IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
November 5, 2013 Session
MICHAEL DAVIS HOLMES v. MARIA ELIZABETH HOLMES
Appeal from the Chancery Court for Roane County
No. 2012-85 Frank V. Williams, III, Chancellor
No. E2013-01301-COA-R3-CV-FILED-FEBRUARY 3, 2014
In this divorce action, the sole issue on appeal is the propriety of the trial court’s permanent
parenting plan regarding the parties’ three children. Concerning co-parenting, the parties
were alternating weeks with their children during the pendency of the divorce. At trial, the
parties agreed to continuation of this schedule, which provided each party equal co-parenting
time with the children. The issues announced for trial regarding the children were (1) which
parent should be named primary residential parent and (2) which parent would have final
decision-making authority. The trial court, however, chose to implement a “divided” custody
arrangement, wherein father was awarded primary custody and decision-making authority
during the school year while mother was awarded primary custody and decision-making
authority during the summer. Mother appeals. Discerning no abuse of discretion, we affirm.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
Affirmed; Case Remanded
T HOMAS R. F RIERSON, II, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D. M ICHAEL
S WINEY and J OHN W. M CC LARTY, JJ., joined.
Browder G. Williams, Kingston, Tennessee, for the appellant, Maria Elizabeth Holmes.
John D. Lockridge and Mario L. Azevedo, II, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellee,
Michael Davis Holmes.
OPINION
I. Factual and Procedural Background
The parties to this action, Michael Davis Holmes (“Father”) and Maria Elizabeth
Holmes (“Mother”), were married for thirteen years. Three children were born of the
marriage: Mica, now age ten; Quillen, now age five; and Keller, now age four (“the
Children”). The Children have resided with the parties in the same neighborhood in
Harriman throughout their lives. The parties separated in April 2012, with Mother and the
Children remaining in the marital residence and Father relocating down the street to a rental
home owned by the parties.
For the first few months of the parties’ separation, the Children resided primarily with
Mother and spent co-parenting time with Father. In the summer of 2012, the parties
embarked upon a new co-parenting residential schedule wherein the Children spent
alternating weeks with each parent. This arrangement continued up to the date of trial,
although no formal agreement or order was entered memorializing this co-parenting
schedule. When the trial commenced, each party’s attorney represented that the parties were
in agreement regarding continuation of the alternate-week schedule. Therefore, as regarding
the Children, the only issues presented for trial were (1) which parent would be named
primary residential parent and (2) which parent would maintain ultimate decision-making
authority.
Dr. Robert Wahler was retained to perform a custody evaluation in this cause. Dr.
Wahler reported that the parties’ current alternate-week arrangement was successful in that
the Children were happy, mentally healthy, and well adjusted. He also explained, however,
that the parties were “deadlocked” in their opinions regarding certain issues and that neither
party was willing to compromise. Dr. Wahler recommended continuation of the current co-
parenting schedule despite the parents’ inability to agree.
During Dr. Wahler’s testimony regarding the parenting plan, the following exchange
took place between Dr. Wahler and Father’s counsel:
Mr. Lockridge: It’s been agreed, Doctor, that it’s going to be a
continuing fifty/fifty. But there are certain places in the
parenting plan – we have somebody to be in charge of
educational decisions, somebody to be in charge of
religious decisions, somebody to be in charge of medical
decisions, and a residential parent. Do you have any
recommendations?
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Dr. Wahler: Well, that was the last thing I covered in my report. I’m
afraid I can’t be of much help there, because my primary
thought is that these two parents, who excel in their
parenting tasks, have got to find a way to become
partners in decision-making. They both want the best for
their children, but they have this incredible difficulty in
joint productive communication. So, by [and] large,
that’s the name of the problem, is that they seem unable
to have discourse that would lead to decision-making that
both of them could accept.
Now, maybe things could become more pliable. But I
also indicated in my report I do not want to appoint or
should there be appointed a parent who has primary
decision-making power, because I’m afraid that would
just exacerbate the problems that these parents have with
one another.
There needs to be some way to do this. I can’t imagine
how it’s going to work, though, because they’ve been in
marital therapy. Nothing seems to have generated any
semblance of what I would call cooperative discussions
with regard to these issues of decision-making.
