Filed 2/18/14 Holman Professional Counseling Centers v. Keenan & Assocs. CA2/7
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SEVEN
HOLMAN PROFESSIONAL B245127
COUNSELING CENTERS,
(Los Angeles County
Plaintiff and Respondent, Super. Ct. No. LC097826)
v.
KEENAN & ASSOCIATES,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Maria E.
Stratton, Judge. Reversed with directions.
Kinsella Weitzman Iser Kump & Aldisert, Dale F. Kinsella and Alan Kossoff for
Defendant and Appellant.
Law Offices of Jonathan W. Biddle, Jonathan W. Biddle; Woolls & Peer and H.
Douglas Galt for Plaintiff and Respondent.
___________________
INTRODUCTION
Defendant Keenan & Associates (Keenan) appeals from an order denying its
motion to compel plaintiff Holman Professional Counseling Centers (Holman) to
arbitrate. We conclude that Keenan, an agent of a party to the arbitration agreement, can
enforce the arbitration agreement against Holman, a signatory to the agreement. We also
find that Holman’s claims are subject to the arbitration agreement. Therefore, we
reverse.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. The Complaint
1. The Allegations
Holman is a corporate provider of inpatient and outpatient psychiatric, drug and
alcohol, and employee assistance program services in California. Keenan is an insurance
consulting and brokerage firm that provides insurance products and services to schools,
community colleges, health care organizations, and municipalities, including employee
benefits and health benefit management services.
In the fall of 2009 Keenan learned that one of its clients, the Riverside County
School District, through its Riverside Employer/Employee Partnership for Benefits
(REEP), needed a new provider of psychiatric care for its employees. On behalf of
REEP, Keenan asked various psychiatric health care providers, including Holman, to
submit a proposal to provide services to REEP.
Representatives of Holman and Keenan met on January 26, 2010 “to discuss
Holman’s ability to provide services on behalf of REEP.” Debra Yorba, senior vice
president of Keenan and the account representative for REEP, chaired the meeting. In
response to Yorba’s inquiry regarding Holman’s ability to handle the REEP account,
“Holman’s representatives stated that Holman’s past experience indicated that it could
provide the services for REEP.”
2
Holman asked for information about REEP’s prior claims experience, explaining
that “the request for proposal lacked any prior claims data which Holman needed in order
to come up with a realistic quote/bid for REEP.” “Yorba ignored Holman’s concern
about REEP’s prior claims experienced with [its prior provider] PacifiCare and stated that
Keenan and REEP would be in a partnership with Holman and that their goal was to
make a long term commitment; and that if the vendor (Holman) needed to revise their
quote/bid based on their claims experience with REEP, they (Keenan and REEP) would
be open to revising/renegotiating the amount paid to Holman after Holman was
performing services to REEP.” Yorba stated “that Keenan would make sure that REEP
would increase the rates paid based upon the current claims experience during the term of
the contract if the starting rate was not sufficient based upon the new utilization rates or if
any other data . . . supported the need for an increase in the premium to be paid to
Holman.” “Throughout the period of time that Holman bid for providing services to
REEP up until the time that the Group Contract between REEP and Holman was
finalized, Holman’s representatives dealt exclusively and solely with Yorba and other
Keenan associates who acted and negotiated on behalf of REEP.”
2. The Contract
The Group Contract between Holman and REEP was finalized on July 21, 2010.
Holman signed the agreement; REEP did not.1 “Section 3.10 of the Group Contract
provides that Holman could increase the premiums to be paid by REEP after giving
proper notice.”2 Paragraph 7.16 of the Group Contract, entitled “REEP/Holman
1 Holman did not attach the Group Contract to its complaint. Keenan, however,
attached a copy to its motion to compel arbitration. The copy of the Group Contract in
the joint appendix is not signed. The listed signatories are Michael Boyd, president of
REEP, and Ron Holman, president of Holman.
2 Section 3.10, which related to the increase or decrease of premiums and benefits,
states: “Holman shall not increase the amount of the Premium to be paid by REEP, or
otherwise increase the compensation to be paid to Holman by REEP for services
3
Arbitration,” states: “Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract,
including any claims for tort liability, bad faith liability, breach of contract, punitive
damages or any other claim, but excluding medical malpractice claims by Enrollees, shall
be submitted to binding arbitration before the American Arbitration Association.
