United States v. DeMizio

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12-1293 USA v. DeMizio 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 ------ 4 August Term, 2012 5 (Argued: May 20, 2013 Decided: January 28, 2014) 6 Docket No. 12-1293 7 _________________________________________________________ 8 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 9 Appellee, 10 - v. - 11 DARIN DEMIZIO, 12 Defendant-Appellant. 13 _________________________________________________________ 14 Before: NEWMAN, KEARSE, and LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judges. 15 Appeal from an amended judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern 16 District of New York, John Gleeson, Judge, convicting defendant, following a jury trial, of conspiracy 17 to commit honest-services wire fraud and securities fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343, 1346, 18 1348, and 1349, and making a materially false statement in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(2); and 19 from a postjudgment order denying defendant's motion for acquittal or a new trial following the 20 Supreme Court's decision in Skilling v. United States, 130 S. Ct. 2896 (2010), see United States v. 21 DeMizio, No. 08-CR-336, 2012 WL 1020045 (Mar. 26, 2012). 22 Affirmed. 1 WINSTON M. PAES, Assistant United States Attorney, Brooklyn, 2 New York (Loretta E. Lynch, United States Attorney for the Eastern 3 District of New York, Emily Berger, Assistant United States Attorney, 4 Brooklyn, New York, on the brief), for Appellee. 5 DAVID SPEARS, New York, New York (Charlita Mays, Christopher 6 Dysard, Spears & Imes, New York, New York, on the brief), for 7 Defendant-Appellant. 8 KEARSE, Circuit Judge: 9 Defendant Darin DeMizio ("DeMizio" or "Darin") was convicted in 2009, following 10 a jury trial in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, John Gleeson, 11 Judge, on one count of conspiring to commit honest-services wire fraud and securities fraud, in 12 violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343, 1346, 1348, and 1349, and on one count of making a false statement, 13 in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a)(2). He was sentenced principally to 38 months' imprisonment, 14 to be followed by a three-year term of supervised release, and was ordered to pay $1.2 million in 15 restitution. During the pendency of his original appeal from the judgment of conviction and from the 16 denial of a posttrial motion for acquittal or a new trial, see United States v. DeMizio, No. 08-CR-336, 17 2009 WL 2163099, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. July 20, 2009) ("DeMizio I"), the United States Supreme Court 18 decided Skilling v. United States, 130 S. Ct. 2896, 2931 (2010), which interpreted narrowly the scope 19 of § 1346's prohibition against honest-services wire fraud. This Court dismissed the appeal without 20 prejudice and remanded to the district court to consider the effect of Skilling in the first instance. On 21 remand, the district court concluded that the evidence to support DeMizio's wire-fraud conspiracy 22 conviction was sufficient even in light of Skilling, and that although under Skilling there was an error 23 in the jury charge, the error was harmless and did not warrant a new trial. See United States v. 24 DeMizio, No. 08-CR-336, 2012 WL 1020045, at *7-*15 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 26, 2012) ("DeMizio II"). -2- 1 On appeal, DeMizio contends principally (1) that the evidence presented at trial was 2 insufficient to support his conviction of conspiracy to commit wire fraud in light of Skilling and that 3 he is therefore entitled to a judgment of acquittal on the conspiracy count, or (2) that he is entitled to 4 a new trial on that count because the court's instructions to the jury erroneously permitted conviction 5 on an impermissible theory of honest-services fraud. For the reasons that follow, we affirm. 6 I. BACKGROUND 7 In the securities industry, financial institutions and their customers sometimes 8 participate in transactions such as "short sales"--i.e., sales of stock not then owned by the seller--that 9 require them to borrow securities from other financial institutions. The present prosecution charged 10 DeMizio principally with conspiracy to commit securities fraud and wire fraud by causing his 11 employer, Morgan Stanley & Co. Inc. ("Morgan Stanley"), to conduct stock-loan transactions through 12 intermediary firms in a manner that, at Morgan Stanley's expense, caused large sums of money to be 13 paid to DeMizio's brother and father for little or no work. 14 The government's evidence as to the stock-loan transactions included the testimony 15 of former employees of Morgan Stanley or complicit intermediary firms. Taken in the light most 16 favorable to the government, the evidence included the following. 17 A. Stock Loans 18 In a typical stock-loan transaction, the borrowing institution and the lending institution 19 agree on, inter alia, the type and amount of collateral to be posted by the borrower. The collateral is -3- 1 cash or a cash equivalent that is typically 102% of the market value of the loaned security and is 2 retained by the lender for the life of the loan, which ranges from one day to multiple years. The lender 3 invests the collateral in an interest-bearing instrument; part of the resulting interest is retained by the 4 lender, and part is "rebated" to the borrower; the amounts retained and rebated are subject to 5 negotiation. (See Trial Transcript ("Tr.") 53-56.) 6 In order to obtain shares of the needed securities, a borrowing institution often uses 7 an independent registered broker-dealer as an intermediary--sometimes referred to as a conduit 8 broker-dealer (or "conduit")--to locate an institution holding and willing to lend such shares. In 9 addition, financial institutions interested in lending their stocks make that willingness known to other 10 firms. Conduit broker-dealers call financial institutions each day to determine what stocks the 11 institutions want to lend or need to borrow and then try to find matching borrowers or lenders. After 12 making a match, the conduit broker-dealer receives the borrowed shares from the lender and delivers 13 them to the borrower, and receives the cash collateral from the borrower and passes it to the lender. 