Dr. Wahler also opined that the Children needed continuity and predictability, such
that a disruption of Mica’s school or Quillen’s neighborhood and friends was not
recommended. In summary, Dr. Wahler recommended that the parents continue to share
parenting responsibility, but he acknowledged that they did not agree about “really anything”
and anticipated that there could be problems stemming from their lack of cooperation in the
future.
Father and Mother each filed proposed parenting plans that incorporated the alternate-
week schedule, essentially affording each party equal time with the Children. Father’s plan,
however, named him as primary residential parent and granted him final decision-making
authority. Conversely, Mother’s plan designated her as primary residential parent, providing
her final decision-making authority. While testifying, both parties affirmed agreement with
the alternate-week schedule. Additionally, Father testified that he wanted the Children to be
able to attend his church as much as possible and wanted the Children to remain in their
current neighborhood and school. Mother, for her part, wished to relocate from Harriman
and felt that the Oak Ridge school system had better schools and opportunities for the
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Children. As she explained, Oak Ridge was also closer to her place of employment. She had
no immediate plans to move, however, and stated that she was looking at houses in several
different neighboring communities.
At the conclusion of the proof, the trial court ruled from the bench, stating in pertinent
part:
Well, I was impressed with Dr. Wahler, truthfully. I thought he was
somebody who had taken an objective look at not only the children, but both
parents, and that his testimony was persuasive with the exception that I’m –
I’m having a little difficulty seeing how the present situation of week on week
off over the long-term is a workable solution.
But there’s another way of looking at this thing. I mean, it’s something
that I’ve done several times in the past in situations like this where you have
husbands and wives that can’t get along, that fight like dogs, and a divorce
seems inevitable, but are individually good parents. And I think that’s what
we’ve got here, and that’s the way that I’m looking at both of them.
But I think there’s a way to deal with it other than a week on and a
week off, and that is to have what I used to call split custody. And that is to
have one parent have custody during the school year and the other parent to
have custody during the summer months, and to have each of them have the
decision making authority during that part of the year in which they have
primary custody.
And so what I think ought to happen is that the dad ought to keep them
during the school year and the mom ought to keep them during the summer
months, and each of them would be the primary parent, residential parent,
during their part of the year.
Now, during the time that the father is the primary residential parent,
during the school year, the mom would have first and third weekends of every
month.
During the summer, when the mom is the primary residential parent, the
dad would have the first and third weekends of every month.
...
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And there’s no reason why we can’t get close to an equal number of
days. And I think, in that regard, I’m not so much concerned about exact
equality, as I am the children having some sort of continuity of contact with
each of the parents and to grow up knowing and being close to their mother
and their father. And so exact equality is not a real issue for me.
The trial court entered an order establishing Father as primary residential parent
during the school year with Mother to enjoy co-parenting on the first and third weekends of
every month during the school year. The order further stated that Mother would be primary
residential parent during the summer with Father enjoying co-parenting on the first and third
weekends of every month during the respective period.
Mother subsequently filed a motion seeking alteration of the trial court’s judgment.
Mother asserted in the motion that the parties had proposed an alternate-week schedule for
co-parenting and that Dr. Wahler recommended this schedule as in the best interest of the
Children. Mother argued that Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-101(a)(2)(A)(i) provides
that when the parties have agreed in open court to joint custody, there is a presumption that
joint custody is in the best interest of the children unless the court finds clear and convincing
evidence to the contrary. Mother posited that because no evidence was offered that a joint
custody arrangement was not in the Children’s best interest, the court erred in failing to
award joint custody.
Relative to the motion, the trial court conducted a hearing on April 26, 2013, ruling
in pertinent part:
There are a number of things in this case that – that I would have to find, had
been shown to me and that appeared to be incontrovertible proof beyond – by
clear and convincing proof. And that is exactly what the two lawyers have
said here, and that is that these two former spouses can’t get along with one
another. They can hardly communicate if they do need to communicate, and
that – this is not good for the children.
And with regard to the week on and week off arrangement, it may have
been what they had been doing, but I certainly have never made any
determination about that prior to the date of trial. And while the parties may
have – not have been anticipating what I did, it’s something that I have done
in a number of other cases throughout the past 28 years.
