Case: 13-40465 Document: 00512533532 Page: 1 Date Filed: 02/14/2014
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
No. 13-40465 February 14, 2014
Summary Calendar
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
LEO L. PITTMAN-BEY,
Plaintiff-Appellant
v.
CASEY CELUM, Chaplain; IMAM OMAR SHAKIR, Dominguez SJD,
Defendants-Appellees
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
USDC No. 6:10-CV-86
Before HIGGINBOTHAM, DENNIS, and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: *
Leo L. Pittman-Bey, Texas prisoner # 718254, initially brought the
present civil action against Kenneth Bright, the Warden of the Stevenson Unit
(Stevenson) of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Correctional
Institutions Division (TDCJ-CID); Diana Clay, the Assistant Warden of
Stevenson; Casey Celum, the Chaplain of Stevenson; Imam Omar Shakir, the
Regional Chaplain of the TDCJ-CID; and Bill Pierce, the Chaplaincy Director
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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of the TDCJ-CID. Pittman-Bey raised claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983
under the First, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments, and he also raised
claims under the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act
(RLUIPA), 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-1(a). Acting pursuant to consent jurisdiction
prior to service of process on the defendants, the magistrate judge dismissed
all of Pittman-Bey’s claims against Warden Bright, Assistant Warden Clay,
and Pierce, and he dismissed some of Pittman-Bey’s claims against Celum and
Shakir. The district court subsequently granted summary judgment to Celum
and Shakir on Pittman-Bey’s remaining claims.
The basic facts of this case are relatively uncontested. Pittman-Bey has
been an inmate in the TDCJ-CID for many years, and he has been a practicing
Muslim since he has been incarcerated. He is incarcerated at the Stevenson
Unit of the TDCJ-CID. Pittman-Bey is a member of Hanafi School of Sunni
Islam, and the doctrine of the Hanafi School at least arguably prohibits
members from attending Jumu’ah Friday prayer services while incarcerated.
For this reason, Pittman-Bey did not attend Jumu’ah Friday prayer services.
Nevertheless, the tenets of Pittman-Bey’s faith required Pittman-Bey, like all
Muslims, to fast during daylight hours during the 30 days of Ramadan each
year.
During Ramadan in 2009 and 2010, Pittman-Bey, despite his requests,
was not allowed to participate in Ramadan activities, and he did not receive
after sunset meals pursuant to a TDCJ-CID policy requiring inmates to
participate in a certain number of Jumu’ah services in order to participate in
Ramadan activities. In Ramadan in 2011, Pittman-Bey received sack meals
after sunset, but he did not receive hot meals after sunset like other Muslim
inmates did, and he was not allowed to participate in any Ramadan activities.
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Prior to Ramadan in 2012, the TDCJ-CID changed its policy, and it now allows
all Muslim inmates to participate in Ramadan activities upon a timely request.
Pittman-Bey does not brief any challenges to the magistrate judge’s
dismissal of his claims for monetary damages against the defendants in their
official capacities or his claims against Pierce, Warden Bright, and Assistant
Warden Clay, and he does not brief any challenges to the grant of summary
judgment to the defendants on his claims for monetary damages for emotional
harm. Accordingly, Pittman-Bey has waived these issues. See Geiger v.
Jowers, 404 F.3d 371, 373 n.6 (5th Cir. 2005).
For the first time in his reply brief, Pittman-Bey argues that 42 U.S.C.
§ 1997e(e) does not prevent him from receiving monetary damages for actual
injuries for constitutional violations, nominal damages, or punitive damages;
that his requests for injunctive and declaratory relief are not moot because no
ruling has been made regarding whether the TDCJ-CID’s former policy
requiring Jumu’ah attendance in order to participate in Ramadan activities
was constitutional; and that the district court erred by granting summary
judgment to the defendants on his Fourteenth Amendment claims. As
Pittman-Bey did not raise these issues in his initial brief, we do not consider
them. See Cinel v. Connick, 15 F.3d 1338, 1345 (5th Cir. 1994).
Pittman-Bey states that he presents 10 issues for review, and the
defendants argue that Pittman-Bey presents only four issues for review. All of
Pittman-Bey’s arguments, however, concern only two general issues:
(1) whether the magistrate judge erred by implicitly dismissing Pittman-Bey’s
Eighth Amendment claims and (2) whether the district court erred by granting
summary judgment to the defendants because the defendants were entitled to
qualified immunity on Pittman-Bey’s First Amendment claims for monetary
damages.
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The magistrate judge implicitly dismissed Pittman-Bey’s Eighth
Amendment claims for failure to state a claim or as frivolous upon initial
screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) and 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1).
We review the dismissal of those claims de novo. See Velasquez v. Woods, 329
F.3d 420, 421 (5th Cir. 2003). The district court ruled that Celum and Shakir
were entitled to qualified immunity on Pittman-Bey’s First Amendment claims
for monetary damages, and it granted them summary judgment on that basis.
