and run of the stairs may have been a contributing factor in Fulwiler's fall on the stairs.
CP at 150-152.
Gary Sloan, Ph.D., a human factors expert, measured the luminance of the stairs and
concluded, "there was little difference in brightness between the nosing of the middle landing and
the tread of the step immediately below it...." CP at 220. He stated that in his opinion there was
"inadequate contrast" between the stair landing and the steps, and that the aggregate rock of the
stairs created a camouflaging effect. CP at 220. In addition, Dr. Sloan opined that the height of
the handrails of the stairwell may have contributed to Fulwiler's fall and the stairwell posed an
unnecessary risk to pedestrians that should have been appreciated by defendants.
No. 69338-7-1/5
burden to show the nonexistence of a genuine issue of material fact is on the
moving party. ]dj. see also Vallandigham v. Clover Park School Dist. No. 400. 154
Wn.2d 16, 26, 109 P.3d 805 (2005). For example, a defendant may move for
summary judgment by showing that there is an absence of evidence to support
the plaintiff's case. Sligar v. Odell, 156 Wn. App. 720, 725, 233 P.3d 914 (2010),
review denied. 170 Wn.2d 1019, 245 P.3d 772 (2011) (citing Young v. Key
Pharm.. Inc., 112 Wn.2d 216, 225 n.1, 770 P.2d 182 (1989) (citing Celotex Corp.
v. Catrett. 477 U.S. 317, 325, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986))). Once this
initial showing is made, the inquiry shifts to the plaintiff to "make a showing
sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to [its] case .. . ." Jd,
at 725 (citing Celotex. 477 U.S. at 322). In a negligence action, a plaintiff bears
the burden of proving four basic elements: (1) the existence of a duty, (2) breach
of that duty, (3) resulting injury, and (4) causation.4 Coleman v. Hoffman, 115
Wn. App. 853, 858, 64 P.3d 65 (2003) (citing Tincani v. Inland Empire Zoological
Soc'v. 124 Wn.2d 121,127-28, 875 P.2d 621 (1994)). Ifany of these elements
cannot be met as a matter of law, summary judgment for the defendants is
proper.
Duty
The legal duty owed by a possessor of land to a person entering the
premises depends on whether the entrantfalls underthe common law category
4It is undisputed that Fulwiler's evidence was sufficient to withstand summary judgment
on the elements of cause in fact and injury.
No. 69338-7-1/6
of a trespasser, licensee, or invitee.5 See. Younce v. Ferguson. 106 Wn.2d 658,
662, 724 P.2d 991 (1986). A business invitee is "'a person who is invited to enter
or remain on land for a purpose directly or indirectly connected with business
dealings with the possessor of the land.'" Beebe v. Moses. 113 Wn. App. 464,
467, 54 P.3d 188 (2002) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 332
(1965)). It is well established that an actual sale need not take place for a
potential customer to be considered a business invitee. Kinsman v. Barton & Co..
141 Wash. 311, 314, 251 P. 563 (1926) (even a "window shopper" is a business
invitee, and visitors to a store are business invitees even if they do not make a
purchase, the mere possibility of a future purchase being sufficient). An indirect
business purpose on the property is sufficient for classification as a business
invitee. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 332 (1965) comment f ("It is not
necessary that the visitor's purpose be to enter into immediate business dealings
with the possessor. The benefit to the possessor may be indirect and in the
future."); see, e^, Fuentes v. Port of Seattle. 119 Wn. App. 864, 868-69, 82 P.3d
1175 (2003) (A motorist, who was a victim of carjacking while waiting to pick up
passenger disembarking from airplane at airport, was an invitee, not a mere
licensee because the motorist's purpose for being at the pick-up drive was
connected to airport business, and port authority provided pick-up drive for
specific purpose for which she was there).
5Bellevue College contends that we may only consider Fulwiler's complaint and
deposition testimony to determine her status in relation to her visit to the bookstore. It then argues
that based on that evidence, Fulwiler's status is that of a licensee. As indicated above, the trial
court implicitly denied the motion to strike the declarations of Fulwiler and her experts and
Bellevue College did not appeal this ruling. Thus, on appellate review we consider the entire
record that was before the trial court.
