IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 71059-1- C23
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MICHAEL ANDREW HECHT, PUBLISHED OPINION
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Appellant. FILED: February 18,2014 a> a-<:
Verellen, J. — A prosecutor improperly appeals to the passion and prejudice of
a jury by using graphics in closing argument that show the defendant's face with the
word "GUILTY" superimposed in red.1 Michael Hecht was convicted offelony
harassment and patronizing a prostitute. During closing argument, the prosecutor used
multiple slides showing Hecht's photograph with a large red "GUILTY" superimposed
over his face. There is no legitimate purpose for such images in a criminal trial. Such
misconduct was flagrant and ill-intentioned, and the prejudicial impact could not have
been cured by a jury instruction. We reverse and remand for a new trial.
FACTS
In 2008, Hecht was elected to a superior court judge position for Pierce County,
defeating incumbent Judge Sergio Armijo. During the campaign, shopkeeper Albert
Milliken told Armijo's son Morgan that Hecht patronized Tacoma street prostitutes.
Milliken suspected Hecht patronized Joseph Pfeiffer. Milliken talked to Pfeiffer, then
In re Pers. Restraint of Glasmann, 175 Wn.2d 696, 707-10, 286 P.3d 673
(2012).
No. 71059-1-1/2
provided Morgan's telephone number to Pfeiffer and Pfeiffer's to Morgan. Morgan
contacted Pfeiffer, investigated the rumors surrounding Hecht, and reported his findings
to police. Pfeiffer notified Hecht about these exchanges.2
Pfeiffer also told Hecht that he suspected Joey Hesketh had spoken about Hecht
patronizing prostitutes. Hecht and Pfeiffer found Hesketh and Michael Mundorff walking
in an alley. Hecht drove his car quickly toward the two men, stopping inches from
Hesketh. Hecht told Hesketh, "You better not be talking about me. If I find out you are
talking about me, Iam going to kill you."3 Hesketh took the threat seriously.
Following the Tacoma Police Department's investigation of the allegations, the
State charged Hecht with one count of felony harassment pursuant to RCW 9A.46.020
and one count of patronizing a prostitute pursuant to RCW 9A.88.110.
The case was tried to a jury. At trial, Hesketh and Mundorff testified that Hecht
threatened to kill Hesketh. Pfeiffer testified that Hecht had not threatened Hesketh.
Pfeiffer, Hesketh, John Marx, and Edward Smith testified about multiple instances when
Hecht picked them up in downtown Tacoma, took them to his law office for sex, and
then paid them.
Hecht testified that he occasionally picked up transients to give them work in his
office or on his campaign. He denied paying anyone for sex. Hecht acknowledged that
he knew Pfeiffer and occasionally gave him money or clothing. Hecht acknowledged
that he met Hesketh in August of 2008, but denied threatening him. Hecht testified that
he had never seen Marx or Smith.
2 Detective Bradley Graham recovered telephone records showing calls between
Hecht and Pfeiffer between August 2008 and January 2009.
3 Report of Proceedings (Oct. 15, 2009) at 693.
No. 71059-1-1/3
In closing argument, the prosecutor employed a slideshow showing images of
trial evidence, quotes from witnesses at trial, and titles and commentary reflecting the
prosecutor's argument. Slide 85 was titled "PATRONIZING A PROSTITUTE" and
shows Hecht's driver's license photo next to a booking photo of Pfeiffer.4 The word
"GUILTY" appears in red, diagonally across Hecht's face. Slide 65, titled "COUNT I-
HARASSMENT" shows Hecht's license photo next to a booking photo of Hesketh.5
Again, the word "GUILTY" appears in red, diagonally across Hecht's face. Slide 84 bore
the title "DEFENDANT'S CREDIBILITY," asked "If he's not truthful about the little things
. . . [w]hy should you believe him when he denies the big things?" and answered "YOU
SHOULDN'T."6
The jury convicted Hecht on both counts. The trial court imposed community
service in lieu of jail time for the harassment conviction, and suspended the sentence
for the solicitation conviction.
Hecht appeals.
