Filed 2/28/14 In re A.B. CA1/3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION THREE
In re A.B., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.
LAKE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF
SOCIAL SERVICES,
Plaintiff and Respondent, A138855
v.
(Lake County
D.B., Super. Ct. No. JV320291)
Defendant and Appellant.
D.B. (Father), father of nine-year-old A.B., appeals from the juvenile court’s
orders removing A.B. from his care and placing her in foster care, and granting A.B.’s
mother’s (Mother) request for reunification services based on a change of circumstances.
He contends there was insufficient evidence to support the juvenile court’s finding that
there was a risk of physical or emotional harm to A.B. if she were returned to his care.
We reject the contention and affirm the orders.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Original Petition
An original dependency petition for then-seven-year-old A.B. was filed on April 1,
2011, alleging that Mother and Father had caused severe emotional damage to A.B. by
“continually exposing [her] to an on-going custody dispute and their violence.” A.B.
lived with Mother until Father refused to return A.B. after a visit he had with her in
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December 2009. Father returned A.B. to Mother after he was unable to obtain cash aid
for A.B. Due to Father’s unwillingness to care for A.B. without cash aid, and the fact
that Mother had become unable to provide appropriate care for A.B., A.B. went to live
with her maternal aunt until May 2010, and thereafter, with Father and his girlfriend, J.S.
Mother tried to regain custody of A.B. on February 16, 2011, after seeing Father,
J.S. and A.B. at a store. An altercation ensued, and law enforcement was called. On
March 29, 2011, Mother gave a note to another child to give to A.B. at school, instructing
A.B. to ride a different bus home so she could come live with Mother. A.B. did as
instructed and Mother hid A.B. under her bed as Father and J.S. searched for her. When
Mother denied knowing where A.B. was, Father and J.S. attacked Mother, and A.B. saw
Mother being battered. Father was arrested, and A.B. was taken into protective custody.
Father had a “history of violence,” an extensive criminal history, “previous
substance abuse issues,” and an untreated mental health illness for which he refused to
take medication. He “scapegoat[ed]” A.B. and accused her of being “the source of the
family’s problems.” He made ongoing threats to send her away and told her she was
“bad” and the “problem in the home.” Father did not ensure that A.B. attended school
and left her with J.S., who also had untreated mental health issues for which she refused
medication.
A.B. appeared fearful and angry when talking about Father and said she had seen
him “beat-up” Mother on multiple occasions. She “hate[d]” living with him and J.S.
because “they are mean to her, call her names, talk bad about her mother, won’t let her
see her mother, and ‘butt-whooped’ [her] daily . . . .” Father said A.B. was
“unmanageable” and had emotional and behavioral issues. He had not sought treatment
for her because “Medi-Cal’s doctor[s]” are “no-good” and because he was “adamantly
against the use of psychotropic medications.” He was also unwilling to accept services
by the Department of Social Services (the Department). Mother had a history of chronic
substance abuse. She had sporadic contact with A.B. for a year before the petition was
filed and had not been able to provide a stable living environment for A.B.
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The jurisdiction report set forth the child welfare history, which included several
unfounded or inconclusive allegations of general neglect and physical and emotional
abuse. One referral that was “[e]valuated out” alleged general neglect of A.B. by Father
and emotional abuse of A.B. by J.S. The report also included a summary of the
altercation between Mother and Father and J.S. According to a police report, Mother said
that J.S. swung at her with a closed fist and Mother covered her face to protect herself,
then grabbed J.S.’s hair. Father pulled Mother by her legs and Mother fell to the floor,
and J.S. held Mother’s head while Father hit Mother. J.S. and Father hit her in the face,
back and legs for three to five minutes. Mother did not wish to have Father and J.S.
prosecuted. Father and J.S. gave conflicting statements to police. At an interview with
the Department, Father denied he had assaulted Mother. J.S. said, “It was me. I beat the
shit out of her.”
The juvenile court sustained the petition. At a June 2011 disposition hearing, the
court ordered reunification services for both parents. Mother’s reunification services
were terminated in December 2011; services were continued for Father. In March 2012,
A.B. was placed with Father under a family maintenance plan but lived with her former
foster mother until December 2012 because Father lost his housing and was unable to
take her in until that time.
Supplemental Petition
On March 11, 2013, a supplemental petition was filed alleging that the placement
of A.B. into Father’s home had not been effective because A.B. was suffering serious
emotional damage as evidenced by Welfare and Institutions Code section 51501 hold and
subsequent hospitalization due to severe anxiety, depression, withdrawal and aggressive
behavior toward herself and others. Father left A.B. in J.S.’s care despite J.S.’s untreated
diagnosis of bipolar disorder. He failed to make sure A.B. participated consistently in
therapeutic counseling services and failed to fully cooperate with the Department. He
1
All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless
otherwise stated.
