People v. Bradley CA4/1

Filed 1/10/14 P. v. Bradley CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE, D061208

Plaintiff and Respondent,
(Super. Ct. No. SCD226810)
v.
ORDER MODIFYING OPINION
TAMAR ANTOINE BRADLEY et al., AND DENYING PETITION
FOR REHEARING
Defendants and Appellants.
[NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]

THE COURT:

Appellant Troy Marsalis Davis's Petition for Rehearing filed on January 7, 2013, is

denied.

It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on December 18, 2013, is modified as

follows:

Section V on page 19 is deleted in its entirety and replaced as follows:

V. Claims of Constitutional and Cumulative Error

In view of our conclusions rejecting the claims of error, we also reject contentions

that the claimed errors (1) violate federal and state constitutional rights to due process
and a fair trial (see People v. Schmeck (2005) 37 Cal.4th 240, 288), and (2) created a

cumulative effect of error requiring reversal.

There is no change in the judgment.

MCCONNELL, P. J.

Copies to: All parties

2
Filed 12/18/13 P. v. Bradley CA 4/1 (unmodifed version)
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE, D061208

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD226810)

TAMAR ANTOINE BRADLEY et al.,

Defendants and Appellants.

APPEAL from judgments of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Leo

Valentine, Jr., Judge. As to appellant Bradley, affirmed. As to appellant Davis, affirmed

as modified.

Barbara A. Smith, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant Tamar Antoine Bradley.

Jean Matulis, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant Troy Marsalis Davis.
 Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Anthony DaSilva and Susan

Miller, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

Tamar Antoine Bradley and Troy Marsalis Davis were convicted of various

offenses arising from their participation in an insurance fraud scheme involving the

purposeful causing of motor vehicle accidents. They argue the trial court erred by failing

to grant their motions to sever their trials from that of other codefendants. Appellant

Davis also asserts the trial court erred by (1) failing to sua sponte instruct the jury that it

should decide whether there was a single conspiracy or multiple conspiracies; (2)

instructing the jury on evidence of uncharged offenses; and (3) admitting evidence of a

family relationship chart. We reject these contentions.

Concerning sentencing issues, Davis asserts (1) the amount of a state court

construction penalty exceeded the amount authorized under the statutes in existence when

he committed the offenses, and (2) a booking fee was improperly imposed without a

showing that he had the ability to pay it. We reject Davis's challenge to the booking fee,

but agree that the amount of his state court construction penalty exceeded the authorized

amount.

Accordingly, we modify Davis's judgment to correct the amount of the state court

construction penalty. We affirm Bradley's judgment.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Appellants Davis and Bradley, along with numerous other persons, participated in

a scheme whereby, on five occasions in 2008 and 2009, the participants intentionally

2
caused motor vehicle accidents so they could collect monies from insurance companies.

The vehicle that caused the accident is referred to as the "hammer" car, and the vehicle

that was hit is referred to as the "nail" car. Typically, the staged collision scenario

involved a person reporting a vehicle as stolen; the purportedly stolen vehicle operating

as the hammer car; the persons in the nail vehicle reporting the hammer car driver as

having fled the scene; and the scheme participants filing insurance claims based on

damages arising from the incident.

The staged collision scheme included (among others) seven persons who are

directly related to appellants Davis or Bradley. These relatives include: (1) four of

Davis's cousins (Rodney Martin, Jiaire Martin, Wade Torbert, and Darryl Key, who are

brothers or half-brothers to each other); (2) another one of Davis's cousins (Frank

Torbert); (3) Bradley's father (Wade Bradley); and (4) Bradley's uncle (Edward Savage).

Appellant Davis's cousin Wade Torbert was also appellant Bradley's half-brother. Other

people involved in the scheme also had family ties to Davis or Bradley, including

Michael Jones who was the cousin of Bradley's uncle Savage, and Shareese Spence

whose mother was married to another one of Bradley's uncles. After an unsuccessful

severance motion, appellants were jointly tried with seven other codefendants, consisting

of Davis's cousins (Rodney Martin and Key); Davis's cousin and Bradley's half-brother

3
(Wade Torbert); Bradley's father (Wade Bradley); Bradley's uncle (Savage); and two

other individuals (George Thomas and Lachae White).1

The prosecution charged numerous insurance fraud counts based on five distinct

car collisions, occurring on January 18, 2008, March 10, 2008, April 29, 2008, January 5,

2009, and February 2, 2009. Davis was charged in the first and second incidents, on the

basis that he had rented the nail car and was a passenger in the nail car during the first

incident, and he reported the hammer car stolen for the second incident. Bradley was

charged in the fourth incident, on the basis that he was a passenger in the nail car during

this incident.