ANALYSIS
Hecht first contends that the prosecutor's use of slides in closing argument
showing the word "GUILTY" superimposed over a photograph of Hecht's face violated
his right to a fair trial. We agree, and reverse his convictions.
4 Clerk's Papers at 526. Division Two of this court granted appellant's motion to
supplementthe record with the slides used during the State's closing argument, finding
they were "visual adjuncts to the verbatim report of closing arguments," not additional
evidence. Clerk's Papers at 440.
5 Clerk's Papers at 506.
6 Clerk's Papers at 525.
No. 71059-1-1/4
The right to a fair trial is a fundamental liberty secured by the Sixth and Fourteenth
Amendments to the United States Constitution and article I, section 22 of the Washington
State Constitution.7 "'A "[fjair trial" certainly implies a trial in which the attorney
representing the state does not throw the prestige of his public office . . . and the
expression of his own belief ofguilt into the scales against the accused.'"8 A prosecutor
may make use of graphics in closing argument to highlight relevant evidence and
generally has wide latitude to argue reasonable inferences from the evidence, but
prosecutorial misconduct may deprive a defendant of his constitutional right to a fair trial.9
To prevail on a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, a defendant must show that
the prosecutor's conduct was both improper and prejudicial.10 To show prejudice, a
defendant must demonstrate a substantial likelihood that the misconduct affected the
jury verdict.11 Because Hecht failed to object at trial to the argument and graphics, he is
required to establish that the misconduct was so flagrant and ill-intentioned that it
caused an enduring and resulting prejudice that could not have been neutralized by an
admonition to the jury.12
In In re Personal Restraint of Glasmann, our Supreme Court recently addressed
a claim of prosecutorial misconduct based on similar slides used in closing argument:
At least five slides featured Glasmann's booking photograph and a
caption. In one slide, the booking photo appeared above the caption, "DO
7 Glasmann. 175 Wn.2d at 703.
8jd. at 704 (alterations in original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting
State v. Monday, 171 Wn.2d 667, 677, 257 P.3d 551 (2011)).
9jd, at 703-04.
10 id, at 704.
11 kL
12 Id.
No. 71059-1-1/5
YOU BELIEVE HIM?" In another booking photo slide the caption read,
"WHY SHOULD YOU BELIEVE ANYTHING HE SAYS ABOUT THE
ASSAULT?" Near the end of the presentation, the booking photo
appeared three more times: first with the word "GUILTY" superimposed
diagonally in red letters across Glasmann's battered face. In the second
slide the word "GUILTY" was superimposed in red letters again in the
opposite direction, forming an "X" shape across Glasmann's face. In the
third slide, the word "GUILTY," again in red letters, was superimposed
horizontally over the previously superimposed words.l13]
The court reversed Glasmann's convictions, finding that the prosecutor's slides
and argument were flagrant and ill-intentioned misconduct. The court noted:
Our courts have repeatedly and unequivocally denounced the type
of conduct that occurred in this case. [W]e have held that it is error to
submit evidence to the jury that has not been admitted at trial. The "long
standing rule" is that "consideration of any material by a jury not properly
admitted as evidence vitiates a verdict when there is a reasonable ground
to believe that the defendant may have been prejudiced."
Here, the prosecutor intentionally presented the jury with copies of
Glasmann's booking photograph altered by the addition of phrases
calculated to influence the jury's assessment of Glasmann's guilt and
veracity. . . . There certainly was no photograph in evidence that asked
"DO YOU BELIEVE HIM?" There was nothing that said, "WHY SHOULD
YOU BELIEVE ANYTHING HE SAYS ABOUT THE ASSAULT?" And
there were no sequence of photographs in evidence with "GUILTY" on the
face or "GUILTY, GUILTY, GUILTY." Yet this "evidence" was made a part
of the trial by the prosecutor during closing argument.[14]
The Supreme Court also stressed that existing case law and professional
standards for prosecutors preclude the expression of personal opinions of the
defendant's guilt and "clearly warned against" such use of the slides in closing
argument.15 The court emphasized that a prosecutor has the duty to "'seek convictions
13175 Wn.2d 696, 701-02, 286 P.3d 673 (2012) (citations omitted).
14 Id at 704-06 (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting
State v. Pete, 152 Wn.2d 546, 555 n.4, 98 P.3d 803 (2004)).