...
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And what I’m saying, then, in this case, that in so far as the children are
concerned, given the high state of animosity between the parents, that in this
case, it’s better not to have the week on and the week off, but to split it up
between the summer months and the school months.
And then to try to make up some of that, by giving the mom more time
during the school year by adding the fall break, and the spring break, after
Christmas break. And I would add to that, that if there – there are some
months that have five weekends as opposed to just four. So that I would add
that in those months where there are five Saturdays, that the mom gets three
of those. And so that she would get an additional weekend on those – on those
months.
And I find that in this case, that that seemed to me to be the only way
to go to minimize the impact, not only on the children, but to keep down as
much as possible the conflict between this father and this mother, who would
then have parenting decisions somehow divided between them during the
entire 365 days a year by giving one parent all of the parenting decisions
during one part of the year, mainly the summer, and one parent all the
parenting decisions during the other part of the year, that is the school year.
And that way –
There were some – I forget now about the religious differences. But
there were some religious differences here. Where is the – where are the
children going to go to school or church? Well, the way you handle that is to
let the parent that has parenting during the summer make those decisions, and
the parent that has the parenting during the school year make those decisions.
And that seems eminently reasonable to me.
There doesn’t seem to be any chance for confusions, or conflict, or
argument between the parties over those issues when you divide it up that way.
Otherwise, if they both have joint custody throughout the entire 365 days of
the year, then you’ve got to find some other way, so that each of them has
some influence over the children during the entire year. And so I don’t – I
don’t see anything detrimental about – about this.
The business about the ability of the mom, who would be – I believe
Mr. Williams said 20 miles away, living 20 miles away in Oak Ridge, when
the children are going to be going to school in Harriman, that that would be an
extremely long drive from her home to the children’s school in the morning,
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and then in the afternoon from the school back to her home in Oak Ridge
during the school year. And that – that, again, is something that to spend that
much time on the road, and back roads at that, would – would be something,
if possible, that – that would be good to avoid.
And so it’s – this takes into account geography. It takes into account
personalities. It takes into account a lot of issues that these parties have
between themselves.
...
And, again, with regards to the – the school – all this testimony about
the superiority of the Oak Ridge school systems, I just didn’t accept that as the
real reason that I was being given for why the mother . . . . I thought that the
mom wanted to get herself and the children away from the – the husband. And
so that was my impression.
The trial court entered an order denying the motion seeking to alter or amend the
judgment, except the court did grant Mother co-parenting during the fifth weekend in those
months when Father is the primary residential parent and there are five weekends in the
month. The trial court certified the order to be a final judgment pursuant to Rule 54.02 of
the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure. The court also entered a permanent parenting plan
memorializing its ruling, which ultimately awards Father 248 days annually and Mother 117
days annually with the Children. Mother timely appealed.
II. Issue Presented
Mother presents a single issue for this Court’s review:
Whether the trial court erred in fashioning the permanent parenting plan order by
failing to adopt the residential schedule that was agreed upon by the parents and
supported by expert testimony.
III. Standard of Review
This Court employs an abuse of discretion standard of review applicable to a trial
court’s determination of an appropriate parenting plan. “[C]ustody and visitation
arrangements are among the most important decisions confronting a trial court in a divorce
case. The needs of the children are paramount; while the desires of the parents are
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secondary.” Gaskill v. Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d 626, 630 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). As this Court
stated in Gaskill:
Custody and visitation determinations often hinge on subtle factors, including
the parents’ demeanor and credibility during the divorce proceedings
themselves. Accordingly, appellate courts are reluctant to second-guess a trial
court’s decisions. Trial courts must be able to exercise broad discretion in
these matters, but they still must base their decisions on the proof and upon the
appropriate application of the applicable principles of law.