With respect to the first charged incident on January 18, 2008, the hammer car was

reported stolen by its owner a few months before the collision, and it may have been in

the possession of appellant Bradley's father (Wade Bradley) prior to the January 18

collision. Appellant Davis rented the nail car the day before the accident. The police

were told that at the time of the accident, Davis's cousin (Rodney Martin) was driving the

nail car, and the passengers in the car included Davis and two of his other cousins (Jiaire

Martin and Wade Torbert).2 Rodney Martin told the police that the driver of the hammer

car fled on foot.

Regarding the second charged incident on March 10, 2008, the hammer car was

owned by appellant Davis, and Davis had reported it stolen about two months before the

1 At times we identify individuals by both their first and last names to avoid
confusion when the surnames overlap.
2 Two minors were also in the nail car.
4
accident. The police were told that the nail car was being driven by appellant Bradley's

father (Wade Bradley), and its passengers were appellant Bradley's uncle (Savage) and

Savage's cousin (Jones). Wade Bradley told the police that the driver of the hammer car

ran away.

With respect to the third charged incident on April 29, 2008, the hammer vehicle

had been rented by appellant Bradley's relative-by-marriage (Spence), and the night of

the collision Spence reported that it had been stolen. The police were told that Thomas

was driving the nail vehicle, and that the passengers in the nail vehicle were appellant

Davis's cousins (Frank Torbert and Key) and two other persons (Jay Anderson and

Lachae White).3 Frank Torbert and Thomas told the police that the driver of the hammer

vehicle left the scene.

For the fourth charged incident on January 5, 2009, Thomas reported the hammer

vehicle (a rented vehicle) as stolen the night of the January 5 collision. The police were

told that appellant Davis's cousin (Jiaire Martin) was the driver of the nail car, and the

nail car's passengers were appellant Bradley and appellant Davis's cousin (Rodney

Martin). According to the nail-car occupants, the driver of the hammer vehicle fled the

scene.

With respect to the fifth charged incident on February 2, 2009, appellant Davis's

cousin (Key) had reported the hammer car as stolen about four months before the

collision. The nail-car driver (Mary Lett) told the police that the hammer-car driver had

3 Anderson was a cousin of Frank Torbert, and Frank Torbert was a cousin of
appellant Davis.
5
entered another car and fled the scene. Lett later pled guilty and testified at trial that she

had agreed to participate in a "fake car crash" arranged by her ex-boyfriend (Anderson,

who had participated in the April 29, 2008 staged collision).

For the five incidents, the typical scenario was that persons in the nail car

complained of pain; they were transported by ambulance to the hospital; and they

thereafter sought (and frequently obtained) monies from insurance companies for their

claimed damages.

Jury Verdict

Appellant Davis was charged with four insurance fraud offenses for incident one,

and the same four offenses for incident two (counts 1 through 8). Appellant Bradley was

charged with the same four offenses for incident four (counts 13 through 16). The four

insurance fraud offenses associated with the incidents are set forth in Penal Code section

550 (section 550). The relevant section 550 provisions state that it is unlawful to do, or

assist or conspire with another person to do, any of the following: (1) present a false

claim for the payment of a loss or injury (§ 550, subd. (a)(1)); (2) cause a vehicular

collision for the purpose of presenting a false claim (§ 550, subd. (a)(3)); (3) present a

false claim for the payment of a loss for theft or damage to a vehicle (§ 550, subd. (a)(4));

and (4) present a false statement in support of a claim for payment under an insurance

policy (§ 550, subd. (b)(1)).4

4 Section 550 states in relevant part: "(a) It is unlawful to do any of the following,
or to aid, abet, solicit, or conspire with any person to do any of the following: [¶] (1)
Knowingly present or cause to be presented any false or fraudulent claim for the payment
6
 The jury convicted Davis and Bradley as charged. Appellants were granted

probation conditioned on local jail time.

DISCUSSION

I. Denial of Severance Motions

Appellants argue the trial court erred in denying their motions to sever their trials

from that of other codefendants so that the only incidents that would be tried at their

respective trials would be the incidents in which they actually participated (i.e., incidents

one and two for Davis, and incident four for Bradley). They contend that under the rule

of People v. Ortiz (1978) 22 Cal.3d 38 (Ortiz), severed trials were mandatory because

they were not jointly charged with all the codefendants in any count.