Arbitration must be initiated within six months after the alleged controversy or claim
occurred by submitting a written demand to the other party. The failure to initiate
arbitration within that period constitutes an absolute bar to the institution of any
proceedings.” Paragraph 7.16.5 provides that “[b]y entering into this Contract, REEP and
Holman waive their legal rights to have any dispute decided in a court of law before a
judge or jury and instead accept the use of arbitration for resolving disputes arising from
this Group Plan Contract.”
The Group Contract includes an integration clause. Paragraph 7.9 provides: “This
Group Plan Contract contains all of the provisions of the agreement between the parties
hereto, and no promise or agreement not contained herein shall be binding on the parties
unless the same is mutually agreed upon in writing, signed by the parties hereto and
attached to this Group Plan Contract. Only an officer or director of Holman has the
power to change, modify, or waive the provisions of this Group Plan Contract, and then
only in writing. Consent of Enrollees is not required to effect any such change.”
provided pursuant to this Group Plan Contract, except after a period of at least ninety (90)
days from either 1) the postage paid mailing to REEP’s business address, or 2) by hand
delivery of the written notice of such increase to REEP by Holman. Holman shall not
decrease the amount of benefits to be provided pursuant to this Group Plan Contract
except after a period of at least thirty (30) days from either the postage paid mailing to
REEP, or by hand delivery to REEP of a written notice of such decrease.” A footnote to
this section further specified that “[s]hould the actual enrollee count vary by 10% from
the original proposed enrollee count, Holman reserves the right to alter the rate
accordingly.”
4
3. Performance
In reliance on Keenan’s representations and the terms of the Group Contract,
Holman “began to perform services on behalf of REEP and its employees in July 2010.”3
From the outset the claim rates experienced by Holman were higher than and out of
proportion to what Keenan had represented. It quickly “became clear that Holman could
not sustain its business if it continued to operate and perform for REEP under the
originally quoted rate.” Therefore, “Holman contacted Keenan and REEP [per the
provisions of the Group Contract and prior promises made by Keenan] and requested an
increase in the premium rates from REEP.” Although Keenan told Holman it would meet
and confer about Holman’s request, “Keenan put off discussions and meetings about the
requested premium increase.”
Holman wrote to Yorba in “March and April 201[1],” informing her “of the need
to increase the premium rates charged to REEP under the terms of the Group Contract.”
Yorba responded on April 22, 2011, stating, “You (Holman) should be aware that REEP
cannot simply agree to increase the premium rates because the quoted rates have been
accepted by REEP members and are a part of their annual budgeting process.”
On May 10, 2011 Holman advised REEP and Keenan in writing that it was
“terminating the Group Plan Contract due to REEP’s refusal to pay the increased
premiums mid contract as provided for in the Group Contract.” On May 13, 2011
Michael F. Boyd, the president of REEP, responded to Holman: “Your decision NOT to
honor the rate guarantee and increase premium mid contract, force plan design changes,
or both, left REEP with no alternative.” Boyd also informed Holman “that Keenan would
3 Holman alleged that “Keenan never presented the Group Contract to REEP for
REEP to sign. In fact, the Group Contract was never signed by REEP. Holman on the
other hand signed the Group Contract with the good faith belief and detrimental reliance
that there was a contractual relationship by and between REEP and Holman as of July 21,
2010 based upon statements and representations made by Keenan and as evidenced by
Holman’s correspondence and revisions and the finalization of the Group Contract
Holman received from Keenan.”
5
continue[] to act ‘on behalf of REEP’ in the termination process.” Boyd sent Yorba a
copy of his letter to Holman.4
Holman responded to Boyd’s letter on May 18, 2011. Holman stated, “We stand
by our position that REEP failed to pay its premiums in an accurate and timely
manner. . . . Upon discovery that REEP has not been paying the premiums to which the
parties agreed as negotiated, we made every effort to discuss the matter with your
representatives (Keenan), but without success.” On May 25, 2011 Holman again wrote to
Boyd, stating that “[t]his entire matter involves a dispute over the amount of premium
payments Holman is entitled to receive under our agreement with REEP and its agent,
Keenan and associates, and failed discussions regarding premium increase.”