14 During the life of the loan, interest is earned on the collateral; the lender retains part and periodically 15 sends the remainder (the "rebate") to the conduit broker-dealer; the conduit retains part of the received 16 rebate and sends part to the borrower. (See, e.g., Tr. 54-55, 584; Government Exhibit ("GX") 91.) 17 If the conduit broker-dealer cannot find the borrower or lender needed to complete a 18 stock-loan transaction, it calls a "finder." Finder firms are not registered dealers and thus cannot 19 deliver stock, but they can contact potential borrowers and lenders to try to find the missing 20 component. If the finder succeeds, the conduit broker-dealer pays the finder firm a fee, consisting of 21 part of the rebate that the conduit receives from the lender. (See, e.g., Tr. 59-60, 844-45.) -4- 1 To facilitate stock borrowing and lending, financial institutions frequently have 2 securities lending departments. During the period relevant to this case, Morgan Stanley--the largest 3 securities lender in the United States, controlling approximately 30 percent of the domestic short- 4 selling volume--had such a department. DeMizio was employed in Morgan Stanley's stock-loan 5 department from 1991 through 2005; between December 2001 and December 2005, he was head of 6 the domestic stock-loan desk. 7 B. Payments to DeMizio's Relatives for Little or No Work 8 In its stock-loan transactions, Morgan Stanley used broker-dealers as intermediaries 9 but did not pay fees directly to finders. (See Tr. 85; id. at 899 ("Morgan Stanley wasn't allowed to 10 deal with finders.").) DeMizio made arrangements with several firms, including some that were 11 finders, to make payments to his father and/or brother--as if they were finders--for little or no work, 12 in exchange for those firms' receiving stock-loan business from Morgan Stanley. The firms included 13 Garban Corporates LLC ("Garban") and Freeman Securities Company, Inc. ("Freeman"), which were 14 conduit broker-dealers, and Clinton Management Ltd. ("Clinton") and Tyde, Inc. ("Tyde"), which 15 were finder firms. 16 A former employee of Garban, Lisa Pompili, testified that that firm did a great deal of 17 business with Morgan Stanley from about 1991 to 2002. In the early 1990s, "[t]o keep [its] Morgan 18 Stanley business," Garban "would have to do [its] trades with Darin and add his father," Robert 19 DeMizio (or "Robert"), as "the finder, in on tickets [i.e., the rudimentary transaction records] for 20 rebate." (Tr. 851.) Putting Robert "in on tickets" meant "[a]dd[ing] him in for a rebate, a portion of 21 [Garban's] profit." (Id. at 852.) In connection with the stock-loan transactions for which he received 22 commissions, Robert DeMizio, did "[v]ery little" work--"ten percent, if that much." (Id. at 852-53.) -5- 1 In about 1994, Robert DeMizio ceased to be a finder and joined a different brokerage 2 firm. DeMizio thereafter required Garban, in order to maintain its stock-loan business with Morgan 3 Stanley, to share its rebates with CD Management, a finder firm started by DeMizio's brother Craig 4 DeMizio (or "Craig"). From then until about 2004, when Craig ceased to be a finder, the procedure 5 at Garban was the same as it had been with DeMizio's father. Pompili testified that on Morgan 6 Stanley transactions, whether Morgan Stanley was a borrower or a lender, "we would basically . . . 7 put Craig in on tickets for a rebate." (Id. at 862; see, e.g., id. at 864-65.) Craig did little or no work 8 on these transactions. (See id. at 865, 873-74.) 9 Occasionally, Garban would be forced to "take Craig out of the ticket because" the 10 "spread" between the rebate rate Garban received from the lender and the rate it was required to relay 11 to the borrower was too small to share. (Tr. 877.) When this occurred, Craig would complain, and 12 Garban "would call or get a call from Darin to see what happened, and then we would get our rate 13 adjusted from Darin so we could" have enough of a profit to share with Craig, i.e., to "put Craig back 14 in on our tickets." (Id. at 878; see, e.g., id. at 863 (DeMizio would "pay [Garban] a little bit more" 15 to have Garban "put his brother Craig on a ticket.").) 16 A former vice president of Freeman, Richard Evangelista, testified that DeMizio 17 approached him in the mid-1990s and offered to give Freeman more stock-loan business from Morgan 18 Stanley if Freeman would "give a portion of the profits that [it] made to [DeMizio's] brother, Craig." 19 (Id. at 317.) DeMizio made it clear that, in return, Craig "wasn't going to participate in the day-to-day 20 business that much." (Id. at 318.) Evangelista agreed to DeMizio's proposal, despite knowing that 21 the arrangement "was illegal. It was cheating . . . Morgan Stanley out of profits." (Id.) Evangelista 22 also testified that during the period when Freeman was sharing its finder fee profits with Craig, there 23 were times when, although DeMizio was aware that the "going rate on the street" for lenders to pay -6- 1 on a particular stock was around one percent "Darin would call me and tell me he had" that stock to 2 lend and would pay "a rate of four, five--five percent." (Id. at 321.) 3 Freeman benefited from the agreement to share its profits with Craig because its 4 business increased "immensely." (Tr. 319.) And as a result of the arrangement, Craig was paid 5 between $30,000 and $50,000 a month as finder fees. (See id. at 332.) He performed only about 20 6 percent of the work needed to earn such fees. (See id. at 333.) 