Id. at 631. Further, our Supreme Court has stated:
It is not the function of appellate courts to tweak a visitation order in the hopes
of achieving a more reasonable result than the trial court. Appellate courts
correct errors. When no error in the trial court’s ruling is evident from the
record, the trial court’s ruling must stand. This maxim has special significance
in cases reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard. The abuse of
discretion standard recognizes that the trial court is in a better position than the
appellate court to make certain judgments. The abuse of discretion standard
does not require a trial court to render an ideal order, even in matters involving
visitation, to withstand reversal. Reversal should not result simply because the
appellate court found a “better” resolution. An abuse of discretion can be
found only when the trial court’s ruling falls outside the spectrum of rulings
that might reasonably result from an application of the correct legal standards
to the evidence found in the record.
Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82, 88 (Tenn. 2001) (internal citations omitted).
IV. Appropriate Parenting Plan
Mother contends that the trial court should have implemented the parties’ agreement
regarding co-parenting and utilized an alternate-week residential arrangement. Mother
directs this Court to the provision contained in Tennessee Code Annotated §
36-6-101(a)(2)(A)(i), which states, “Unless the court finds by clear and convincing evidence
to the contrary, there is a presumption that joint custody is in the best interest of a minor child
where the parents have agreed to joint custody or so agree in open court at a hearing for the
purpose of determining the custody of the minor child.” Mother posits that because the
parties agreed to joint custody with an alternate-week schedule, the trial court was required
to find clear and convincing evidence that such a schedule was not in the best interest of the
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children in order to fashion a different schedule. Mother asserts that the trial court failed to
find such clear and convincing evidence in this case.
Mother’s argument is unavailing, however, because this Court has previously found
that such a divided-time arrangement as was instituted in this case is actually a form of joint
custody. Burlew v. Burlew, No. 02A01-9807-CH-00186, 1999 WL 545749 at *9 (Tenn. Ct.
App. July 23, 1999) (reviewed and affirmed on other grounds by Burlew v. Burlew, 40
S.W.3d 465 (Tenn. 2001)). Ergo, Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-101(a)(2)(A)(i) is
inapplicable to this case. Further, as we noted in Human v. Human, No.
E2012-01853-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 5373039 at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 23, 2013), the
trial court was not required to “adopt wholesale one of the plans proposed by the parties.
Rather, the Trial Court was required to make a custody determination based upon the best
interests of the Children considering all of the relevant factors. Tenn. Code Ann. 36-6-
106(a).” Mother’s argument that the trial court erred by not adopting either of the parties’
proposed plans regarding residential schedules is without merit.
In fashioning an appropriate, initial permanent parenting plan, the trial court must
evaluate the comparative fitness of both parents by considering numerous statutory factors.
Darvarmanesh v. Gharacholou, No. M2004-00262-COA-R3-CV, 2005 WL 1684050 at *3
(Tenn. Ct. App. July 19, 2005). See also Parker v. Parker, 986 S.W.2d 557, 562 (Tenn.
1999); Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d at 630. For example, Tennessee Code Annotated §36-6-106
(Supp. 2013) provides that when determining an appropriate custody arrangement, the trial
court shall consider the following:
(1) The love, affection and emotional ties existing between the parents or
caregivers and the child;
(2) The disposition of the parents or caregivers to provide the child with food,
clothing, medical care, education and other necessary care and the degree to
which a parent or caregiver has been the primary caregiver;
(3) The importance of continuity in the child’s life and the length of time the
child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment; . . .
(4) The stability of the family unit of the parents or caregivers;
(5) The mental and physical health of the parents or caregivers. . .
(6) The home, school and community record of the child;
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(7)(A) The reasonable preference of the child, if twelve (12) years of age or
older;
(B) The court may hear the preference of a younger child on request. The
preferences of older children should normally be given greater weight than
those of younger children;
(8) Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to the other parent or
to any other person; . . .
(9) The character and behavior of any other person who resides in or frequents
the home of a parent or caregiver and the person's interactions with the child;
and
(10) Each parent’s or caregiver’s past and potential for future performance of
parenting responsibilities, including the willingness and ability of each of the
parents and caregivers to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing
parent-child relationship between the child and both of the child’s parents,
consistent with the best interest of the child. In determining the willingness of
each of the parents and caregivers to facilitate and encourage a close and
continuing parent-child relationship between the child and both of the child’s
parents, the court shall consider the likelihood of each parent and caregiver to
honor and facilitate court ordered parenting arrangements and rights, and the
court shall further consider any history of either parent or any caregiver
denying parenting time to either parent in violation of a court order.