4. The Causes of Action
Holman alleged eight causes of action. In its first cause of action for breach of
fiduciary duty Holman alleged that in July 2010 Keenan “acted as a dual agent” for
Holman and REEP and that, in its capacity as Holman’s agent, Keenan owed Holman a
duty to disclose fully “any and all material facts that could have or might affect
[Holman’s] decision to perform services on behalf of REEP and its employees as set forth
in the Group Contract.” Holman further alleged that Keenan breached its fiduciary duty
to Holman by failing “to investigate and live up to the promises and representation it
made to Holman concerning Holman’s ability to increase the premium/rates to REEP
during the term of the contract,” resulting in loss of revenue from the Group Contract and
other financial damage. From July 2010 through February 2011 Holman paid Keenan
$184,041.98 in commissions “pursuant to the terms of the agency agreement” between it
and Keenan.
4 Holman alleged that Boyd’s letter “was in fact written by Keenan and Associates
and is proof that REEP did not understand or was kept in the dark concerning the actual
negotiations and finalization of the terms of the Group Contract.”
6
In its second cause of action for fraud and misrepresentation, Holman alleged that
when Keenan negotiated with Holman on behalf of REEP, Keenan misrepresented “that
REEP would and did agree to renegotiate the premium rates as set forth in the terms and
conditions of the Group Contract.” Keenan knew its statements were false and made
“with the intent to deceive and induce Holman to perform services for REEP based upon
said statements which were confirmed in writing and stated in the Group Contract.”
Holman further alleged that Keenan’s representations “were made without any reasonable
ground for believing that they were true or that REEP . . . intended to keep the promises”
it made to Holman. In addition, Keenan made these promises with the intent of inducing
Holman to contract with REEP “and perform services at a reduced rate of premium which
[Keenan] knew REEP would never re-negotiate during the term of the Group Contract.”
Holman alleged that in justifiable reliance on Keenan’s misstatements it entered into a
contract with REEP to its detriment, resulting in damages including lost revenues from
the Group Contract.
Holman’s third cause of action alleged a breach of the duty to disclose. Holman
alleged that before the terms of the Group Contract were finalized and before Holman
undertook to perform under the terms of the Group Contract, Keenan knew that REEP
would not agree to an increase in premiums. Holman alleged that because of Keenan’s
“fraudulent failure to disclose,” Holman agreed to perform under the Group Contract and
later suffered loss of economic benefits from the Group Contract and other damages.
In its fourth cause of action for negligent misrepresentation Holman alleged that
Keenan misrepresented “that REEP would and did agree to renegotiate the premium rates
as set forth in the Group Contract.” Holman alleged that Keenan made the
misrepresentation without a reasonable basis for believing it to be true and with the intent
to induce Holman’s reliance on the misstatement of fact and that Holman justifiably
relied on the false statement. Holman alleged that Keenan’s statements caused it “to
agree to form a contractual relationship with REEP and to perform services on behalf of
REEP to its own future detriment.”
7
Holman’s fifth cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty—constructive fraud—
alleged that, as Holman’s agent, Keenan owed Holman “a fiduciary duty to make the
fullest disclosure of all material facts that might affect [Holman’s] decision to perform
services on behalf of REEP and its employees.” Holman “was unaware of the existence
of any facts that REEP never intended to abide by the terms of the Group Contract and
allowed Holman to negotiate with REEP for an increase in the premiums to be paid by
REEP employees.” As a result, Holman sustained economic damages including loss of
revenue from the Group Contract.