7 Robert Johnson testified that Tyde was a finder firm he started in about 1999 at the 8 suggestion of DeMizio, his best friend, who promised to give him stock-loan business from Morgan 9 Stanley. Peter Sherlock, a former Morgan Stanley stock-loan trader who was supervised by DeMizio, 10 testified that "[DeMizio] asked me if I could do business with--with Bobby Johnson, you know, talk 11 to him every day, try to do trades with him." (Id. at 648.) Accordingly, Sherlock--like DeMizio 12 himself--gave Johnson lists of stock that Morgan Stanley wanted to lend or borrow (see id. at 648-49); 13 since Morgan Stanley did not pay finders directly, it was incumbent upon Johnson (like any other 14 finder) "to find a [conduit] broker-dealer who w[ould] pay and collect with them and then . . . send 15 it to [Morgan Stanley] through [a] broker-dealer" (id. at 649). 16 Johnson testified that a majority of Tyde's business came from Morgan Stanley--some 17 50-60 percent in the beginning, increasing to 90 percent within a few years. Sherlock testified that 18 there were occasions on which DeMizio identified stocks for Johnson to lend and caused Morgan 19 Stanley to pay a higher rebate rate than necessary because Johnson was to be paid finder fees on the 20 loan. (See id. at 649-51.) 21 Johnson testified that in 2000 DeMizio asked him to hire DeMizio's father Robert and 22 pay Robert commissions on the business from Morgan Stanley. DeMizio subsequently told Johnson 23 that Johnson would have to do Robert's work "[b]ecause his father didn't have the drive or desire to -7- 1 do it any longer" (Tr. 75) but that Johnson would have to continue to pay Robert commissions. 2 Thereafter, DeMizio's father would go to the Tyde office once or twice a week and spend his time 3 chatting with family and friends on the telephone. Johnson paid DeMizio's father for Morgan Stanley 4 stock-loan business in accordance with instructions from DeMizio as if Robert had brought in the 5 Morgan Stanley business or had worked on the transactions, although Robert did "practically none 6 of the work." (Id. at 76; see id. at 77 ("wasn't doing any work"); id. at 91 (when Johnson "passed on 7 finder fees to Robert DeMizio," they were generally for transactions on which Robert did no work); 8 id. ("in the beginning, [Robert] did about 25 percent, and then later on, he did virtually nothing").) 9 In 2001, DeMizio told Johnson that DeMizio's brother Craig "wasn't making a lot of 10 money . . . and he needed help." (Id. at 98.) DeMizio asked Johnson to help Craig "[b]y putting him 11 in on [stock-loan] tickets." (Id. at 97.) DeMizio acknowledged that Craig was not knowledgeable 12 about the stock-loan finder business and "was incapable of doing the transactions himself"; DeMizio 13 said Johnson would have to do all the work on those transactions as well. (Id. at 97-99.) Johnson 14 agreed because of his friendship with DeMizio and "because it would mean more money for 15 [Johnson]." (Id. at 99.) 16 DeMizio's arrangements with Clinton, another finder firm, were described by Sherlock. 17 Sherlock first learned of Freeman's rebate-sharing with Craig from Evangelista. When Freeman went 18 out of business in 2001, Sherlock told DeMizio he knew Evangelista had been "cutting Craig in" on 19 the Morgan Stanley stock-loan rebates (Tr. 629); at Sherlock's suggestion, DeMizio made similar 20 arrangements with Clinton's principal, Tony Lupo (see, e.g., id.; see also id. at 726 (if "Tony makes 21 50,000 on the trades, he cuts a check for 25,000 to Craig DeMizio"; Craig "was involved in getting 22 paid" but "not" "involved in finding" the stocks)). -8- 1 The government introduced exhibits showing that from January 2000 through January 2 2004, payments from Tyde to Robert DeMizio's company, Boblin Corp. ("Boblin"), and from Garban, 3 Freeman, Clinton, and Tyde to Craig DeMizio or his company, CD Management, totaled 4 approximately $1.7 million (see, e.g., GX 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 37, 38). 5 C. The Charges, the Jury Instructions, and the Verdict 6 In the mid-2000s, the Federal Bureau of Investigation ("FBI") began an investigation 7 into fraud in the securities lending industry, focusing on whether finders were paying kickbacks to 8 employees at brokerage firm securities lending desks. Clinton was investigated, and its checks to CD 9 Management led to inquiries about Craig and Robert DeMizio and eventually led to DeMizio. (See 10 Tr. 941-43.) Johnson's company Tyde too came under scrutiny, as a finder that had written checks 11 to CD Management and to Robert DeMizio's company, Boblin. The investigation began to zero in 12 on "whether or not brokers on the securities lending desk at Morgan Stanley were receiving 13 kickbacks." (Id. at 943.) 14 In January and September 2007, FBI special agents interviewed DeMizio, represented 15 by counsel, in the presence of prosecutors and SEC investigators. Focusing on the years 2000-2004, 16 as that was the period during which CD Management and Boblin were receiving checks, the agents 17 asked DeMizio whether he had any outside business arrangements with Johnson. DeMizio responded 18 that he did not. In fact, however, in addition to the agreement that Johnson would pay Robert 19 DeMizio in exchange for receiving stock-loan business from Morgan Stanley, without Robert's having 20 to perform work to earn that money, DeMizio and Johnson had invested in a modeling agency 21 together. -9- 1 DeMizio was indicted in 2008 and was eventually charged in a superseding indictment 2 ("Indictment") with one count of conspiring, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1349, to commit securities 3 fraud, prohibited by 18 U.S.C. § 1348, and to commit wire fraud, prohibited by 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343 4 and 1346 (Count One); and one count of making a false statement to the FBI, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 5 § 1001(a)(2) (Count Two). Most relevant for purposes of this appeal, § 1343 prohibits the use of 6 interstate wire communication for the purpose of executing "any scheme or artifice to defraud, or for 7 obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises," 8 18 U.S.C. § 1343; and § 1346 provides that the term "'scheme or artifice to defraud' includes a scheme 9 or artifice to deprive another of the intangible right of honest services," 18 U.S.C. § 1346. The 10 Indictment alleged that, notwithstanding the fact that it was "Morgan Stanley's practice . . . not to pay 11 finder fees in connection with stock-loan transactions," DeMizio, along with others, 12 devised and executed a scheme to cause his family members, Craig DeMizio 13 and John Doe [i.e., Robert DeMizio who died in 2008], to receive money, 14 typically in the form of finder fees and stock-loan "rebates," in connection with 15 stock-loan transactions involving securities borrowed from or loaned to 16 Morgan Stanley, without regard to whether those transactions were in Morgan 17 Stanley's best interests and without regard to whether Craig DeMizio and John 18 Doe had performed any legitimate finder services in connection with the 19 transactions. 