Penal Code section 1098 mandates a joint trial for defendants jointly charged with

an offense, subject to discretionary severance of the trial by the trial court.5 In Ortiz, the

California Supreme Court interpreted Penal Code section 1098 as implicitly directing that

"a joint trial is improper if there is no joint charge." (Ortiz, supra, 22 Cal.3d at p. 43.)

of a loss or injury, including payment of a loss or injury under a contract of insurance.
[¶] . . . [¶] (3) Knowingly cause or participate in a vehicular collision, or any other
vehicular accident, for the purpose of presenting any false or fraudulent claim. [¶] (4)
Knowingly present a false or fraudulent claim for the payments of a loss for theft,
destruction, damage, or conversion of a motor vehicle . . . . [¶] . . . [¶] (b) It is unlawful
to do, or to knowingly assist or conspire with any person to do, any of the following: [¶]
(1) Present or cause to be presented any written or oral statement as part of, or in support
of or opposition to, a claim for payment or other benefit pursuant to an insurance policy,
knowing that the statement contains any false or misleading information concerning any
material fact."
5 Penal Code section 1098 states: "When two or more defendants are jointly
charged with any public offense, whether felony or misdemeanor, they must be tried
jointly, unless the court order[s] separate trials . . . ."

7
Ortiz stated: "[A] defendant may not be tried with others who are charged with different

crimes than those of which he is accused unless he is included in at least one count of the

accusatory pleading with all other defendants with whom he is tried." (Id. at pp. 41, 43

[defendant's trial on robbery charge should have been severed from codefendants' trial on

robbery charge in which defendant had no involvement].)

The Ortiz severance rule is designed to prevent the jury from "hear[ing] evidence

concerning a crime with which defendant had no connection." (People v. Hernandez

(1983) 143 Cal.App.3d 936, 939.) " '[T]he consolidation of . . . separate unconnected

charges for trial' [is] unfairly prejudicial to defendants . . . . ' "A defendant may be

prejudiced if forced to stand trial on one charge with a codefendant or codefendants who

are charged with a distinct and unconnected offense. The charges may be of the same

class and therefore subject to consolidation, but if unconnected and dependent upon

evidence of an entirely different state of facts, one defendant may be prejudiced by

evidence introduced in support of an information charging a second defendant with a

separate offense." ' " (Id. at p. 940, italics added.) "The evil sought to be avoided by

Ortiz [is] the prejudicial impact of irrelevant evidence. In a joint trial of unrelated

offenses, the jury would hear evidence concerning the conduct of defendant's associates,

which evidence would not have been admissible in a separate trial." (Ibid., some italics

added.)

Based on the underlying rationale of Ortiz, appellate courts have concluded that

the Ortiz severance rule is subject to an exception when distinct offenses charged against

separate defendants arose out of a single set of circumstances. (People v. Hernandez,

8
supra, 143 Cal.App.3d at p. 940.) When the offenses arose out of a single set of

circumstances, and the evidence concerning a codefendant's offense would have been

admissible at the defendant's separate trial, there is no concern for the admission of

irrelevant evidence at a joint trial. (Id. at pp. 939-941 [Ortiz severance rule does not

apply when defendants "committed offenses at the same time and place and as part of the

same transaction"]; accord People v. Wickliffe (1986) 183 Cal.App.3d 37, 40-41.)

In the proceedings before the trial court, the prosecutor argued that the Ortiz

severance rule was inapplicable because there was no concern for the prejudicial impact

of irrelevant evidence at a joint trial. In support, the prosecutor asserted that even if the

trials were severed, evidence of the entire car collision scheme would be admissible to

prove each individual incident because the five charged incidents involved similarly-

enacted collisions that were largely carried out by persons who had family connections

and that occurred pursuant to a common plan or overarching conspiracy. During a

lengthy discussion with counsel, the trial court evaluated whether the evidence of the

multiple accidents would be cross-admissible in separate trials, and the court ultimately

decided the evidence would be cross-admissible.