In its sixth cause of action for interference with prospective economic advantage
Holman alleged that Keenan “by its own actions created and knew that a contractual
relationship with REEP would create an economic relationship between [Holman] and
REEP that contained the probability of a future economic benefit to [Holman].” Keenan
had direct knowledge of this economic relationship, and its wrongful acts “were designed
to disrupt this relationship.” Keenan’s “refusal to abide by the terms of the Group
Contract and renegotiate the premium rates or allow [Holman] to renegotiate directly
with REEP were intentional wrongful acts that caused the disruption of the relationship
between the parties and caused Holman to terminate its services on behalf of REEP and
its employees.” Holman alleged in its seventh cause of action for interference with
economic advantage that Keenan’s “negligent and intentional wrongful acts were
designed to and did disrupt the relationship between Holman and REEP,” of which
Keenan had direct knowledge.
In its eighth cause of action for breach of contract Holman alleged that in “July
2012 [sic]” Holman entered into a written agreement with Keenan under which Keenan
was to act as Holman’s agent “for the purpose of [Holman] performing services on behalf
of REEP.”5 From July 2010 to February 2011 Holman paid Keenan $184,041.98 in
5 The parties also refer to this contract as the “Agent Agreement.” Holman
submitted this agreement in opposition to the motion to compel arbitration but did not
attach it to the complaint. The Agent Agreement states that the parties are entering into
8
commissions. Holman alleged that Keenan breached the agreement “by failing to allow
[Holman] to renegotiate the premiums to be paid to REEP, forcing [Holman] to terminate
its contract with REEP and securing other provider services for REEP from . . . a direct
competitor of [Holman].”
Holman alleged that as a direct result of Keenan’s conduct Holman lost “operating
costs, earnings, profits, benefits and other perquisites, including the economic benefits it
would have received” if Holman had not terminated the Group Contract. In its second,
fourth, sixth and seventh causes of action Holman alleged that Keenan acted with
oppression, fraud and malice and in reckless disregard to Holman’s rights and “potential
exposure to great economic damages.”
B. Keenan’s Motion To Compel Arbitration Under the Group Contract
Keenan filed a motion to compel arbitration, relying on the arbitration provision in
the Group Contract. In his supporting declaration, Keenan’s general counsel, Norman
Gritsch, stated that “Keenan is an insurance consulting and brokerage firm that provides
various products and services to its clients. One of Keenan’s clients is [REEP].” Gritsch
stated that he “oversee[s] our legal department and assist[s] with the contracts that
Keenan negotiates for its clients, such as REEP. In 2010, Keenan negotiated and
finalized a written Group Contract . . . with Holman . . . whereby Holman would provide
services to REEP and receive compensation for those services. Thereafter, the parties
performed services and acted pursuant to the provisions in the Group Contract.” Gritsch
attached a copy of the Group Contract to his declaration.
the agreement “as of 7/1/2010.” Thus it appears that Holman’s reference in its complaint
to July 2012 was an error.
The unsigned Agent Agreement also contained an arbitration clause. It states,
“Arbitration: Except as otherwise provided herein, any controversy or claim arising out
of or relating to this agreement, including any claims for tort liability, bad faith liability,
breach of contract, punitive damages or any other claim shall be submitted to binding
arbitration before the American Arbitration Association.” Keenan did not move to
compel arbitration under the Agent Agreement.
9
In opposition to the motion, Holman argued that all of its claims against Keenan
arose out of the Agent Agreement, not the Group Contract. Counsel for Holman,
Jonathan Biddle, attached to his declaration an unsigned copy of the “Agent Agreement
between Holman and Keenan and Associates entered into on July 1, 2010,” and offered
his opinion that the Agent Agreement “forms the basis for all eight of the Causes of
Action alleged against Keenan.” Biddle further stated that Holman did not sue REEP and
that “the Group Contract between REEP and Holman has nothing to do with this lawsuit
and cannot form the basis to support Keenan’s Motion to Compel Arbitration in this
case.” Biddle then stated that “[t]he Agent Agreement is the only agreement Holman
alleges was breached and which provides the legal foundation and basis for most if not all
of the allegations in the Complaint.”
C. The Trial Court’s Ruling
On October 23, 2012 the trial court denied Keenan’s motion to compel arbitration.