20 (Indictment ¶ 10.) The Indictment alleged, inter alia, that DeMizio and others violated § 1349 by 21 conspiring 22 a. to execute a scheme and artifice to defraud Morgan Stanley and 23 others and to deprive Morgan Stanley of its right to the honest services of its 24 employee, DARIN DEMIZIO, in connection with securities of issuers with a 25 class of [registered] securities . . . contrary to Title 18, United States Code, 26 Sections 1348 and 1346; and 27 b. to devise a scheme and artifice to defraud and obtain money and 28 property from Morgan Stanley and others by means of materially false and 29 fraudulent pretenses, representations and promises, and to deprive Morgan 30 Stanley of its right to the honest services of its employee, DARIN DEMIZIO, 31 and for the purpose of executing such scheme and artifice, to transmit and - - 10 1 cause to be transmitted, by means of wire communication in interstate and 2 foreign commerce, writings, signs, signals, pictures and sounds, contrary to 3 Title 18, United States Code, Sections 1343 and 1346. 4 (Indictment ¶ 16.) 5 The evidence at trial included the testimony and exhibits described in Parts I.A. and 6 I.B. above, which the government contended showed kickbacks paid, at the instance of DeMizio, to 7 his father and brother. DeMizio contended that the payments to his father and brother were not 8 kickbacks. He argued that Craig and Robert did work--however minimally--in exchange for the fees 9 they were paid; that, at worst, the evidence showed that DeMizio helped steer Morgan Stanley 10 business to companies that employed his relatives; and that such steering was not within the scope 11 of the prohibition against honest-services wire fraud. He asked the court to instruct the jury that if 12 it found that this conduct involved not kickbacks or bribery but only self-dealing, the jury must, in 13 order to convict, find also that "these incidents could have caused detriment to the employers." 14 The court declined to give the requested charge, noting that the authorities DeMizio 15 cited in support of his request involved the steering of business to firms in which the defendant had 16 an ownership interest; the court saw no basis in the evidence for the requested charge here, as there 17 was no indication that DeMizio had such an interest in the firms he caused to make payments to his 18 relatives. With respect to the wire-fraud component of the charged conspiracy, the court instructed 19 the jury, inter alia, that the government alleged "that there existed a scheme or artifice to defraud 20 Morgan Stanley of its right to the honest services of Darin DeMizio or to obtain the money of Morgan 21 Stanley by means of false or fraudulent pretenses" (Tr. 1367), using "wire communications and 22 interstate commerce to further [that] scheme" (id. at 1369). Although the district court elaborated on 23 other elements of wire fraud and of the conspiracy charge, it did not define or otherwise suggest any 24 limitation on the meaning of "honest services." (See, e.g., id. at 1365-68.) - - 11 1 The jury found DeMizio guilty on both counts of the Indictment. DeMizio moved for 2 a judgment of acquittal or a new trial on several grounds, including his contention that the jury, if 3 properly instructed, could have found that his conduct did not deprive Morgan Stanley of his "honest 4 services" within the meaning of § 1346. The district court denied the motion. See DeMizio I, 2009 5 WL 2163099. DeMizio was sentenced principally to two concurrent 38-month terms of 6 imprisonment, to be followed by a three-year term of supervised release, and, in an amended 7 judgment, was ordered to pay restitution in the amount of $1.2 million. 8 D. The Initial Appeal and the Remand 9 DeMizio appealed, and moved in this Court for a stay of his appeal in light of the 10 pendency of several cases before the Supreme Court involving interpretation of the meaning of 11 "honest services" in § 1346. We granted the stay; after the Supreme Court decided Skilling, we lifted 12 the stay, dismissed the appeal without prejudice, and remanded to the district court for a determination 13 of the effect of Skilling in the first instance. 14 On remand, after inviting and receiving supplemental briefing, the district court 15 declined to grant a judgment of acquittal or a new trial based on Skilling. The court reasoned that 16 although Skilling interpreted "honest services" in § 1346 as encompassing only kickbacks and bribery, 17 that interpretation did not require the court to disturb DeMizio's conviction because the entire case 18 had been tried on the theory that DeMizio conspired with others to have Morgan Stanley stock-loan 19 business directed to finders in exchange for his brother and father receiving kickbacks, and the trial 20 evidence was sufficient to support the guilty verdict on Count One on that basis. See DeMizio II, 21 2012 WL 1020045, at *7-*15. Further, although the court's instructions to the jury--which were 22 correct under Second Circuit law when given--were erroneous in light of Skilling because they did - - 12 1 not cabin "honest services" as required by Skilling, the court concluded, as discussed in Part II.B. 2 below, that given the government's reliance on a kickback theory throughout, the ample evidence to 3 support findings of kickbacks, and the absence of any instructions to the jury suggesting that it could 4 find guilt on any theory other than kickbacks, the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, see 5 id. at *15. 