During the discussions, the court reasoned that the multiple-accident evidence was

cross-admissible (1) to prove a common plan which was probative of intent and to

support the individual counts on a conspiracy theory, and (2) to prove an overarching

conspiracy if the prosecutor pursued an uncharged overall conspiracy theory, or amended

the information to allege an overall conspiracy. Given the cross-admissibility of the

evidence, the court ruled the Ortiz severance rule did not apply, and judicial economy

9
warranted a joint trial because the same evidence would be admitted whether the trials

were joined or separate.6 The court also considered Evidence Code section 352 prejudice

concerns based on the danger that the jury would find "guilt by association," and

concluded exclusion was not warranted on this basis since evidence of association

between the defendants was relevant to support culpability under a conspiracy theory. 7

The record supports the trial court's conclusion that if Davis and Bradley had been

afforded separate trials for the incidents in which they personally participated, the

evidence about the other incidents would have been relevant and admissible. At the

preliminary hearing held prior to the trial court's denial of the severance motion,

insurance fraud investigators described how the five charged car collision incidents

occurred; specified the individuals who participated in the five incidents; and described

the family relationships between many of the participants in the incidents. This evidence

6 The court commented that although a joint trial appeared to "violate the holding"
in Ortiz, a joint trial did not "violate[] the spirit" of Ortiz due to the cross-admissibility of
the evidence.

7 After the court made its ruling on the severance motion, the prosecutor reiterated
his position that the Ortiz severance rule was inapplicable, but in an "abundance of
caution" requested leave to amend to allege an overarching conspiracy. The court ruled
that the amendment could be made, reasoning that at the preliminary hearing the
magistrate must have found an overall conspiracy since otherwise there would be
insufficient evidence to bind the case over for a trial on the individual counts. The court
noted that an overall conspiracy count would "cure any Ortiz issues" (since all defendants
would be named in the overall conspiracy count). At the conclusion of the court's ruling
and after further discussion between the court and parties, the prosecutor decided not to
amend the information to allege an overall conspiracy. The prosecutor explained there
was no need to do so because the court had not conditioned denial of the severance
motions on an amendment, and because case law supported the inapplicability of the
Ortiz severance rule even without an overall conspiracy count.

10
(which correlated with the evidence presented at trial) showed that the five charged

incidents involved similar modus operandi, overlapping participants, and numerous

participants with family connections. These circumstances supported that evidence

concerning all of the crashes was relevant to shed light on the state of mind of all

participants, including appellants Davis and Bradley, based on an inference that the

participants were acting pursuant to a common scheme to engage in staged car collisions.

For example, for appellant Davis, if the first and second incidents had been tried

separately from the other incidents, the relevant participants included Davis and several

of his cousins (including Rodney Martin and Jiaire Martin) who participated in the first

incident. The two Martin cousins also participated in the fourth incident. The Martin

cousins' guilty states of mind during the first incident could be inferred from their

participation in a similar-type collision in the fourth incident. (People v. Miller (2000) 81

Cal.App.4th 1427, 1448 [the recurrence of a similar result tends increasingly with each

instance to negate accident or other innocent mental state].) In turn, appellant Davis's

guilty state of mind during the first incident could be inferred from the fact that two of his

companions during the collision (the Martin cousins) went on to repeat similar behavior

on a subsequent occasion (i.e., during the fourth incident). (Id. at pp. 1448-1449

[evidence of codefendant's misconduct without defendant was relevant to show that

defendant acted with same criminal intent during distinct incidents with codefendant

involving common modus operandi].) Further, as to the third and fifth incidents, these

incidents also involved people who were Davis's cousins (Frank Torbert and Key). It

follows that evidence about the third and fifth incidents was relevant to Davis's

11
culpability for the first and second incidents to generally support an inference that Davis

had a guilty state of mind given that his cousins were repeatedly involved in similar

collision incidents and he had joined with some of them to engage in this conduct.

The same reasoning supports the cross-admissibility of evidence concerning the

five incidents for appellant Bradley. For example, if the fourth incident involving

Bradley was tried separately, the relevant participants included Bradley and the two

Martin males (Rodney and Jiaire). Because the two Martins also participated in the first

incident, the first incident was relevant to support their guilty states of mind during the

fourth incident. In turn, the first incident was relevant to support an inference that

Bradley shared the Martins' guilty states of mind during the fourth incident since he was

with the Martins during this incident that mimicked a collision the Martins had engaged

in on a previous occasion. Further, Bradley's father (Wade Bradley) and uncle (Edward

Savage) were involved in the second incident; Bradley's relative-by-marriage (Spence)

was involved in the third incident; and a person (Key) related to Bradley's half-brother

(Wade Torbert) was involved in the third and fifth incidents.8 Given Bradley's family

ties with the participants in the second, third, and fifth incidents, evidence about these

other incidents was generally relevant to support an inference that Bradley was apprised

of what was occurring and intentionally participated in the fourth incident.