The court concluded: “The controversy in this case does not arise out of or relate to the
contract between [Holman] and REEP; rather it arises out of duties allegedly owed to
[Holman] by defendant Keenan under their own separate relationship. Therefore, the
court finds that the parties did not agree to arbitrate this particular dispute. [¶] Moreover,
the language of the REEP contract itself does not support the proposition that
unauthorized misrepresentations by defendant Keenan are issues subject to the arbitration
clause. The contract clearly contemplates that arbitration is intended to resolve disputes
between REEP and [Holman] over REEP and [Holman’s] performance under the
contract. There is no such dispute alleged in this action.” The trial court also referenced
the general rule that a nonsignatory is not bound by an arbitration agreement. Although
the court noted that there were limited exceptions to this general rule, the court concluded
that none applied in this case. Keenan timely appealed.
10
DISCUSSION
The questions in this appeal are whether Keenan, a nonsignatory to the Group
Contract, can enforce the arbitration provision against Holman, a signatory to the Group
Contract, and whether Holman’s claims against Keenan arise out of or relate to the Group
Contract. We answer both questions in the affirmative.
A. Law Governing Arbitration and Standard of Review
Public policy strongly favors arbitration. (Serpa v. California Surety
Investigations, Inc. (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 695, 701.) Because the right to arbitration is
contractual (Young v. Horizon West, Inc. (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 1122, 1128; DMS
Services, Inc. v. Superior Court (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 1346, 1352), the policy favoring
arbitration “‘does not extend to those who are not parties to an arbitration
agreement . . . .’” (Goldman v. SunBridge Healthcare, LLC (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th
1160, 1176; DMS Services, Inc., supra, at p. 1352). Thus, the general rule is that only a
party to an arbitration agreement is bound by and may enforce the agreement. (Code Civ.
Proc., § 1281.2; Ronay Family Limited Partnership v. Tweed (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th
830, 837; Thomas v. Westlake (2012) 204 Cal.App.4th 605, 613.) There are, however, a
number of exceptions to this rule. (Ronay, supra, at p. 838; DMS Services, Inc., supra, at
p. 1353; Thomas, supra, at p. 614.) “One such exception,” and the only one relevant in
this case, “provides that when a plaintiff alleges a defendant acted as an agent of a party
to an arbitration agreement, the defendant may enforce the agreement even though the
defendant is not a party thereto. [Citations.]” (Thomas, supra, at p. 614; see Rogers v.
Peinado (2000) 85 Cal.App.4th 1, 9, fn. 6 [nonsignatory to a contract can compel
arbitration by invoking principles of agency], disapproved on another ground in Brennan
v. Tremco, Inc. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 310, 317.)
A party petitioning the trial court to compel arbitration pursuant to Code of Civil
Procedure section 1281.2 “bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of evidence
the existence of an arbitration agreement. A party opposing the petition bears the burden
11
of proving by a preponderance of evidence any fact necessary to its defense. [Citation.]
The trial court sits as the trier of fact for purposes of ruling on the petition. [Citation.]”
(Mt. Holyoke Homes, L.P. v. Jeffer Mangels Butler & Mitchell, LLP (2013) 219
Cal.App.4th 1299, 1308.) “Code of Civil Procedure section 1290.2, which governs
petitions to compel arbitration brought in California courts, provides that such petitions
‘shall be heard in a summary way in the manner and upon the notice provided by law for
the making and hearing of motions . . . .’” (Sonic-Calabasas A, Inc. v. Moreno (2013) 57
Cal.4th 1109, 1157.) This “generally means that ‘the facts are to be proven by affidavit
or declaration and documentary evidence with oral testimony taken only in the court’s
discretion.’” (Ibid., quoting Rosenthal v. Great Western Fin. Securities Corp. (1996) 14
Cal.4th 394, 413-414.)
When ruling on a motion to compel arbitration, the trial courts “must first
determine whether the parties actually agreed to arbitrate the dispute.” (Mendez v. Mid-
Wilshire Health Care Center (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 534, 541; Avery v. Integrated
Healthcare Holdings, Inc. (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 50, 59; Gorlach v. Sports Club Co.
(2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 1497, 1505.) “In California, ‘[g]eneral principles of contract law
determine whether the parties have entered a binding agreement to arbitrate.’ [Citations.]