Similarly, Tennessee Code Annotated §36-6-404 (2010) provides that an appropriate
parenting plan shall:
(1) Provide for the child’s changing needs as the child grows and matures, in
a way that minimizes the need for further modifications to the permanent
parenting plan;
(2) Establish the authority and responsibilities of each parent with respect to
the child, consistent with the criteria in this part;
(3) Minimize the child’s exposure to harmful parental conflict;
(4) Provide for a process for dispute resolution, before court action, unless
precluded or limited by § 36-6-406; . . .
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(5) Allocate decision-making authority to one (1) or both parties regarding the
child’s education, health care, extracurricular activities, and religious
upbringing. The parties may incorporate an agreement related to the care and
growth of the child in these specified areas, or in other areas, into their plan,
consistent with the criteria in this part. Regardless of the allocation of decision
making in the parenting plan, the parties may agree that either parent may
make emergency decisions affecting the health or safety of the child;
(6) Provide that each parent may make the day-to-day decisions regarding the
care of the child while the child is residing with that parent;
(7) Provide that when mutual decision making is designated but cannot be
achieved, the parties shall make a good-faith effort to resolve the issue through
the appropriate dispute resolution process, subject to the exception set forth in
subdivision (a)(4)(F);
(8) Require the obligor to report annually on a date certain to the obligee, and
the department of human services or its contractor in Title IV-D cases, on a
form provided by the court, the obligor’s income as defined by the child
support guidelines and related provisions contained in chapter 5 of this title;
and
(9) Specify that if the driver license of a parent is currently expired, canceled,
suspended or revoked or if the parent does not possess a valid driver license
for any other reason, the parent shall make acceptable transportation
arrangements as may be necessary to protect and ensure the health, safety and
welfare of the child when such child is in the custody of such parent.
(b) Any permanent parenting plan shall include a residential schedule as
defined in § 36-6-402. The court shall make residential provisions for each
child, consistent with the child’s developmental level and the family’s social
and economic circumstances, which encourage each parent to maintain a
loving, stable, and nurturing relationship with the child. The child’s residential
schedule shall be consistent with this part. If the limitations of § 36-6-406 are
not dispositive of the child’s residential schedule, the court shall consider the
following factors:
(1) The parent’s ability to instruct, inspire, and encourage the
child to prepare for a life of service, and to compete successfully
in the society that the child faces as an adult;
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(2) The relative strength, nature, and stability of the child’s
relationship with each parent, including whether a parent has
taken greater responsibility for performing parenting
responsibilities relating to the daily needs of the child;
(3) The willingness and ability of each of the parents to facilitate
and encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship
between the child and the other parent, consistent with the best
interests of the child;
(4) Willful refusal to attend a court-ordered parent education
seminar may be considered by the court as evidence of that
parent’s lack of good faith in these proceedings;
(5) The disposition of each parent to provide the child with food,
clothing, medical care, education and other necessary care;
(6) The degree to which a parent has been the primary caregiver,
defined as the parent who has taken the greater responsibility for
performing parental responsibilities;
(7) The love, affection, and emotional ties existing between each
parent and the child;
(8) The emotional needs and developmental level of the child;
(9) The character and physical and emotional fitness of each
parent as it relates to each parent’s ability to parent or the
welfare of the child;
(10) The child’s interaction and interrelationships with siblings
and with significant adults, as well as the child’s involvement
with the child’s physical surroundings, school, or other
significant activities;
(11) The importance of continuity in the child’s life and the
length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory
environment;
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(12) Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to the
other parent or to any other person;
(13) The character and behavior of any other person who resides
in or frequents the home of a parent and such person’s
interactions with the child;
(14) The reasonable preference of the child if twelve (12) years
of age or older. The court may hear the preference of a younger
child upon request. The preference of older children should
normally be given greater weight than those of younger children;
(15) Each parent’s employment schedule, and the court may
make accommodations consistent with those schedules; and
(16) Any other factors deemed relevant by the court.
