NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 14a0068n.06
No. 13-3517
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
RUBEN MENDOZA, aka Ruben Mendoza ) FILED
Matias; ENRIQUE MENDOZA, aka Enrique ) Jan 27, 2014
Mendoza Pablo, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
)
Petitioners, )
)
v. ) ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
) FROM THE UNITED STATES
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General, ) BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
) APPEALS
Respondent. )
BEFORE: SUTTON, McKEAGUE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM. Ruben Mendoza, along with his son Enrique Mendoza as a derivative
applicant, petitions for review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissing
his appeal from the denial of his applications for asylum and withholding of removal. We deny
the petition.
Mendoza, a native and citizen of Guatemala, first entered the United States in 1988.
Mendoza, who had applied for asylum in 1991, filed an application for suspension of deportation
or special rule cancellation of removal pursuant to the Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central
American Relief Act (NACARA) in 2006. Mendoza’s applications were referred to an
immigration judge (IJ), and the Department of Homeland Security filed a notice to appear,
charging Mendoza with removability under section 212(a)(6)(A)(i) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i), as an alien present in the United States without
being admitted or paroled. At a hearing before the IJ, Mendoza admitted the factual allegations
set forth in the notice to appear and conceded removability as charged.
No. 13-3517
Mendoza v. Holder
Mendoza withdrew his NACARA application but submitted another application for
asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT).
In this application, Mendoza asserted that, in the midst of the Guatemalan civil war in 1982, the
military called a meeting in his village and then took him, his older brother, and a few other
young men to a military camp on suspicion of being guerrilla sympathizers. At the military
camp, Mendoza was pushed around and was kept with his hands tied behind his back.
According to Mendoza, his brother was beaten, but the soldiers were easier on him because of
his age of sixteen. Mendoza was released after fifteen days. The government then forced
Mendoza to join the civil patrol to protect the village from guerrillas, which he did for six years
until he left Guatemala in 1988. Mendoza claimed in his application that he feared returning to
Guatemala because he “would be a victim of violent crime, including beatings, robbery, and
most likely murder,” by “anti-social organized criminal gangs and groups,” some of which “are
related to old guerrilla groups, others rogue ex-military soldiers.” (A.R. 271). At the merits
hearing, Mendoza testified about his fear that, if he returns to his village, people whose family
members were killed by the guerrillas or by the military soldiers will see him as a deserter and
harm him and his family. (Id. at 158).
Following the hearing, the IJ denied Mendoza’s application but granted voluntary
departure. The IJ found that Mendoza’s return to Guatemala on two occasions after filing his
initial asylum application constituted an abandonment of that application and that the REAL ID
Act of 2005 applied to his subsequent application. Applying the REAL ID Act’s credibility
standard, the IJ found that Mendoza was not credible based on his inconsistent testimony and his
lack of corroborating evidence. The IJ further determined that Mendoza, even if credible, failed
to demonstrate past persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of a protected
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No. 13-3517
Mendoza v. Holder
ground to establish his eligibility for asylum. According to the IJ, Mendoza also failed to
establish eligibility for withholding of removal or protection under the CAT.
On appeal to the BIA, Mendoza did not challenge the IJ’s application of the REAL ID
Act or the denial of his application for protection under the CAT. Dismissing the appeal, the
BIA concluded that the IJ’s adverse credibility finding was not clearly erroneous and agreed with
the IJ that Mendoza, even if credible, failed to establish eligibility for asylum or satisfy the
higher burden of proof for withholding of removal because of his failure to demonstrate past
persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of a protected ground.
This timely petition for review followed. Where, as here, “the BIA reviews the
immigration judge’s decision and issues a separate opinion, rather than summarily affirming the
immigration judge’s decision, we review the BIA’s decision as the final agency determination.”
Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir. 2009). “To the extent the BIA adopted the
immigration judge’s reasoning, however, this Court also reviews the immigration judge’s
decision.” Id. We review factual findings, including credibility determinations, for substantial
evidence, reversing “only if any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the
contrary.” Hachem v. Holder, 656 F.3d 430, 434 (6th Cir. 2011).
Mendoza acknowledges that he “often confused questions and thereby provided
seemingly conflicting answers,” but attributes this confusion to the translation of the removal
proceedings into Spanish rather than Mam, his native language. (Pet’rs’ Br. 18). Mendoza,
however, indicated to the IJ that his Spanish is now better than his Mam. Mendoza contends that
he “has been consistent on all material matters” and that the IJ and BIA focused on irrelevant
inconsistencies. (Id.). Under the REAL ID Act, an adverse credibility determination may be
made “without regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood goes to the heart of
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Mendoza v. Holder
the applicant’s claim, or any other relevant factor.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). Regardless,
the IJ and BIA found that Mendoza’s testimony was internally inconsistent and inconsistent with
his written application regarding the details of his 1982 abduction and detention by the military
and his service in the civil patrol – issues that are relevant to his claims. The record supports the
administrative findings regarding Mendoza’s inconsistent testimony and does not compel a
contrary credibility determination.
Substantial evidence also supports the conclusion that Mendoza, even if credible, failed
to demonstrate past persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of a protected
ground to establish eligibility for asylum. See Abdurakhmanov v. Holder, 735 F.3d 341, 345 (6th
Cir. 2012). The circumstances of Mendoza’s fifteen-day detention, during which his hands were
tied, he was questioned eight to ten times about the guerrillas, and was made to watch beatings
do not compel a finding of persecution. See Pilica v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 941, 954 (6th Cir.
2004). Forcing Mendoza to join the civil patrol does not amount to persecution on account of a
protected ground. See Pascual v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d 483, 487 (6th Cir. 2007). As the BIA
pointed out, Mendoza’s claimed fear of the guerrillas and the military is not objectively
reasonable given that the Guatemalan civil war ended in 1996. See Pascual, 514 F.3d at 488.
Because Mendoza failed to establish eligibility for asylum, he also failed to satisfy the
more demanding standard for withholding of removal. See Bonilla-Morales v. Holder, 607 F.3d
1132, 1138-39 (6th Cir. 2010). We are precluded from considering the exhibits attached to
Mendoza’s appellate brief in support of his claim for withholding of removal. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(b)(4)(A) (“the court of appeals shall decide the petition only on the administrative record
on which the order of removal is based”).
For the foregoing reasons, we deny the petition for review.
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