Generally, an arbitration agreement must be memorialized in writing. [Citation.] A
party’s acceptance of an agreement to arbitrate may be express, as where a party signs the
agreement. A signed agreement is not necessary, however, and a party’s acceptance may
be implied in fact [citation] or be effectuated by delegated consent [citation]. An
arbitration clause within a contract may be binding on a party even if the party never
actually read the clause. [Citation.]” (Pinnacle Museum Tower Assn. v. Pinnacle Market
Development (US), LLC (2012) 55 Cal.4th 223, 236.)
“‘Ordinarily, we review a denial of a petition to compel arbitration for abuse of
discretion. [Citation.] However, where the trial court’s denial of a petition to arbitrate
presents a pure question of law, we review the order de novo. [Citation.]’ [Citations.]”
(Mendez v. Mid-Wilshire Health Care Center, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 541.) “We
review the trial court’s interpretation of an arbitration agreement de novo when, as here,
12
that interpretation does not depend on conflicting extrinsic evidence. [Citations.] Our de
novo review includes the legal determination whether and to what extent nonsignatories
to an arbitration agreement can enforce the arbitration clause. [Citation.]” (DMS
Services, Inc. v. Superior Court, supra, 205 Cal.App.4th at p. 1352.)
B. Keenan Can Enforce the Arbitration Agreement in the Group Contract
as REEP’s Agent
The Group Contract identifies the contracting parties as Holman and REEP.
Keenan is not mentioned anywhere in the agreement. Although REEP never signed the
Group Contract, Holman signed and performed under it. According to Gritsch, following
Keenan’s negotiation of the Group Contract, “the parties,” namely Holman and REEP,
“performed services and acted pursuant to the provisions in the Group Contract.” On
appeal, Holman does not deny that the Group Contract took effect or that REEP was a
party to the contract.6
As noted above, “when a plaintiff alleges a defendant acted as an agent of a party
to an arbitration agreement, the defendant may enforce the agreement even though the
defendant is not a party thereto. [Citations.]” (Thomas v. Westlake, supra, 204
Cal.App.4th at p. 614.) Holman alleged that Keenan was REEP’s agent. Holman alleged
that REEP was Keenan’s client and that on REEP’s behalf Keenan contacted various
outpatient psychiatric healthcare providers, including Holman, and requested a proposal.
6 In its opposition to Keenan’s motion to compel arbitration, Holman argued that
“the Group Contract is not signed by Keenan, Holman or REEP and has no legal force
and effect in this action.” In its complaint, however, Holman alleged that it “signed the
Group Contract with the good faith belief and detrimental reliance that there was a
contractual relationship by and between REEP and Holman as of July 21, 2010 based
upon statements and representations made by Keenan and as evidenced by Holman’s
correspondence and revisions and the finalization of the Group Contract Holman received
from Keenan.” Holman is bound by the admission in its complaint that it signed the
Group Contract. (See Stueve Bros. Farms, LLC v. Berger Kahn (2013) 222 Cal.App.4th
303, 318 [admission of fact in a complaint constitutes a judicial admission].)
13
Holman further alleged that “[t]hroughout the period of time that Holman bid for
providing services to REEP up until the time that the Group Contract between REEP and
Holman was finalized, Holman’s representatives dealt exclusively and solely with Yorba
and other Keenan associates who acted and negotiated on behalf of REEP.” Because
Holman alleged that Keenan acted as REEP’s agent, Keenan can enforce the arbitration
agreement contained in the Group Contract in its capacity as REEP’s agent. (See Dryer
v. Los Angeles Rams (1985) 40 Cal.3d 406, 418 [nonsignatories “acting as agents for the
Rams . . . are entitled to the benefit of the arbitration provisions”]; DMS Services, Inc. v.
Superior Court, supra, 205 Cal.App.4th at p. 1353 [nonsignatories to an agreement
containing an arbitration provision may compel arbitration of a dispute arising within the
scope of the agreement]; Westra v. Marcus & Millichap Real Estate Investment
Brokerage Co., Inc. (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 759, 765 [nonsignatory may invoke
arbitration agreement “against a party, if a preexisting confidential relationship, such as
an agency relationship between the nonsignatory and one of the parties to the arbitration
agreement, makes it equitable to impose the duty to arbitrate upon the nonsignatory”];
Berman v. Dean Witter & Co., Inc. (1975) 44 Cal.App.3d 999, 1004 [nonsignatory agent
of securities broker is “entitled to the benefit of arbitration as is his principal”].)