6 Following DeMizio II, DeMizio's appeal was redocketed. 7 II. DISCUSSION 8 On appeal, DeMizio contends principally that he is entitled to a judgment of acquittal 9 on Count One, arguing that the evidence at trial was insufficient to prove an honest-services fraud 10 conspiracy. He contends that 11 (a) a payment in the private sector qualifies as a kickback only when the 12 recipient does not perform any work other than the conferral of business in 13 connection with the payment, and Robert and Craig did perform work; (b) a 14 payment in the private sector qualifies as a kickback only when it is the 15 employee who receives the payment, and Darin never received any money 16 from the alleged schemes; and (c) there is no violation of § 1346 without 17 nondisclosure of material information to the employer by the employee, and 18 Robert's involvement with Tyde was fully disclosed. 19 (DeMizio brief on appeal at 33-34 (emphases added).) Alternatively, DeMizio contends that he is 20 entitled to a new trial because the court's instructions to the jury did not explain the limitations on the 21 concept of "honest services" as used in § 1346, as thereafter interpreted by the Supreme Court in 22 Skilling. DeMizio also asks that, if he is granted an acquittal or a new trial on Count One, he be 23 granted a new trial on Count Two on the ground of prejudicial spillover. 24 For the reasons that follow, we reject DeMizio's challenges to the sufficiency of the 25 evidence on Count One, and we conclude that the Skilling error in the instructions to the jury on that - - 13 1 count was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. DeMizio's conditional request for a new trial on 2 Count Two is therefore moot. 3 A. Sufficiency of the Evidence in Light of Skilling 4 The wire fraud statute prohibits the use of wire communications to facilitate "any 5 scheme or artifice to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent 6 pretenses, representations, or promises." 18 U.S.C. § 1343. "[T]he term 'scheme or artifice to 7 defraud'" in § 1343 "includes a scheme or artifice to deprive another of the intangible right of honest 8 services." 18 U.S.C. § 1346. Section 1346 was enacted in response to the Supreme Court's decision 9 in McNally v. United States, 483 U.S. 350 (1987), which had held that 18 U.S.C. § 1341, the mail 10 fraud statute paralleling § 1343, proscribed only schemes for the deprivation of tangible property 11 rights, not of intangible rights to honest services. See Skilling, 130 S. Ct. at 2927-29. Although 12 Congress enacted § 1346 to clarify that the prohibitions against wire fraud and mail fraud schemes 13 encompass deprivations of honest services, the term "honest services" is not defined in the statute. 14 In Skilling, addressing a contention that § 1346 was void for vagueness, the Supreme 15 Court concluded that the section is not unconstitutionally vague to the extent that it covers schemes 16 involving bribery and kickbacks. The Court reasoned that fraudulent schemes involving bribery and 17 kickbacks had long been held to be within the scope of §§ 1341 and 1343, and that in enacting § 1346 18 in the wake of McNally to proscribe fraudulent schemes for deprivation of the intangible right of 19 honest services, Congress "no doubt . . . intended § 1346 to reach at least" schemes to defraud 20 involving "bribes and kickbacks." 130 S. Ct. at 2931 (emphasis in original). The Skilling Court 21 concluded that § 1346 cannot be interpreted to reach an "amorphous category" such as "conflict-of- - - 14 1 interest" cases, 130 S. Ct. at 2932, and that the section "criminalizes only the bribe-and-kickback core 2 of the pre-McNally case law," id. at 2931 (emphasis in original). 3 A kickback scheme typically involves an employee's steering business of his employer 4 to a third party in exchange for a share of the third party's profits on that business. See, e.g., Black's 5 Law Dictionary 948 (9th ed. 2009) (defining "kickback" as the "return of a portion of a monetary sum 6 received, esp. as a result of coercion or a secret agreement"). We reject at the outset DeMizio's 7 suggestion that, in determining whether the evidence against him was sufficient under § 1346, we 8 should ignore cases involving public officials (see DeMizio brief on appeal at 32). The Skilling Court 9 noted that although honest-services cases most often involved bribery of public officials, private- 10 sector honest-services fraud had been recognized at least as early as 1942. See 130 S. Ct. at 2926-27. 11 The Court analyzed cases involving public officials as well as cases involving employees in the 12 private sector in deciding the appeal brought by Skilling himself, a private-sector employee; and it 13 noted that while the principal federal bribery statute, 18 U.S.C. § 201, "generally applies only to 14 federal public officials, . . . § 1346's application to . . . private-sector fraud reaches misconduct that 15 might otherwise go unpunished." 130 S. Ct. at 2934 n.45. 