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refused to work with the assigned social worker and continued to use punitive parenting
tactics that contributed significantly to A.B.’s emotional breakdown and hospitalization.
At a March 11, 2013 detention hearing, Father testified he was working full-time
and that A.B. was in school until 2:30 p.m., and in J.S.’s care after school. He was
diagnosed with depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and being “severely
emotionally disturbed” when he was in his early twenties, when he was “doing a lot of
drugs” and “under the influence of methamphetamines.” He testified that on the day
A.B. was hospitalized, she had become upset at his and J.S.’s decision to get rid of
clothes that no longer fit her. A.B. accepted no compromise, and had emotional
outbursts. She bit her knees, scratched her hands, slapped herself in the face, then
verbalized thoughts of hurting her half siblings. Father, J.S., and A.B.’s therapist who
was there that day decided A.B. needed to be evaluated for potentially being a danger to
herself or others.
The juvenile court detained A.B. after finding that her continued placement with
Father was not in her best interest because there was a substantial danger to her physical
health, or she was suffering severe emotional damage.
At an April 19, 2013 contested jurisdictional hearing, Jaimee Gronendyke, a skills
coach with the wraparound program, testified that she worked with A.B. for
approximately six weeks to help her control her tantrums. Gronendyke was there the day
A.B. was hospitalized. When Father and J.S. began discussing getting rid of clothes that
were too small for her, A.B. began to tantrum, and they tried to work through it with
compromises, telling her she could “earn a shopping trip with her dad once a week to
pick out a new shirt to replace some of the ones that were too small.” The situation
worsened, and when A.B. finally calmed down, she matter-of-factly said, “I feel like
hurting myself.” Later, A.B. said she had recently tried to hurt one of her half siblings.
Gronendyke described A.B.’s tantrums and testified that she had seen other
children do similar things; she believed it was “sort of a typical age-appropriate
behavior.” A.B., who shared her room with her three half siblings—a three-year-old boy,
a two-year-old girl, and a one-year-old girl—complained about having to “help out with
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them a lot.” Gronendyke testified that it was “hard to tell exactly what [A.B.] felt
towards [Father and J.S.], and that at times A.B. was “kind of distanced from both of
them.”
Sydney Berro, the wraparound care coordinator, testified that he worked with the
family for about two months and saw them weekly. On one occasion, he overheard A.B.
say to J.S., “Don’t worry. I didn’t tell them anything.” On another occasion, the family
told him they were unavailable for a meeting because they were going out of town, but
A.B. was seen in the neighborhood. In another incident, J.S. said that A.B. had told her
therapist about having suicidal ideation. The therapist told Berro that this was not true.
On another occasion, J.S. told Berro that A.B. was grounded because she had tried
to sell a cell phone at school. However, the school informed Department social worker
Linda Puertolas that the cell phone incident had never occurred. Puertolas also had
reason to believe that J.S. was not being truthful about the “shirt incident at school.”
Father became upset at Puertolas for accusing J.S. of lying and told Berro he did not want
Puertolas to be involved in his case. There was no indication that Father investigated the
incidents on his own to determine whether J.S. had in fact fabricated them. Berro
believed Puertolas was one of the most professional and honest social workers he had
worked with, and believed she would have been an asset to the family if Father had not
excluded her.
J.S. testified that she lived with Father and her three-year-old boy who has autism
and two daughters, aged two and one. She enjoyed having A.B. in her home and denied
she had tried to find out how to get her into a group home. J.S. suffered from Attention
Deficit Hyperactive Disorder and was also bipolar. The bipolar disorder did not affect
her because she had learned to control it over the years; her therapist told her she no
longer needed medication for it. She denied telling a social worker that she stopped
taking bipolar medication because she “just didn’t like the way it felt.” J.S. testified that
she yelled at Mother in front of A.B. because she was “frustrated,” even though she knew
that doing so would bother A.B. She denied telling a social worker that she “beat the shit
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out of” Mother. When asked whether she had ever stricken Mother, J.S. asserted her
Fifth Amendment right not to incriminate herself.
J.S. testified that “Wendy” from A.B.’s school called to tell her that A.B. had tried
to sell a cell phone at school. When J.S. tried to take A.B. to school the next day, Wendy
said that A.B. had been suspended for a day. J.S. further testified that A.B. brought home
a note from school that required her and Father to sign “regarding the school policies that
[A.B.] needed to have longer T-shirts.”
Father testified that he had never seen J.S. hit Mother. When asked whether J.S.
had ever told him she hit Mother, Father responded, “No. We had never had a
conversation in that depth.” Father testified that he bought a cell phone for A.B. and told
her she could earn minutes for its use by doing chores. One day, J.S. called to tell him
that A.B.’s school had told her that A.B. was caught with a cell phone. A.B. had not yet
earned any minutes on the phone, so it was not yet hers; thus, he believed she had
“stolen” his phone. A.B. admitted to Father that she stole the phone and said she was
trying to sell it to buy more lunches. The next day, J.S. told Father that she tried to take
A.B. to school but was sent away because A.B. was suspended from school for one day.