In short, the similar and intertwined nature of the five collision incidents supported

that evidence about the five collisions was cross-admissible on the issues of a common

8 Wade Torbert is half-brother to both Key (same mother, different fathers) and
appellant Bradley (same father, different mothers).
12
scheme and the defendant's intent in a separate trial adjudicating distinct incidents. That

is, the evidence about all the incidents was relevant to a participant's intent during a

single incident because the jury could reasonably infer that the factual similarity and

overlapping participants and family relationships reflected that the participants knew

what was occurring and were part of an overall scheme to stage multiple accidents.

Because there was no concern that a joint trial would result in the admission of otherwise

inadmissible evidence, the Ortiz concern about irrelevant evidence was not applicable,

and it follows that the Ortiz severance rule was not implicated.

As noted by appellants, the cases setting forth the same-transaction exception to

the Ortiz severance rule involved crimes committed by the defendants at the same time

and place. (People v. Hernandez, supra, 143 Cal.App.3d at pp. 939-940; People v.

Wickliffe, supra, 183 Cal.App.3d at pp. 40-41.) Although this case involves multiple

separate occurrences, this distinction does not alter the fact that the underlying concern in

Ortiz for admission of irrelevant evidence is equally absent here. Under these

circumstances, the trial court did not err in finding the Ortiz severance rule inoperative.

Alternatively, for the same reason, even if the denial of the severance ruling was

improper under Ortiz, the error was harmless. Severance error requires reversal "only

upon a showing 'of a reasonable probability that the defendant would have obtained a

more favorable result at a separate trial.' " (Ortiz, supra, 22 Cal.3d at p. 46.) Because the

evidence about the five incidents was relevant and admissible on the issues of common

scheme and each participant's intent during the distinct incidents, there is no reasonable

probability the outcome of separate trials would have been more favorable to appellants.

13
 Appellants assert that the trial court's conclusion that there was evidence of an

overall scheme or conspiracy supporting cross-admissibility was contrary to an

investigator's testimony at the preliminary hearing that there were two separate groups

engaging in the car collision accidents. This contention is based on an incorrect

summation of the preliminary hearing evidence. The investigator testified that there were

essentially two separate groups staging car collisions in San Diego county; the first group

had already been prosecuted; and the second group (in which there were numerous family

connections) was charged in the current complaint.9

Appellants also assert that a common scheme or overall conspiracy could not

support cross-admissibility of evidence because there was no evidence that they agreed to

engage in such a scheme. The assertion is unavailing. To support culpability under a

conspiracy theory, it is not necessary to show that the parties met and actually agreed to

perform the crime or that they had previously arranged a detailed plan; rather the

evidence is sufficient if it shows they positively or tacitly came to a mutual understanding

to commit the crime. (People v. Prevost (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1382, 1399.) A

conspiracy may be proven by circumstantial evidence inferred from the conduct,

relationship, interests and activities of the alleged conspirators before and during the

alleged conspiracy. (Ibid.) The preliminary hearing evidence reflecting that the five

9 The investigator explained that a person involved in the already-prosecuted first
group (Jay Anderson) had family connections to several people in the second group, but
there was otherwise not "really much relational crossover between the other parties" in
the two groups; accordingly, the authorities viewed the participants as "kind of two
separate groups."
14
charged incidents involved a similar modus operandi, overlapping participants, and

participants with family connections provided sufficient circumstantial evidence to

support that there was a tacit agreement between the participants in the accidents to join

in a staged collision scheme, which allowed for cross-admissibility of the evidence in

separate trials.

Appellants further argue that the prosecutor could not properly charge a

conspiracy under the general conspiracy statute (Penal Code section 182) because the

section 550 insurance fraud statute is a specific conspiracy statute that governs the

alleged misconduct. We need not delve into this argument because the prosecutor elected

not to amend the information to include an overall conspiracy count (see fn. 7, ante), and

the court's cross-admissibility ruling was not dependent on any such amendment.

Appellants have presented no persuasive argument showing the trial court erred in

allowing a joint trial based on the cross-admissibility of the multiple accident evidence to

show a common scheme which could shed light on each participant's intent during the

incidents in which he personally participated.

II. Failure to Sua Sponte Instruct on Single Conspiracy

Versus Multiple Conspiracies

The jurors were given an instruction on uncharged conspiracy principles that

allowed them to find the defendants culpable for any of the charged offenses under a

conspiracy theory. (See CALCRIM No. 416; People v. Williams (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th

705, 709 [conspiracy evidence may be introduced to prove liability even though no

conspiracy is charged].) Numerous acts associated with the staged collision activity were

15
specified as the overt acts supporting the uncharged conspiracy. Because the jury was

instructed on conspiracy principles, Davis contends the trial court erred because it failed

to sua sponte instruct that the jury should decide whether there was a single conspiracy or

multiple conspiracies.