16 We also reject DeMizio's argument that kickbacks (a) do not include payments made 17 to entities other than the employee who steers his employer's business to a third party in exchange for 18 those payments, and (b) do not include payments of large sums of money to those recipients so long 19 as they perform some minimal amount of work. Although the kickback amount frequently is paid 20 directly to the employee who steered the contract, the scheme is no less a kickback scheme when the 21 employee directs the third party to share its profits with an entity designated by the employee in which 22 the employee has an interest. For example, as noted in Skilling, see 130 S. Ct. at 2933-34, a statute - - 15 1 prohibiting kickbacks with respect to federal contracts defined "kickback," in part, to include "any 2 money, . . . thing of value, or compensation of any kind which is provided, directly or indirectly," to 3 a prime contractor or its employee "for the purpose of . . . rewarding favorable treatment in connection 4 with . . . a subcontract relating to a prime contract," 41 U.S.C. § 52(2) (2006). Although that section 5 was amended (and recodified as § 8701(2)) in 2011 and omitted the phrase "directly or indirectly," 6 see 41 U.S.C.A. § 8701(2) (2012), the legislative history explained that no substantive change was 7 intended, see H.R. Rep. No. 111-42, at 2-3 (2009), and that "the words 'directly or indirectly' [we]re 8 omitted as unnecessary," id. at 84. 9 In this vein, payoff schemes have been viewed as involving kickbacks when the 10 defendant has directed that the contracting party's profit be shared with family, friends, or others loyal 11 to the defendant. See, e.g., United States v. McDonough, 56 F.3d 381, 391 (2d Cir. 1995) (kickback 12 scheme involved payments to corporation owned by defendant's wife); United States v. Hausmann, 13 345 F.3d 952, 954 (7th Cir. 2003) (kickback arrangement required payments to, inter alios, 14 "individuals who had provided miscellaneous personal services to Hausmann or his relatives . . . and 15 . . . charities that Hausmann supported" (emphases added)); United States v. Margiotta, 688 F.2d 108, 16 113 (2d Cir. 1982) (involving "'kickbacks' to brokers selected by political leaders of local election 17 districts in the Town who were loyal to" Margiotta); id. (Margiotta "contrived the appointment of" 18 a certain insurance agency to be the municipality's broker, and the agency agreed to "set aside 50% 19 of the insurance commissions and other compensation it received, to be distributed to licensed 20 insurance brokers and others designated by Margiotta"); United States v. LaSpina, 299 F.3d 165, 171 21 (2d Cir. 2002) (IBM employee defendant steered business to a company that "paid the kickbacks in 22 the form of commissions to Schultz," the defendant's paramour who had been "handed" her job as a - - 16 1 sales representative with the company--without discussion or a resumé--and who then split those 2 commissions with the defendant). See generally Skilling, 130 S. Ct. at 2932 (citing as "a classic 3 kickback scheme" one in which a state official, in exchange for routing the state's "business through 4 a middleman company, arranged for that company to share its commissions with entities in which the 5 official had an interest" (emphasis added)). 6 In light of these authorities, and the failure of DeMizio to cite any authority to support 7 his constrained conception of kickbacks, we reject his contention that a payment in a private-sector 8 scheme does not qualify as a kickback unless the defendant employee himself or herself receives the 9 payoff. The evidence overwhelmingly established that DeMizio directed Morgan Stanley stock-loan 10 business to companies that agreed to pay commissions to his father and/or brother, in whom DeMizio 11 plainly had an interest. 12 Further, there was evidence from which it could be inferred that the payoffs benefited 13 DeMizio himself financially. For example, Johnson testified DeMizio asked him to pay commissions 14 to DeMizio's brother Craig because DeMizio said Craig "wasn't making a lot of money . . . and he 15 needed help." (Tr. 98.) Johnson also testified that he formed Tyde in 1999 at the suggestion of 16 DeMizio, who asked him to hire DeMizio's father Robert in 2000. (See id. at 72-75.) Sherlock 17 testified that around that time (see id. at 602-03), DeMizio was complaining to Sherlock that Robert 18 was "hurting for money" and was requesting money from DeMizio (see id. at 603-04). 19 As the district court reasoned, "the jury could have reasonably concluded that DeMizio 20 benefited indirectly from the payments to his father and brother because he would otherwise have had 21 to support them financially. By instead arranging for them to obtain substantial payments for little 22 or no work, he relieved himself of the obligation to assist the individuals using his own wealth." 23 DeMizio II, 2012 WL 1020045, at *11 (internal quotation marks omitted). - - 17 1 We also find meritless DeMizio's contention that a private-sector scheme involves 2 kickbacks only if the payoff recipient does not perform "any" work in return for being paid (DeMizio 3 brief on appeal at 34). Although often the recipient does not in fact do any work, the scheme qualifies 4 as a kickback scheme where the recipient receives inordinate amounts of money for doing minimal 5 work. See, e.g., United States v. McDonough, 56 F.3d at 389 (upholding conviction where scheme 6 involved kickbacks to the appellant totaling "nearly $100,000, for which [he] performed almost no 7 work"); LaSpina, 299 F.3d at 171 (affirming conviction involving kickback scheme in which the 8 defendant's mistress received hundreds of thousands of dollars in commissions for which she "did 9 very little work"); cf. United States v. Bryant, 655 F.3d 232, 237 (3d Cir. 2011) (upholding conviction 10 under §§ 1341, 1343, and 1346 for honest-services fraud involving a bribery conspiracy in which the 11 defendant was given "a 'low-show' job . . . (meaning he provided only minimal or nominal services)"); 12 United States v. Urciuoli, 613 F.3d 11, 14 (1st Cir. 2010) (upholding conviction under §§ 1341 and 13 1346 for honest-services fraud involving a bribery conspiracy in which a coconspirator was hired by 14 a municipality to perform work for which municipal officials believed he "lacked the [requisite] 15 skills," and for which he received an "ample" and increasing salary for "limited" and "decreas[ing]" 16 work). 