No. 69338-7-1/7
Moreover, a person who enters land incidental to business relations of the
possessor and a third party is also a business invitee. Restatement (Second) of
Torts § 332 (1965) comment g ("Visits incidental to business relations of
possessor and third persons. It is not necessary that the visitor shall himself be
upon the land for the purposes of the possessor's business. The visit may be for
the convenience or arise out of the necessities of others who are themselves
upon the land for such a purpose. Thus those who go to a hotel to pay social
calls upon the guests or to a railway station to meet passengers or bid them
farewell, are business visitors, since it is part of the business of the hotelkeeper
and railway to afford the guest and passengers such conveniences. So too, a
child taken by a mother or nurse to a shop is a business visitor; and this is true
irrespective of whether it is necessary for the customer to take the child with her
in order to visit the shop.") see also. Farrier v. Levin. 176 Cal.App.2d 791, 1 Cal.
Rptr. 742 (1959) (person accompanying friend into store where friend intended to
make a purchase was an invitee); Gustafson v. Mathews. 109 lll.App.3d 884, 441
N.E.2d 388 (1982) (children accompanying father to tavern were invitees in
tavern parking lot).
Here, Fulwiler stated in her declaration that she intended to purchase a
book if she saw one she liked, and asked a bookstore employee about a book.
Although she did not make a purchase herself, she was, at least arguably,
"window shopping." She also testified to facts establishing that her visit to the
property was incidental to business relations between the possessor and a third
person, namely the sale of the book to her friend at the BC bookstore.
No. 69338-7-1/8
Additionally, Fulwiler's other purpose for entering the property (to facilitate her
friend's enrollment in a course), which is undisputed by the parties, arguably,
albeit indirectly, conferred a business benefit on BC, whose primary mission and
purpose is to provide such educational course offerings to the community. These
facts, if believed by a jury, are sufficient to establish Fulwiler's status as a
business invitee.
A possessor of land is liable to invitees for injury-causing conditions if he
or she:
"(a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would
discover the condition, and should realize that it involves an
unreasonable risk of harm to such invitees, and
(b) should expect that they will not discover or realize the
clanger, or will fail to protect themselves against it, and
(c) fails to exercise reasonable care to protect them against
the danger."
Tincani. 124 Wn.2d at 138, (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343
(1965)). However, the duty only arises if and when the first condition is met. See.
Iwai v. State. 129 Wn.2d 84, 93-95, 915 P.2d 1089 (1996). Archon, CBRE and
BC assert that Fulwiler fails to establish either actual or constructive notice.
Fulwiler concedes there is no evidence that the defendants had actual
notice of the alleged dangerous condition but argues that the evidence is
sufficient to establish constructive notice. Constructive notice arises when a
dangerous condition "'has existed for such time as would have afforded [the
possessor] sufficient opportunity, in the exercise of ordinary care, to have made a
proper inspection of the premises and to have removed the danger.'" Ingersoll v.
DeBartolo. Inc.. 123 Wn.2d 649, 652, 869 P.2d 1014 (1994) (quoting Smith v.
8
No. 69338-7-1/9
Manning's. Inc.. 13 Wn.2d 573, 580, 126 P.2d 44 (1942)). "Ordinarily, it is a
question of fact for the jury, whether under all of the circumstances, a defective
condition existed long enough so that it would have been discovered by an owner
exercising reasonable care." Morton v. Lee. 75 Wn.2d 393, 397, 450 P.2d 957
(1969) (quoting Presnell v. Safeway Stores. Inc.. 60 Wn.2d 671, 374 P.2d 939
(1962)). "Constructive notice to the [defendant] may be inferred from the elapse
of time a dangerous condition is permitted to continue when it is long enough to
be able to say that [the defendant] ought to have known about the condition.
Holland v. City of Auburn. 161 Wash. 594, 297 P. 769 [(1931)]." Nibaroer v. City
of Seattle. 53 Wn.2d 228, 332 P.2d 463 (1958) (holding that, as a matter of law,
the passage of 15 hours after formation of a dangerous condition of accumulated
snow and ice is insufficient to constitute constructive notice, but noting that the
passage of six or seven days raises a jury question).
In the present case, the defendants do not claim to have performed
regular inspections or maintenance of the stairs in question or that they could not
have reasonably been expected to discover the alleged dangerous condition.
They point to photographs of the stairs and argue simply that the stairs were not
unsafe. Thus, they contend there was nothing for them to take notice of or to
warn Fulwiler about. They also rely on the fact that no prior incidents of similar
falls had been reported. In response, Fulwiler contends that she has presented
sufficient evidence to create an issue of material fact on whether, in the exercise
of ordinary care, the defendants should have discovered the alleged unsafe
condition. She points to the approximately 25 years the stairs had been in
No. 69338-7-1/10
existence and the expert testimony regarding the stairs' condition and the ability
to reasonably ascertain the danger they presented. We agree this evidence is
sufficient to create a factual dispute about whether the condition of the stairs was
unsafe and if so, whether the defendants should have been on notice of that
condition.