Some appellate courts have concluded that a trial court is required to sua sponte

instruct the jury to determine whether the facts show a single all-encompassing

conspiracy or multiple, separate conspiracies when there is evidence to support

alternative findings. (People v. Meneses (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1648, 1668-1671;

People v. Jasso (2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 1213, 1220.) "Specifically, an instruction is

warranted where the evidence could support a finding that there was one overall

agreement among the various parties to perform various functions in order to carry out

the objectives of the conspiracy." (Jasso, at p. 1220.) The rationale for giving the jury

the option of finding that there is a single conspiracy is premised on the principle that

"the essence of the crime of conspiracy is the agreement, and thus it is the number of

agreements (not the number of the victims or number of statutes violated) that

determine[s] the number of the conspiracies." (Meneses, at p. 1669.)

Unlike the circumstances in Meneses and Jasso, this is not a case where the

defendant was charged and convicted under the general conspiracy statute (Pen. Code,

§ 182, subd. (a)(1)) of multiple counts of conspiracy, and the argument on appeal was

that the jury should have determined whether the defendant should be liable for only one

overall conspiracy under Penal Code section 182. (See People v. Meneses, supra, 165

Cal.App.4th at pp. 1667-1668; People v. Jasso, supra, 142 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1215,

16
1223.) Appellants were charged and convicted of four distinctly-defined insurance fraud

offenses, which could be committed by either direct perpetration, aiding or abetting, or

conspiring. (§ 550, subds. (a)(1), (3), (4), (b)(1); see fn. 4, ante.) Although the jury was

told it could consider the evidence of an uncharged conspiracy when deciding whether a

defendant was guilty of a particular count, the jury was not given the option of convicting

a defendant of one or more conspiracy counts under the general conspiracy statute.

Davis has not explained why a defendant's right to obtain a single conviction

under the general conspiracy statute—which defines a crime focused on an illegal

conspiratorial agreement—should extend to multiple statutorily-defined offenses that

can, but need not be, committed by conspiratorial conduct. Absent persuasive authority

or argument on this point, we decline to apply the instructional principle applicable to the

general conspiracy statute to this case involving multiple offenses that can be committed

without a conspiratorial agreement.10

III. Instruction on Uncharged Crimes

Davis contends the trial court erred in instructing the jury on uncharged crimes

evidence, particularly when considered with its instruction on uncharged conspiracy.

The prosecution presented evidence of several occurrences that were not directly

part of the events underlying the charged incidents, but that were related to the

prosecution's theory that the defendants were involved in a fraudulent car collision

10 Given our holding, we need not determine whether the facts here are amenable to
a finding that there was only one overall conspiracy, as opposed to multiple independent
conspiracies notwithstanding a common overall goal.
17
scheme. For example, these uncharged events included several staged collisions in 2008

arranged by Jay Anderson (one of which involved codefendant Wade Torbert), and a

stolen car report on December 8, 2008, by appellant Bradley.

Over defense objection, the jury was instructed that the prosecution had presented

evidence that "the defendants had committed other offenses that were not charged in this

case" and that this evidence could be considered for the limited purpose of deciding

whether the defendant acted with the intent to defraud, the defendant knew the claims

were false, or the defendant had a plan or scheme to commit the alleged offenses. (See

CALCRIM No. 375.)

Davis asserts the instruction was improper because there was no evidence linking

him to the uncharged misconduct. We find no error. Although Davis was not directly

involved in the uncharged misconduct, other codefendants and purported coconspirators

were. Moreover, the uncharged misconduct evidence was admitted to support the

existence of a common staged car collision scheme, which was relevant to each

defendant's state of mind, including Davis's. (See People v. Miller, supra, 81

Cal.App.4th at pp. 1447-1449 [evidence of codefendant's uncharged misconduct

admissible to show defendant's intent during charged offenses under common scheme

theory]; see generally People v. Cooks (1983) 141 Cal.App.3d 224, 313 ["evidence of

uncharged crimes may be admissible as proof of the common design or plan of the

conspiracy"].) The jury was properly told that it could consider the uncharged crimes

evidence for the limited purpose of evaluating a defendant's state of mind, and there is

18
nothing to indicate the jury used the evidence in any improper fashion to Davis's

detriment.