15 Id. at 707.
No. 71059-1-1/6
based only on probative evidence and sound reason.'"16 Consistent with this duty, a
prosecutor "'should not use arguments calculated to inflame the passions or prejudices
ofthe jury.'"17 The court concluded that the pervasive misconduct could not be cured by
an instruction.
The slides of Hecht's photograph with a large red "GUILTY" printed across his
face were at odds with the prosecutor's duty to ensure a fair trial. No legitimate purpose
is served by a prosecutor showing the jury a defendant's photograph with the word
"GUILTY" superimposed over his face. Such images are the graphic equivalent of
shouting "GUILTY."18 "A prosecutor could never shout in closing argument that '[the
defendant] is guilty, guilty, guilty!' and it would be highly prejudicial to do so."19
The prosecutor argues that the driver's license photo of Hecht was not equivalent
to the booking photo of Glasmann's battered face. But the prosecutor's graphics,
though arguably less severe than those at issue in Glasmann, were clearly improper.
Moreover, the prejudicial impact of the word "GUILTY" was magnified by the fact
it was written in capital letters, in red, and on a diagonal, obvious graphic devices for
drawing the eye, implying urgency of action, and evoking emotion.20 This manipulation
unfairly injected inflammatory extrinsic considerations into the argument.
16 ]d at 704 (quoting State v. Casteneda-Perez, 61 Wn. App. 354, 363, 810 P.2d
74(1991)).
17 Jd. (quoting American Bar Association, Standards For Criminal Justice
std. 3-5.8(c) (2d ed. 1980)).
18 \± at 709-10 ("The prosecutor's improper visual 'shouts' of GUILTY urged the
jury to find Glasmann guilty as charged.").
19 id at 709.
20 See id.
6
No. 71059-1-1/7
Individuals retain and process information in different ways.21 Graphics can be a
legitimate tool to summarize detailed information or to highlight express quotes from the
record. But as in Glasmann, the prosecutor presented images implying his opinion that
Hecht was guilty. And slide 84, which stated that "YOU SHOULDN'T [believe Hecht]"
appears to state the prosecutor's personal opinion that Hecht lacked credibility. The
significance of this slide in isolation is debatable; however, the cumulative impact of the
"YOU SHOULDN'T" slide and the slides proclaiming Hecht "GUILTY" is substantial.
Although the prosecutor's verbal argument was largely temperate, that does not
diminish the dramatic impact of the improper graphics.
As in Glasmann, the use of the multiple slides "may well have affected the jurors'
feelings about the need to strictly observe legal principles and the care it must take in
determining [the defendant's] guilt."22 The harassment charge against Hecht required
the jury to assess Hecht's credibility and to weigh it against the credibility of Pfeiffer,
Hesketh and Mundorff. Similarly, the prostitution charge required the jury to weigh the
credibility of Hecht and Pfeiffer.
We conclude that the prosecutor's slides undermined Hecht's right to a fair trial
by creating the substantial likelihood of a verdict improperly based on passion and
prejudice. "The impact of such powerful but unquantifiable material on the jury is
21 See id. at 708-09 ("'[VJisual arguments manipulate audiences by harnessing
rapid unconscious or emotional reasoning processes and by exploiting the fact that we
do not generally question the rapid conclusions we reach based on visually presented
information.'" (alteration in original) (quoting Lucille A. Jewel, Through a Glass Darkly:
Using Brain and Visual Rhetoric to Gain a Professional Perspective on Visual
Advocacy, 19 S. Cal. Interdisc. L.J. 237, 289 (2010))).
22 Id. at 706.
No. 71059-1-1/8
exceedingly difficult to assess"23 but, as in Glasmann, we conclude that the misconduct
was so flagrant and ill-intentioned that it caused an enduring and resulting prejudice that
could not have been neutralized by an admonition to the jury. The prosecutor's
misconduct necessitates reversal of both convictions and remand for a new trial.
None of the remaining issues raised by Hecht merit appellate relief. We address
them because they may surface on retrial.