17 We agree with the district court's post-Skilling view that the rule advocated by 18 DeMizio--i.e., that so long as "any" work at all is done by the recipient of a share of the contracting 19 party's profits, that payoff is not a kickback (DeMizio brief on appeal at 34)--"would be untenable," 20 allowing "[p]otential fraudsters [to] shield themselves from criminal liability merely by performing 21 some token labor in exchange for what would otherwise be an illegal kickback." DeMizio II, 2012 22 WL 1020045, at *8 (internal quotation marks omitted). And we agree with the district court that - - 18 1 there was ample evidence from which a reasonable jury could have inferred 2 that the payments to Robert and Craig were kickbacks. They performed work 3 on no more than 10 to 20 percent of the transactions for which they were paid. 4 The work they did perform was of minimal quality and difficulty, and there 5 was even evidence that they were not competent to perform work as finders. 6 In exchange for this "work," they received in excess of $1.5 million in 7 payments. While DeMizio was free to argue to the jury that these payments 8 were in exchange for legitimate work, the jury reasonably found otherwise. 9 Id. at *9. 10 Finally, we reject DeMizio's contention that the government's evidence was insufficient 11 to show fraud, i.e., that Morgan Stanley was unaware of his kickback schemes. Johnson testified to 12 the existence of "a code that [DeMizio] would use with [Johnson] to discuss these transactions"; that 13 DeMizio said he wanted to use code "because he didn't want the people seated next to him to hear" 14 him "instruct[ing Johnson to] . . . put his brother in" on stock-loan tickets, . . . [b]ecause Morgan 15 Stanley did not want him to deal with his brother." (Tr. 98-99.) Evangelista testified that he and 16 DeMizio did not discuss the arrangement for Freeman "to pay his brother Craig in front of other 17 people," and Evangelista "did . . . not tell the other traders" at Freeman about the arrangement because 18 "it was illegal" and "Darin didn't want anybody else to know about it." (Id. at 338.) Evangelista also 19 testified that DeMizio told him that if anyone found out about the arrangement "[DeMizio] would 20 deny the whole thing." (Id. at 339.) And Sherlock testified that when the FBI investigation was 21 underway, DeMizio told him not to tell Morgan Stanley's attorneys about Craig's arrangement with 22 Clinton. (See id. at 693-94; see also id. at 697-98 (with respect to each of their respective meetings 23 with Morgan Stanley's attorneys, Sherlock and DeMizio conferred in order to "make sure that [their] 24 answers matched").) 25 As the district court found in its post-Skilling ruling, "[a]t best, the evidence supports 26 an inference that some Morgan Stanley employees may have been aware of certain aspects of - - 19 1 DeMizio's arrangements with companies that were paying Robert and Craig finder's fees. But there 2 [wa]s no evidence that anyone whose knowledge may be imputed to Morgan Stanley was aware of 3 the kickback scheme." DeMizio II, 2012 WL 1020045, at *13. 4 In sum, we conclude that the district court properly denied DeMizio's motion for a 5 judgment of acquittal. The evidence was sufficient to permit the jury to find that DeMizio conspired 6 to commit honest-services wire fraud by means of having intermediary firms pay kickbacks to his 7 father and brother in connection with Morgan Stanley's stock-loan transactions for which his father 8 and brother performed little or no work. 9 B. The Error in the Jury Charge; Harmless-Error Analysis 10 Following our remand, the district court noted that the parties agreed that, in light of 11 Skilling, the court erred in not instructing the jury that in order to find DeMizio guilty of conspiracy 12 to commit honest-services wire fraud it must find that his scheme involved either bribery or 13 kickbacks. See DeMizio II, 2012 WL 1020045, at *13. A court's erroneous failure to instruct the jury 14 that it must find a certain element of the offense is subject to harmless-error analysis. See Neder v. 15 United States, 527 U.S. 1, 9 (1999). The district court here concluded that its error was harmless 16 because the case was tried entirely on the theory that the scheme involved kickbacks, the court did 17 not instruct the jury as to any other theory, and the evidence was ample to support findings of 18 kickbacks. As to the government's presentation of the case, the court stated that 19 only one theory of guilt was presented and argued to the jury--DeMizio's 20 participation in a scheme to obtain kickbacks, paid to his father or brother, 21 from companies in exchange for receipt of his employer's lucrative securities- 22 lending business. 23 DeMizio II, 2012 WL 1020045, at *13. - - 20 1 From the opening statements, the government presented the case as one 2 involving a kickback scheme. See, e.g., Trial Tr. 11 (DeMizio told "firms to 3 pay his father and brother, even though they did no work to earn that money" 4 (emphasis added)); id. (DeMizio "abused his power, betrayed that trust, and 5 used people who he trusted to pay kickbacks to his father and brother" 6 (emphasis added)); id. ("[W]e will prove to you that the defendant is guilty 7 beyond a reasonable doubt of the kickback scheme that I just described to 8 you." (emphasis added)).FN8 The government's evidence consistently 9 showed that, in exchange for business from Morgan Stanley, Robert and Craig 10 received payments for little or no actual work i.e., kickbacks--not that DeMizio 11 was steering business to companies that legitimately employed his relatives. 12 And during its summation, the government consistently referred to the charged 13 fraud as a kickback scheme. See, e.g., id. at 1156 ("[T]his is a simple case. 14 And it is. It's a case about kickbacks. Right? You know that. You've sat here 15 for the week and you know that this is a case about kickbacks." (emphasis 16 added)); see also, e.g., id. at 1164, 1166-67, 1185, 1195, 1197, 1209, 1219-21, 17 1294, 1299, 1314, 1324-26, 1335-36, 1349. 18 FN8. Indeed, at the charge conference, DeMizio's counsel 19 emphasized that the government's sole theory of fraud in its opening 20 statement was premised on a kickback scheme: 21 I note that the position the Government took at the outset of the 22 case was that it was about no, you know, pay for no work. I 23 mean that's what they opened on and they said it 12 times or 24 nine times in opening. . . . 