IV. Admission of the Family Relationships Chart

The prosecution was permitted to submit into evidence a chart depicting the family

relationships between the various participants in the car collision incidents. Davis

contends the trial court erroneously overruled his undue-prejudice objection to the chart

because it included persons who had already pleaded guilty; not all of his family

relationships were included in the chart which resulted in a "skewed appearance of a

close-knit connection"; and the layout suggested he had a factually-unsupported close

family relationship with one of the staged-collision organizers, Jay Anderson.

We review the admission of demonstrative evidence for abuse of discretion.

(People v. Mills (2010) 48 Cal.4th 158, 207.) We have viewed the chart and find no

abuse of discretion in its admittance. The chart was a useful demonstration of the rather

complicated familial connections between the various participants, which was highly

relevant to support the prosecution's common scheme theory of culpability. There is

nothing to suggest that the jury might have used the chart to draw inaccurate or

misleading conclusions about Davis's connections to the participants in the various

collision incidents.

V. Cumulative Error

Because we have rejected the asserted claims of error, we reject Davis's contention

that the cumulative effect of error requires reversal.

19
 VI. Sentencing-Related Contentions Raised by Davis

A. Amount of State Court Construction Penalty

Davis asserts that a state court construction penalty imposed upon him under

Government Code11 section 70372 exceeded the amount authorized under the statutory

scheme in existence at the time he committed the offenses. He contends his penalty

should have been $40 less. We agree.

To comply with the prohibition on ex post facto punishment, the amount of the

state court construction penalty fine is determined by the statutes in existence at the time

the defendant committed the crime. (People v. Voit (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 1353, 1374-

1375; People v. High (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 1192, 1197-1198; see People v. Batman

(2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 587, 591.) Accordingly (except as otherwise indicated), we refer

to the Government Code statutes in existence in 2008 when Davis committed the

offenses.12 Section 70372, subdivision (a)(1) provided for a $5 penalty rate ($5 for

every $10 of the base fine) to be levied as a state court construction penalty.13 (Stats.

11 Subsequent unspecified statutory references are to the Government Code.

12 We cite the 2008 versions of the statutes without using the term "former."
Bradley has not challenged the amount of the state court construction penalty
imposed on him. Bradley committed his offenses in 2009, at which time the statutory
scheme was not the same as in 2008 when Davis committed his offenses. (See § 70375,
subd. (b); Stats. 2007, ch. 302, § 3; Stats. 2008, ch. 311, § 8.) Because Bradley has not
challenged the state court construction penalty imposed on him under the statutes in
existence in 2009, we address the issue only for Davis.

13 The $5 penalty rate was calculated as "five dollars ($5) for every ten dollars ($10),
or part of ten dollars ($10), upon every fine, penalty, or forfeiture imposed and collected
by the courts for all criminal offenses . . . ." (§ 70372, subd. (a)(1).)
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2007, ch. 302, § 2.) Section 70372, subdivision (a)(2) provided for a reduction of this

penalty under the terms of section 70375 subdivision (b). (Stats. 2007, ch. 302, § 2.)

Section 70375, subdivision (b)(1) stated that the $5 state court construction penalty shall

be reduced by the amount collected for the "local courthouse construction fund."14

(Stats. 2007, ch. 302, § 3, italics added.)

The amount of money collected for the local courthouse construction fund (which

would reduce the section 70372 $5 state court construction penalty) was ascertainable by

reviewing a chart set forth in section 76000. (See People v. Voit, supra, 200 Cal.App.4th

at p. 1375; § 70375, subd. (b)(1).) Section 76000 imposed an additional $7 penalty ($7

for every $10 of the base fine); this penalty was reduced for particular counties based on

the amount collected for the local courthouse construction fund. (§ 76000, subds. (a)(1),

(e); Stats. 2007, ch. 302, § 4; see People v. Voit, supra, 200 Cal.App.4th at p. 1375;

People v. McCoy (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 1246, 1253-1254.) The section 76000 chart at

the time of Davis's offenses in 2008 shows that San Diego County's rate was $5, which

meant that $2 was collected for the local courthouse construction fund. (§ 76000, subd.