Holman acknowledges that Keenan can invoke the arbitration clause in the Group
Contract by showing “that the claims against Keenan are in its capacity as REEP’s agent
performing under the terms of the [Group] Contract” between Holman and REEP.
Holman argues, however, that “it is not enough that Keenan was a REEP agent,” but that
Keenan must also show that its “prospective liability is due to acts committed within the
course and scope of that agency.” This argument is unavailing. First, because Holman
makes this argument the first time on appeal, Holman has forfeited it. (See In re
Marriage of Davenport (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1507, 1528-1529 [argument not
advanced below is waived or forfeited on appeal]; City of San Diego v. D.R. Horton San
Diego Holding Co., Inc. (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 668, 685 [“[c]ontentions or theories
raised for the first time on appeal are not entitled to consideration” and the exception for
questions of law does not apply where the new theory involves factual issues that were
14
not presented below].) Second, as noted above, Holman alleged specifically and
repeatedly that Keenan acted within the course and scope of its agency in negotiating the
Group Contract on behalf of REEP.
Third, Holman has not cited any authority for the proposition that a signatory can
avoid arbitration with an agent of a party to the agreement simply by alleging that the
agent acted outside the course and scope of the agency, or that before an agent can
enforce an arbitration agreement against a signatory the agent must first establish that it
acted within the course and scope of the agency. (Cf. Thomas v. Westlake, supra, 204
Cal.App.4th at pp. 614-615 [“a plaintiff’s allegations of an agency relationship among
defendants is sufficient to allow the alleged agents to invoke the benefit of an arbitration
agreement executed by their principal”].) Were this the rule, “arbitration agreements
could be avoided by the form of pleadings.” (Knight, et al., California Practice Guide:
Alternative Dispute Resolution, ¶ 5:227.)
The cases cited by Holman are distinguishable. Benasra v. Marciano (2001) 92
Cal.App.4th 987 involved the issue whether a signatory could enforce an arbitration
agreement against a nonsignatory who signed the agreement solely in his capacity as a
corporate officer on behalf of the contracting corporation. This case involves a
nonsignatory agent enforcing an arbitration agreement against a signatory. RN Solution,
Inc. v. Catholic Healthcare West (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1511 involved domestic battery
charges between officers of two different corporations. The court held that an arbitration
provision in a contract between the two corporations did not apply to the individual’s
battery claim. The court noted that “it cannot seriously be argued that the parties
intended [the arbitration provision] to cover tort claims arising from an alleged violent
physical assault by an employee of one company against an employee of the other in the
context of an intimate domestic relationship between them. Such a possibility could not
have been within the parties’ contemplation when the language was agreed to, and
nothing in the language remotely suggests that it was intended to apply to personal injury
tort claims arising outside of the business relationship between” the two corporations.
(Id. at p. 1523.) Holman has provided no reasoned legal argument regarding how RN
15
Solution supports its position. And McCarthy v. Azure (1st Cir. 1994) 22 F.3d 351
involved the distinction between a defendant in his individual and representative
capacity. Holman does not explain how this distinction has any relevance here.