We review de novo a grant of summary judgment, applying the same standard
as the district court. Nickell v. Beau View of Biloxi, L.L.C., 636 F.3d 752, 754
(5th Cir. 2011).
In the present case, Pittman-Bey did not allege that the defendants
deprived him of sufficient food, only that they deprived him of sufficient food
during the hours that he could eat based upon his religious beliefs. Thus,
conceptually, Pittman-Bey’s claims are First Amendment claims for the
infringement of his right to the free exercise of religion, not Eighth Amendment
claims for the denial of adequate food. As Pittman-Bey’s failure to receive food
was based on his failure to follow prison regulations concerning the receipt of
food, Pittman-Bey failed to state a viable Eighth Amendment claim. See Talib
v. Gilley, 138 F.3d 211, 214-15 (5th Cir. 1998). Furthermore, even if Pittman-
Bey’s allegations stated viable Eighth Amendment claims, the claims would
not be separate from his First Amendment claims. In a federal civil rights
action under § 1983, when a claim arises under multiple constitutional
provisions, a court should analyze the claim under the most applicable
constitutional provision. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 394-95 (1989).
As Pittman-Bey’s claims concern his right to exercise his religious beliefs, the
First Amendment standard is the appropriate standard. See, e.g., Baranowski
v. Hart, 486 F.3d 112, 120-22 (5th Cir. 2007); see also Conyers v. Abitz, 416 F.3d
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580, 586 (7th Cir. 2005). The magistrate judge did not err by dismissing
Pittman-Bey’s Eighth Amendment claims.
An official enjoys qualified immunity from all damages unless his
“conduct violated a clearly established constitutional right.” Pearson v.
Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009). Once the defense of qualified immunity
has been raised, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show that it does not apply.
Jones v. Lowndes County, Miss., 678 F.3d 344, 351 (5th Cir. 2012). In assessing
a qualified immunity defense, a court asks two questions: (1) “whether the facts
that a plaintiff has alleged . . . or shown . . . make out a violation of a
constitutional right,” and (2) “whether the right at issue was clearly
established at the time of defendant’s alleged misconduct.” Pearson, 555 U.S.
at 232 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). We need not consider
the two prongs in any particular order. Id. at 236.
When determining whether the constitutional right at issue was clearly
established law, we should not “define clearly established law at a high level
of generality.” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 131 S. Ct. 2074, 2084 (2011). A case directly
on point is not required, “but existing precedent must have placed the statutory
or constitutional question beyond debate.” Id. at 2083. To make this
determination, we ask “whether the law so clearly and unambiguously
prohibited the conduct that every reasonable official would understand that
what he is doing violates the law.” Wyatt v. Fletcher, 718 F.3d 496, 503 (5th
Cir. 2013). “Answering in the affirmative requires the court to be able to point
to controlling authority—or a robust consensus of persuasive authority—that
defines the contours of the right in question with a high degree of
particularity.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
It is at least arguable that there was clearly established law indicating
that inmates requiring special meals to comply with their religious beliefs had
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No. 13-40465
a right to those meals so long as there was no legitimate penological reason to
deny the inmates those meals. See Eason v. Thaler, 14 F.3d 8, 10 (5th Cir.
1994). However, this is too high of a level of generality to determine whether
the right asserted by Pittman-Bey was clearly established law. See Wyatt, 718
F.3d at 503. The more specific question raised in this case was whether it was
clearly established law that a Muslim inmate who did not participate in
Jumu’ah services had a right to participate in Ramadan activities and after
sunset meals. None of the cases cited by Pittman-Bey show that there is clearly
established law on this issue, and there is no controlling precedent on this
issue. The little persuasive authority that exists on this issue is somewhat
conflicting and does not constitute a robust consensus in favor of Pittman-Bey’s
position. See Hall v. Ekpe, 408 F. App’x 385, 387-88 (2d Cir. 2010); Makin v.
Colorado Dep’t of Corr., 183 F.3d 1205, 1210-14 (10th Cir. 1999); Logan v.
Lockett, No. 07-1759, 2009 WL 799749, at *6-*7 (W.D. Pa. Mar. 25, 2009)
(unpublished); Ali v. Maness, No. 9:09-CV-179, slip op. at 1-20 (E.D. Tex. June
20, 2011) (unpublished) (report and recommendation of magistrate judge).
As there is neither controlling authority nor a robust consensus of
persuasive authority showing that a Muslim inmate who did not participate in
Jumu’ah services was entitled to participate in Ramadan activities and after
sunset meals, the right asserted by Pittman-Bey was not clearly established
law, and the district court correctly concluded that Celum and Shakir were
entitled to qualified immunity. See Wyatt, 718 F.3d at 503. Accordingly,
Pittman-Bey has not shown that the district court erred by granting summary
judgment to the defendants.
AFFIRMED.
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