ER 404(b) Evidence
Over objection, the trial court allowed the State to call Smith and Marx to testify
about their sexual encounters with Hecht. The trial court ruled pretrial that Marx could
testify that Hecht paid him for sex on 10 to 15 occasions between 2001 and 2002, and
that Smith could testify about Hecht paying him for sex on multiple occasions. The
court admitted the evidence under ER 404(b) as evidence of a common scheme or
plan.24
Hecht contends that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing Smith and
Marx to testify about his prior uncharged acts of soliciting prostitutes. His argument is
not persuasive.
ER 404(b) provides:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It
may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of
mistake or accident.
23 id at 712.
24 The trial court admitted Hesketh's testimony to establish Hecht's motive and
the reasonableness of Hesketh's fear Hecht would carry out his threat to kill. Hecht did
not contest that Hesketh's testimony was admissible for these purposes.
8
No. 71059-1-1/9
To be admissible under ER 404(b) to demonstrate a common scheme or plan,
the evidence must be "'(1) proved by a preponderance of the evidence, (2) admitted for
the purpose of proving a common scheme or plan, (3) relevant to prove an element of
the crime charged or to rebut a defense, and (4) more probative than prejudicial.'"25
The evidence must reveal "that the person 'committed markedly similar acts of
misconduct againstsimilar victims under similar circumstances.'"26 Atrial court's ruling
under ER 404(b) is reviewed for an abuse ofdiscretion.27
The common scheme or plan rationale for admitting evidence frequently appears
in sex offense cases involving a defendant's "grooming" behavior, and such cases are
helpful here by analogy.28 For example, in State v. DeVincentis,29 our Supreme Court
held that prior misconduct may be admissible to show a common scheme or plan where
the prior crime and the present crime were committed in a similar way and under similar
circumstances, without requiring proof of any overarching plan or any unusual
techniques that might constitute the defendant's "signature" characteristic.
Here, the State demonstrated a common scheme or plan by providing evidence
that Hecht committed markedly similar acts of misconduct under similar circumstances.
The similarities between Smith's, Marx's, Hesketh's, and Pfeiffer's accounts are
25 State v. DeVincentis, 150 Wn.2d 11, 17, 74 P.3d 119 (2003) (quoting State v.
Lough, 125 Wn.2d 847, 852, 889 P.2d 487 (1995)).
26 State v. Carleton. 82 Wn. App. 680, 683, 919 P.2d 128 (1996) (quoting Lough.
125Wn.2dat852).
27 DeVincentis, 150 Wn.2d at 17.
28 See 5 Karl B. Tegland, Washington Practice: Evidence: Lawand Practice
§ 404.20 n.13, at 541 (5th ed. 2007) (citing State v. Krause. 82 Wn. App. 688, 919 P.2d
123 (1996) (holding the key distinction under Rule 404(b) is between "evidence of a
disposition," barred by the rule, and "evidence of a design," allowed by the rule)).
29150Wn.2d 11, 17, 74 P.3d 119(2003).
No. 71059-1-1/10
abundant. Each witness described Hecht frequenting a specific area of downtown
Tacoma where male prostitutes were known to meet customers. Each testified that
Hecht would drive through the same small area in the late afternoon or early evening,
several days a week, over years. Each testified that Hecht picked up individuals in this
area on repeated occasions, drove them to his office, engaged in similar sex acts, drove
them back to where he picked them up, and paid them in cash as he dropped them off.
In addition, each testified that they were homeless and drug-addicted, relying on the
cash from prostitution to buy drugs. The trial court's determination that these events
were proved by a preponderance of the evidence is amply supported by the record.
The trial court's ruling to admit Smith's and Marx's testimony was based on
tenable grounds and careful consideration of the evidence. Contrary to Hecht's
assertions, there were marked similarities between his prior misconduct and the
charged count of prostitution, demonstrating a common scheme or plan. Moreover,
Hecht's common scheme and plan to solicit prostitutes in downtown Tacoma was
probative as to whether Hecht's payments to Pfeiffer were for prostitution rather than
gifts Hecht claimed he gave as a "grandfather figure." The trial court ensured that the
prosecutor used the evidence only for the permissible purpose of arguing against the
defense theory by demonstrating a recurring scheme or plan.