(e); Stats. 2007, ch. 302, § 4.) Accordingly, under the terms of section 70375 at the time

of Davis's offenses, the $5 state court construction penalty rate was required to be

14 Section 70375, subdivision (b) stated: "In each county, the five-dollar ($5) penalty
amount authorized by subdivision (a) of Section 70372 shall be reduced by the following:
[¶] (1) The amount collected for deposit into the local courthouse construction fund
established pursuant to Section 76100. If a county board of supervisors elects to
distribute part of the county penalty authorized by Section 76000 into the local
courthouse construction fund, the amount of the contribution for each seven dollars ($7)
is the difference between seven dollars ($7) and the amount shown for the county penalty
in subdivision (e) of Section 76000." (Stats. 2007, ch. 302, § 3.)
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reduced (by $2) to $3 (i.e., $3 for every $10 of the base fine, rather than $5 for every $10

of the base fine).

In contrast, the section 76000 chart at the time of sentencing in 2012 shows that

San Diego County's penalty rate was $7, which meant that no monies were collected for

the local courthouse construction fund. (Stats. 2010, ch. 720, § 26.) Apparently using

the 2012 chart, Davis's section 70372 state court construction penalty was based on the

full $5 penalty.15 Based on the applicable 2008 chart, his section 70372 state court

construction penalty should have instead been based on the $3 penalty amount. (See

People v. McCoy, supra, 156 Cal.App.4th at p. 1254; People v. Voit, supra, 200

Cal.App.4th at p. 1375.)

More specifically, the record shows that Davis's base fine was $200, and he was

charged a penalty assessment of $28 for every $10 of the base fine, totaling $560 in

penalty assessments (i.e., 10 percent of $200 base fine ($20) times $28). The $28

calculation included the $5 penalty rate for the state construction penalty.16 Because the

state court construction penalty should have been calculated at the $3 (instead of $5) rate

in existence at the time of Davis's crimes, the total penalty rate should have been $2 less;

i.e., $26 (instead of $28) for every $10 of the base fine. This reduces the total penalty

15 In its respondent's brief, the Attorney General relied on the 2012 version of the
section 76000 chart to support the state court construction penalty imposed by the trial
court, whereas ex post facto principles require use of the 2008 chart.

16 We grant Davis's unopposed motion for judicial notice of a superior court
document reflecting the penalty assessment amounts used at the time of sentencing,
which sets forth the $5 state court construction penalty rate.

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assessment for Davis by $40 to $520 (i.e., 10 percent of $200 base fine ($20) times $26).

We shall modify the judgment accordingly. 17

B. Davis's Ability To Pay Booking Fee

Davis argues it was improper for the trial court to impose a $154 booking fee on

him under section 29550.1 because the record does not support that he had the ability to

pay.

Assuming arguendo (without deciding) that section 29550.1 requires a showing of

ability to pay, Davis's challenge to the booking fee is unavailing for several reasons.18

First, he failed to object to the fee based on inability to pay, which constitutes a forfeiture

of the issue on appeal. (People v. McCullough (2013) 56 Cal.4th 589, 591, 597-599.)

Second, Davis cannot prevail on his claim that his counsel provided ineffective

representation by failing to object because the record supports an implied finding that

Davis had the ability to pay. To succeed on an ineffective representation claim, a

defendant must show that counsel's conduct fell outside the wide range of reasonable

professional assistance and there is a reasonable probability of a more favorable outcome

absent the error. (People v. Valenzuela (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 159, 167-168.)

According to the probation report, Davis (age 23) has a GED, has attended junior college,

plans to attend college and earn a degree in psychology and business management, and

17 Because we can correct the error by modifying the judgment, there is no need for a
remand as requested by the Attorney General.

18 Unlike some other booking fee statutes, section 29550.1 contains no provision
expressly requiring a consideration of ability to pay. (Compare §§ 29550, subd. (d)(2),
29550.2, subd. (a).)
23
has been employed at various retail stores. Although he was unemployed at the time of

the probation officer's interview, this does not foreclose a conclusion that he could obtain

employment in the foreseeable future. (People v. Frye (1984) 21 Cal.App.4th 1483, 1487

[court may consider defendant's ability to pay fine in the future; " '[a]bility to pay does

not necessarily require existing employment or cash on hand' "]; People v. DeFrance

(2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 486, 505.) Because the record supported ability to pay, counsel

was not ineffective for failing to raise this objection.

DISPOSITION

For appellant Bradley, the judgment is affirmed.

For appellant Davis, we modify the judgment to reduce the penalty assessment

from $560 to $520. Thus, the total amount he owes is reduced by $40. As so modified,

the judgment is affirmed.

HALLER, J.

WE CONCUR:

MCCONNELL, P. J.

MCINTYRE, J.

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