The defendants also argue that, even ifthey had notice, they had no duty
to warn Fulwiler because the alleged unsafe condition was open and obvious.
Where an alleged unsafe condition is both obvious and known to the plaintiff, the
defendants owe no duty to warn of this condition. Mele v. Turner. 106 Wn.2d 73,
80, 720 P.2d 787 (1986); Seiberv. Poulsbo Marine Center. Inc.. 136 Wn. App.
731, 740, 150 P.3d 633 (2007). But an exception to this rule may apply, where it
is shown that the defendant should anticipate harm to the invitee,
notwithstanding such knowledge or obviousness. See e.g.. Suriano v. Sears.
Roebuck & Co.. 117 Wn. App. 819, 72 P.3d 1097 (2003); Deoel v. Majestic
Mobile Manor. Inc.. 129 Wn.2d 43, 50, 914 P.2d 728 (1996). In this
circumstance, the defendant may owe an additional duty to remove or warn of
the danger regardless of its obvious nature. Tincani. 124 Wn.2d at 139-40.
"Distraction, forgetfulness, or foreseeable, reasonable advantages from
encountering the danger" are factors which trigger a responsibility to warn of, or
make safe, known or obvious dangers, jd, at 140. Whether the possessor should
anticipate such harm is a question for the jury. Mavnard v. Sisters of Providence.
72 Wn. App. 878, 866 P.2d 1272 (1994).
10
No. 69338-7-1/11
Fulwiler successfully raised a genuine issue of material fact on the issue
of constructive notice. The determination of whether the alleged dangerous
condition was open and obvious and, if so, whether the defendants should
nonetheless have anticipated injury from the condition, were questions for the
jury.
Breach
As discussed above, a possessor of land breaches the duty of care owed
to invitees if the possessor has actual or constructive notice of an unsafe
condition and fails to exercise reasonable care to protect the invitee against the
danger. Iwai, 129 Wn.2d at 93-94 (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343
(1965)). Reasonable care requires a landowner to inspect for dangerous
conditions, "'followed by such repair, safeguards, or warning as may be
reasonably necessary for [the invitee's] protection under the circumstances.'"
Tincani. 124 Wn.2d at 139 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343, cmt.
b).
Here, Fulwiler offers two expert reports detailing the potential perils of the
staircase, the various nonconformities with building codes, and several relatively
easy repairs the defendants could have made to protect their invitees. In
response, the defendants note that "[t]he lack of yellow paint at the front of each
step does not, as a matter of law, render a staircase unreasonably dangerous.
Staircases that are all the same color or texture are ubiquitous in King County &
Seattle." Brief of Respondents, Archon and CBRE at 15 (citing CP at 254-66).
While it may generally be true that the lack of distinguishing colors or textures on
11
No. 69338-7-1/12
steps does not make them, as a matter of law, "unreasonably dangerous," it is a
factual determination for the jury whether the lack of such demarcation, or other
safeguards or warnings, made the specific staircase in this case unreasonably
dangerous. We conclude that Fulwiler sufficiently established the breach element
of her claim to withstand summary judgment.
Proximate Cause
The issue of proximate cause is generally a question of fact for the jury
and not subject to determination at summary judgment as a matter of law. Ruff v.
County of King. 125 Wn.2d 697, 703-04, 887 P.2d 886 (1995); Bernethv v. Walt
Failor's Inc.. 97 Wn.2d 929, 935, 653 P.2d 280 (1982). Because the question of
proximate cause is for the jury, "it is only when the facts are undisputed and the
inferences therefrom are plain and incapable of reasonable doubt or difference of
opinion that it may be a question of law for the court." Bernethv. 97 Wn.2d at 935.
However, summary judgment is proper where the plaintiff lacks evidence that her
injuries stemmed from the defendant's negligence. Little v. Countrvwood Homes.
Inc.. 132 Wn. App. 777, 133 P.3d 944 (2006).
Circumstantial evidence is sufficient to establish a prima facie case of
negligence, if it affords room for reasonable minds to conclude that there is a
greater probability that the conduct relied upon was the proximate cause of the
injury than there is that it was not. Hernandez v. Western Farmers Ass'n. 76
Wn.2d 422, 426, 456 P.2d 1020 (1969). But, the nonmoving party may not rely
on mere speculation or argumentative assertions that unresolved factual issues
remain. Marshall v. Ballv's Pacwest. Inc.. 94 Wn. App. 372, 377, 972 P.2d 475
12
No. 69338-7-1/13
(1999). A cause of action may be said to be speculative when, from a
consideration of all of the facts, it is as likely that it happened from one cause as
another. Rasmussen v. Bendotti. 107 Wn. App. 947, 959, 29 P.3d 56 (2001).