Mother further argues that the trial court failed to make specific findings of fact that
supported its decision in this case. As this Court has explained:
[T]he trial court was obligated to consider the applicable statutory factors in
Section 36-6-106(a) in reaching its decision regarding the comparative fitness
of the parties. See Burnett v. Burnett, 2003 Tenn. App. LEXIS 508, E2002-
01614-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 21782290, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 23,
2003). “However, the statute does not require a trial court, when issuing a
memorandum opinion or final judgment, to list every applicable factor along
with its conclusion as to how that particular factor impacted the overall
custody determination.” Id. Moreover, not every factor is applicable in a
given case, and the trial judge is required to consider only the factors which are
applicable. Id.; see also Mueller v. Mueller, 2004 Tenn. App. LEXIS 770,
W2004-00482-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 2609197, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Nov.17, 2004).
Human, 2013 WL 5373039 at *5 (quoting Bell v. Bell, No. W2004-00131-COA-R3-CV,
2005 WL 415683 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 22, 2005)). When the trial court fails to make
specific findings of fact with regard to the relevant statutory factors, however, we must
review the evidence in the record de novo to determine where the preponderance of the
evidence lies. See Darvarmanesh, 2005 WL 1684050 at *4. See also Ward v. Ward, No.
M2012-01184-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 3198157 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 20, 2013).
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Contrary to Mother’s assertion, we find that the trial court did make findings of fact
regarding the best interest of the Children in relation to the statutory factors listed above.
The court found that the parents were unable to agree or cooperate on certain matters, noting
that they “fight like dogs.” The court opined that the best way to arrange co-parenting in this
case was “to have one parent have custody during the school year and the other parent to
have custody during the summer months, and to have each of them have the decision making
authority during that part of the year in which they have primary custody.” The court found
that the alternate-week schedule would not be successful over an extended period because
of the parental differences of opinion. Therefore, the trial court crafted a plan that was
intended to “minimize the [Children’s] exposure to harmful parental conflict” as provided
in Tennessee Code Annotated §36-6-404 (a)(3). The trial court also determined that this
would provide the Children “continuity of contact with each of the parents and to grow up
knowing and being close to their mother and their father,” which relates to the “love and
emotional ties between the parent and Children” as well as “the importance of continuity”
in Tennessee Code Annotated §36-6-106 (a)(1) and (3).
In its subsequent order regarding the motion to alter or amend, the trial court entered
additional findings. The court again highlighted the parties’ deleterious parental conflict and
referenced the parties’ inability to cooperate in choosing which school or church the Children
should attend. The court noted that if Mother moved to Oak Ridge, which she indicated she
might do, this arrangement would avoid having the Children travel a greater distance to and
from school each day. Such considerations relate to the statutory factor concerning
continuity. Finally, the court expressed concern that the actual reason for Mother’s proposed
move was to keep herself and the Children away from Father. This finding would relate to
Tennessee Code Annotated §36-6-106 (a)(10), regarding Mother’s willingness to “facilitate
and encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the [Children] and
both of the [Children’s] parents.”
Following a thorough review of the record, we conclude that the trial court’s findings
are supported by a preponderance of the evidence. Both parties admitted at trial that they
disagreed on certain major decisions involving the Children, specifically which church and
school the Children should attend. Further, there was testimony that Mother desired to move
from the Harriman community and enroll the Children in a different school system,
notwithstanding Dr. Wahler’s opinion that such a move would be detrimental to the Children.
We further conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion with regard to the
co-parenting residential schedule instituted. Dr. Wahler opined that while the alternate-week
schedule had been successful for a few months, he could foresee problems developing in the
future, given the parents’ difficulty with cooperation. The trial court’s ruling does not fall
outside the spectrum of rulings that might reasonably result from an application of the correct
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legal standards to the evidence found in the record. See Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d at 88. We
conclude, therefore, that the trial court’s permanent parenting plan should be affirmed.
V. Conclusion
The judgment of the trial court regarding the permanent parenting plan is affirmed.
Costs on appeal are taxed to the appellant, Maria Elizabeth Holmes. This case is remanded
to the trial court, pursuant to applicable law, for collection of costs assessed below.
_________________________________
THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JUDGE
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