C. Holman’s Claims Arise Out of and Relate to the Group Contract
The arbitration provision applies to “[a]ny controversy or claim arising out of or
relating to this contract, including any claims for tort liability, bad faith liability, breach
of contract, punitive damages or any other claim, but excluding medical malpractice
claims by Enrollees . . . .” Holman does not dispute that its claims arise out of or relate to
the Group Contract.7
And rightfully so. The allegations of Holman’s complaint were replete with
allegations of how its claims arise out of or are related to the Group Contract. Among the
more than 35 references in the complaint to the Group Contract, Holman alleged that
Holman and Keenan drafted the Group Contract, Holman signed and “geared up and
began to perform” under the Group Contract based on Keenan’s representations, Holman
met and conferred with Keenan to discuss increasing the premium rates Holman would
receive under the Group Contract, and statements by Keenan representatives
“contradicted the terms of the Group Contract.” Holman alleged that Keenan breached
its fiduciary duty by not living up to its promises about Holman’s ability to increase the
premium rates under the Group Contract, and committed fraud, deceit, and negligent
misrepresentation by falsely stating that REEP would “renegotiate the premium rates as
set forth in the terms and conditions of the Group Contract” and by not disclosing that
REEP “never intended to abide by the terms of the Group Contract . . . .” Holman also
alleged that Keenan interfered with the economic relationship between Holman and
REEP by “refus[ing] to abide by the terms of the Group Contract and renegotiate the
premium rates or allow [Holman] to renegotiate directly with REEP . . . .” Even in its
7 Holman argues only that Keenan’s argument “that the controversy between it and
Holman arises out of the [Group Contract] . . . is premature.”
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eighth cause of action for breach of the (unsigned) Agent Agreement, Holman alleged
that Keenan breached the contract by not allowing Holman to renegotiate premiums
under the Group Contract and forcing Holman to terminate the Group Contract. Holman
alleged generally that its dispute with Keenan was about the amount of premium
payments Holman was entitled to receive under the Group Contract, and claimed for all
eight of its causes of action that its damages included the earnings, profits, benefits, and
other revenues “it would have received . . . under the terms of the Group Contract.” As
Holman states in its opening brief on appeal, Holman is “claiming that Holman had
suffered damages under the Group Contract.”8
Because Holman’s claims against Keenan, whether they arose during the
negotiation, or during or after performance, of the contract unquestionably relate to the
Group Contract, they are subject to the broad provision in the Group Contract. (See
Dream Theater, Inc. v. Dream Theater (2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 547, 553, fn. 1 [“[a]n
arbitration cause that covers any claim arising out of or relating to the contract or the
breach thereof ‘is very broad’”]; Berman v. Dean Witter & Co., Inc., supra, 44
Cal.App.3d at p. 1003 [“[t]he phrase ‘any controversy . . . arising out of or relating to this
contract . . .’ is certainly broad enough to embrace tort as well as contractual liabilities so
long as they have their roots in the relationship between the parties which was created by
the contract”]; Collins & Aikman Prods. Co. v. Building Sys. (2d Cir. 1995) 58 F.3d 16,
20 [“the paradigm of a broad clause” is the phrasing, “‘any claim or controversy arising
out of or relating to the agreement’”].)
Holman argued below that its claims against Keenan were based solely on the
Agent Agreement and therefore the arbitration provision in the Group Contract was
inapplicable. Holman, however, did not submit any evidence that the Agent Agreement
was executed, enforceable, or performed. Nor did Holman submit any evidence that
8 One of Keenan’s primary defenses also arises out of and relates to the Group
Contract. Keenan points out that it “will certainly use the integration provision in the
Group Contract as a defense against Holman’s claims of fraud and misrepresentation.”
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Keenan was its agent or that Holman paid Keenan commissions pursuant to the Agent
Agreement or any other contract.9 In any event, Holman’s claims were not “based
solely” on the Agent Agreement. They arose out of, related to, and were based almost
entirely on the Group Contract.
DISPOSITION
The order is reversed. The trial court is directed to vacate its order denying
Keenan’s motion to compel arbitration and to enter a new order granting the motion and
staying the proceedings against Keenan pending the completion of arbitration. Keenan is
to recover its costs on appeal.
SEGAL, J.*
We concur:
PERLUSS, P. J.
WOODS, J.
9 At the hearing on the motion to compel arbitration, the trial court asked counsel
for Keenan if Keenan had received commissions under the unsigned Agent Agreement.
Counsel replied, “No. We’re not alleging we received commissions under this
agreement.” When the court then asked, “You received no commissions ever at all under
any agreement?” counsel responded, “Not under this agreement” or any written
agreement. Counsel for Keenan stated that Keenan received commissions under an oral
understanding and that Keenan never received the Agent Agreement.
* Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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