Hecht was not unfairly prejudiced by the admission of Marx's and Smith's
testimony. The trial court repeatedly cautioned the jury that its consideration of the
testimony was limited to the issue of a common scheme or plan. Jurors are presumed
to follow the court's limiting instructions.30 And although the testimony concerned illegal
30 Lough. 125Wn.2dat864.
10
No. 71059-1-1/11
acts, jurors were repeatedly instructed not to consider the evidence as proof of Hecht's
criminal propensity.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Marx's and Smith's
testimony about their encounters with Hecht.
Jury Instructions
Hecht contends his conviction must be reversed because the State failed to set
forth the element of a true threat in the information and to-convict instruction defining
the offense offelony harassment. Consistentwith Hecht's concession at oral argument,
this issue is controlled by our Supreme Court's recent decision in State v. Allen.31
In Allen, the court held that the true threat is not an essential element required in
either the information orthe to-convict jury instruction.32 Acharging document alleging
felony harassment is sufficient if it alleges that the defendant knowingly threatened the
victim.33 And the jury instructions for felony harassment are sufficient if the jury
instructions contain the definition of"true threat."34 Here, the amended information
alleged that Hecht knowingly threatened to kill Hesketh, and the jury instructions
contained the definition of "true threat." Hecht fails to demonstrate any basis for relief in
light of Allen.
31 176Wn.2d 611, 294 P.3d 679 (2013).
32 id at 630.
33 id at 627.
34 Id at 627-28. A "true threat" is "'a statement made in a context or under such
circumstances wherein a reasonable person would foresee that the statement would be
interpreted ... as a serious expression of intention to inflict bodily harm upon or to take
the life' ofanother person." Id at 626 (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Kilburn,
151 Wn.2d 36, 43, 84 P.3d 1215 (2004)).
11
No. 71059-1-1/12
Sufficiency of Evidence
Hecht argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his harassment
conviction because it failed to support any inference that Hesketh had a reasonable fear
that Hecht would carry out his threat, or that Hecht could have foreseen that Hesketh
might view his statements as a true threat.
"A claim of insufficiency admits the truth of the State's evidence and all
inferences that reasonably can be drawn therefrom."35 The evidence is reviewed in the
light most favorable to the State to determine whether any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.36 The
appellate court will not reassess credibility.37
Taking the evidence of record in the light most favorable to the State, the
evidence amply supports the inferences that Hesketh was afraid, that Hecht could
foresee that Hesketh would consider the threat to be a true threat, and that the threat
was a true threat. Sufficient evidence supports the elements of felony harassment.
Statement of Additional Grounds
Finally, Hecht argues in his statement of additional grounds that his participation
in the ongoing Commission of Judicial Conduct proceedings effected a violation of his
right against self-incrimination and his right to prepare a defense and not disclose his
attorney's work product. But evidence outside the trial record is not properly considered
35 State v. Salinas. 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992).
36 State v. Joy. 121 Wn.2d 333, 338, 851 P.2d 654 (1993).
37 State v. Camarillo, 115 Wn.2d 60, 71, 794 P.2d 850 (1990).
12
No. 71059-1-1/13
in this direct appeal. Typically, such information would be reviewed as part of a
personal restraint proceeding.38 Hecht's arguments all depend on matters outside of
the trial record on appeal, regardless of Hecht's attachment of such materials to his
statement of additional grounds.
Hecht's challenges to the adequacy of his defense counsel's performance are
also without merit. Many of Hecht's allegations concern matters outside the trial record.
Other issues are treated only in passing, without citation to authority. The record on
appeal is wholly inadequate to permit resolution of these issues.
CONCLUSION
Because of prosecutorial misconduct, the convictions are reversed and
remanded for a new trial.
WE CONCUR:
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38 State v. Bugai. 30 Wn. App. 156, 158, 632 P.2d 917 (1981); State v. King. 24
Wn. App. 495, 505, 601 P.2d 982 (1979).
13