25 Trial Tr. 1097-98 (emphasis added); see also id. at 1097 (DeMizio's 26 counsel's statement that "steering business to be paid for no work is the 27 omission that . . . we should be focused on. And I'm not aware of 28 anything else in the record that would represent another omission." 29 (emphasis added)). 30 DeMizio II, 2012 WL 1020045, at *14 & n.8 (emphases in original). 31 The court also concluded that there was no basis on which the jury could have been 32 pointed toward a different theory of guilt by the court's instructions: 33 This is not a case in which "the jury was instructed on alternative 34 theories of guilt and may have relied on an invalid one." Hedgpeth v. Pulido, 35 555 U.S. 57, 129 S.Ct. 530, 530, 172 L.Ed.2d 388 (2008) (per curiam). While 36 the government initially suggested that the jury should be instructed that it 37 could find DeMizio guilty if either there was a kickback scheme or DeMizio - - 21 1 had steered business to firms that employed his relatives, I declined to instruct 2 the jury on these alternative theories. Instead, I decided to "state the general 3 principle and let [the parties] argue it out" during their closing arguments. 4 Trial Tr. 1099; see also id. at 1152. And the government then argued only one 5 theory to the jury--that DeMizio had participated in a kickback scheme. 6 DeMizio II, 2012 WL 1020045, at *13 (emphases in original). The court noted that it had 7 rejected DeMizio's request to instruct the jury on self-dealing because "the jury 8 understands . . . that the thrust of the Government's case is the paying [] money 9 . . . to Craig and to Robert . . . for no work. Not that to the extent they actually 10 did work it constitutes a self-dealing." [Tr.] 1154 (emphasis added); see also 11 id. at 1385. 12 DeMizio II, 2012 WL 1020045, at *13 (emphasis in original). 13 In short, the jury was never instructed that it could find DeMizio guilty 14 on the basis of undisclosed self-dealing or any other impermissible theory. 15 The government presented evidence and consistently argued that the honest 16 services fraud here consisted of the payment of kickbacks. Neither the Court 17 nor the government ever told the jury about an alternative theory of 18 undisclosed self-dealing or conflicts of interest. While the government might 19 have chosen to present an alternative theory, it based its case solely on a 20 kickback theory. 21 DeMizio II, 2012 WL 1020045, at *14 (emphasis added). 22 The court rejected DeMizio's contention that the government, by arguing that DeMizio 23 had not been forthright with his employer, had indicated to the jury that it could find him guilty not 24 on the basis of kickbacks but simply for not being honest. The court noted that the government was 25 required to prove that DeMizio's kickback scheme was a scheme to defraud and that 26 DeMizio himself . . . correctly argued in connection with [his posttrial motion 27 that] his conviction could not stand if Morgan Stanley had been aware of the 28 kickbacks. All fraud cases, including honest services fraud, necessarily 29 involve dishonesty. In the context of this trial, statements by the government 30 such as "Darin DeMizio wasn't telling Morgan Stanley everything," Trial 31 Tr. 1321, or that "he wasn't telling Morgan Stanley what's going on," id. 32 at 1350, did not suggest to the jury that they should find DeMizio guilty 33 merely for being dishonest. Rather, these statements urged the jury to find him 34 guilty for being dishonest about the kickbacks. - - 22 1 DeMizio II, 2012 WL 1020045, at *14 (emphasis in original). 2 At bottom, the jury was presented with two factual theories: DeMizio's 3 argument that the payments to Robert and Craig were for legitimate work and 4 the government's argument that the payments were, instead, kickbacks made 5 to improperly obtain Morgan Stanley's business. If the jury had found that the 6 government had failed to prove its theory beyond a reasonable doubt, then it 7 would have returned a verdict of not guilty. The fact that it returned a guilty 8 verdict reflects that it agreed with the government beyond a reasonable doubt 9 that the payments were kickbacks. A third theory--the payments were not 10 kickbacks, but DeMizio was still guilty of honest services fraud--was never 11 presented or suggested to the jury. I conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that 12 the jury did not, without guidance or suggestion from the Court or counsel, 13 invent a theory of DeMizio's guilt premised on undisclosed self-dealing or 14 some other impermissible ground. 15 Id. 16 As to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury's verdict, given the Skilling 17 interpretation of § 1346, the district court rejected, as have we in Part II.A. above, DeMizio's 18 contentions that in order to prove a scheme for kickbacks the government must show (a) that no work 19 whatsoever was performed in exchange for the third-party payments and (b) that those payments were 20 made directly to the defendant. See, e.g., DeMizio II, 2012 WL 1020045, at *8-*9. The district court 21 found that there was ample evidence to permit a rational juror to infer that the payments to Robert and 22 Craig were kickbacks. See, e.g., id. at *9; see also id. at *13 ("In returning a verdict of guilty, the jury 23 necessarily accepted th[e kickback] theory."). 24 Our examination of the record persuades us that the district court did not err in the 25 above findings. We conclude that the court's failure to anticipate the ruling in Skilling and instruct 26 the jury that the government was required to prove a scheme involving bribery or kickbacks was 27 harmless beyond a reasonable doubt and did not affect the verdict. - - 23 1 CONCLUSION 2 We have considered all of DeMizio's arguments on this appeal and have found them 3 to be without merit. The judgment and postjudgment order of the district court are affirmed. - - 24