Citing Reese v. Stroh. 128 Wn.2d 300, 309, 907 P.2d 282 (1995), the
defendants assert that Fulwiler offers only a speculative explanation of what
caused her injury, and that such speculation is not enough to establish proximate
cause on summary judgment. They argued in her testimony that she "did not
know" how she fell likens her case to Seiber. 136 Wn. App. 731, Little, supra.,
and Gardner v. Seymour. 27 Wn.2d 802,809, 180 P.2d 564 (1947). These cases
are not controlling.
In Seiber. the plaintiff suffered injuries under similar circumstances to
those present here: she fell down some steps leading from a boardwalk to the
street. Seiber claimed the stairs posed an unreasonable risk of harm because
they lacked distinguishing colors or textures and were otherwise out of
compliance with building codes. Seiber could not recall any of the specifics of
how she fell, nor did she claim any specific breach on part of the defendants. Her
theory of the defendant's negligence was that "'[i]f everything would have been
right, [she] wouldn't have fallen.'" ]d. at 734. Seiber did not sue the possessor or
owner of the property in question (the boardwalk). Rather, she sued the
possessor and owner of the adjacent building, where she had been shopping
prior to her fall. \± at 733. We held that a person in control of a property abutting
a public sidewalk is not an insurer of pedestrian safety and affirmed summary
13
No. 69338-7-1/14
judgment on the basis that Seiber failed to establish duty and breach. We never
reached Seiber's claims that she established proximate cause.
In Little, the plaintiff was a contractor's employee who had been injured in
a fall from a ladder. He had no memory of the accident and offered no witness
testimony as to the cause of his injury. We affirmed the trial court's summary
judgment for the contractor, holding that he failed to establish proximate cause
because he did not present any evidence that would have allowed a reasonable
person to infer, without speculating, that the contractor's negligence was more
probably than not what caused the accident, jd. at 780-81.
In Gardner, our Supreme Court upheld summary judgment for the
defendant where the plaintiff failed to offer any evidence to support her theory of
the defendant's negligence in causing the accident. In Gardner, an employee had
fallen down a freight elevator shaft and died. jd. No one witnessed the
employee's fall. jd. His widow sued the employer, jd. The widow asserted that
the employee fell through open doors after another employee had manipulated
the cables to move the elevator to another floor. ]d. at 806. The Court found, in
the absence of supporting evidence or testimony, it was equally likely that he
could have been manipulating the cables himself, lost his balance, and fallen into
the empty shaft. Id The Court held that "'no legitimate inference can be drawn
that an accident happened in a certain way by simply showing that it might have
happened in that way, and without further showing that it could not reasonably
have happened in any other way.'" id. at 810 (quoting Whitehouse v. Bryant
Lumber & Shingle Mill Co.. 50 Wash. 563, 565, 97 P. 751 (1908)).
14
No. 69338-7-1/15
In Little and Gardner, the plaintiffs offered no evidence of why the injured
party fell (the cause of the injuries). They could not provide any such evidence
because the injured party either did not remember what happened or was
deceased and there were no witnesses. Accordingly, their claims were dismissed
because the plaintiffs' theory of the defendant's negligence was based on mere
speculation. See also. Marshall. 94 Wn. App. at 378-80 (affirming summary
judgment for failure to establish proximate cause where plaintiff could not
remember the circumstances surrounding her fall from a treadmill and resulting
head injury, and offered no theory explaining that her injuries resulted from the
breach of a duty by health club, treadmill manufacturer, or treadmill repairer.)
In contrast, Fulwiler does offer evidence of why she fell. She testified that
she fell because she was unable to distinguish one step from another; she
elaborated on this testimony in her declaration. She also presented two expert
declarations that corroborate her assertion that the steps were difficult to
distinguish and opine that this condition probably contributed to her fall. This
evidence is sufficient to create a factual dispute about the reason for Fulwiler's
fall and whether the defendants breached their duty to exercise reasonable care
in maintaining the steps and/or warning pedestrians. We find that Fulwiler made
a sufficient showing of proximate cause to withstand summary judgment.
Conclusion
Because Fulwiler successfully raised a genuine issue of material fact as to
the disputed elements of her claim, it was errorto grant the defendants' motions
for summary judgment.
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No. 69338-7-1/16
Reversed.
WE CONCUR:
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16