A.B. agreed with J.S. that she had been suspended.
Father testified that after the cell phone incident occurred, Puertolas called and
was concerned that no one at the school would verify J.S.’s story. Father told Puertolas,
“You need to contact the school and have the school contact me. Otherwise, basically,
I’m not believing what you’re saying.” Father did not verify with the school whether J.S.
had told him the truth. He decided he did not want to work with Puertolas because she
accused J.S. of lying. When asked whether he was now willing to work with Puertolas,
he responded, “I suppose if I had to, obviously I’d just have to do what I need to do for
my child. But in my personal light, I’d just like to go home and raise my family.”
Father testified that J.S. also told him that someone from A.B.’s school had called
to tell her that A.B.’s clothing was inappropriate. Father and J.S. “just went in there and
started looking at shirts that day when the behavioral therapist was there with [A.B.].”
He testified, “We actually tried doing it in front of someone so that they could observe
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[A.B.’s] overreaction or whatever action she had at that point.” He testified that A.B.
kept “upping the ante” and got increasingly upset. He said that allowing her to keep the
clothes and not wear them “was not an option.”
Father testified that A.B. had “hygiene problems” and was “emotionally
distraught.” She was “very withdrawn” and “very defiant” towards J.S., with whom she
“bumped heads.” J.S. was in charge of taking care of all four children “most of the time”
because he worked. A.B. would always say, “You’re not my mom,” and J.S. was “a little
upset” that A.B. did not like her very much. Father could “really tell” that A.B. missed
Mother. A.B. began pinching her own hand and biting her knees in 2012. She would
“rock,” “pull her knees to her chest and set her face in her knees,” “pick at her hands,”
and “bite her knees.” He was concerned about A.B.’s depression but did not think she
would hurt herself, until she did so the day she was hospitalized. He was concerned
about his younger children but did not believe A.B. had choked her baby half sister
because the baby was asthmatic and would have been “gone” in seconds if she had been
choked.
After A.B. was given a section 5150 assessment, she was hospitalized for one
week. Father told the hospital staff to restrict A.B.’s recreational activities, e.g., not have
“play time,” “movie times,” television time, and “Bingo times,” while she was there
because he wanted A.B. to understand the situation was not a game. He said, “it wasn’t
to be a fun time because it wasn’t fun time. It was serious time.” He testified that he
made the rules in the family and J.S. implemented them. He was “not a slave driver” but
expected everyone to do their share. If A.B. did not follow the rules, she was required to
sit on her bed in her room for “punishment time.”
Father testified that he had previously been opposed to giving A.B. any
psychotropic medication but that he did not feel “quite as [opposed as he] used to given
the situations that ha[d] transpired.” He stated that if A.B. was returned to his care, he
would try to keep everyone in his home safe by providing constant “attention” and
“monitoring.” He had taken steps to ensure that A.B. would be separated from her half
siblings “so that . . . she does sleep alone without the children around. Just monitoring,
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monitoring, monitoring. Make sure that she takes her medication so that she keeps her
depression under control.”
Father testified that although A.B. missed Mother and there was no court order
prohibiting contact between them, he did not believe they should have contact because
A.B. “deserve[d]” better than a mother who did not “fight” for her. He stated, “My
daughter deserves a fighter. My daughter deserves somebody who will do anything for
her.” “In my personal opinion, I don’t think [Mother] deserves to hear my daughter’s
voice at this point. But as far as my daughter, I believe she has a right to talk to her mom.
And I guess I’ll let her do that. . . .”
Puertolas testified that she and Berro went to Father’s house for the first time on
January 24, 2013. A.B. was there with a sitter and was “pretty high-spirited” as she sat in
the living room with them. Shortly thereafter, Father and J.S. came home and sent A.B.
to her room. J.S. said that A.B. was being disciplined for stealing a cell phone from
Father and for trying to sell it at school. J.S. said that school staff confiscated the phone
and suspended A.B. for a day. A.B. cried hysterically. As Puertolas and Berro were
leaving, Berro overheard A.B. say to J.S., “Don’t worry. I didn’t tell them anything.”
Puertolas went to A.B.’s school and met with A.B., who said she had never stolen
a cell phone and that J.S. had “made . . . up” the story. Puertolas spoke to A.B.’s teacher,
who said she knew nothing about the cell phone. Puertolas also spoke to Wendy S.
(Wendy), the school secretary, who said she knew nothing about the cell phone or a
suspension and said “there was nothing in their school database that identified that that
had occurred.” When Puertolas contacted Father to try to get clarification as to what J.S.
had told him and ask if he had spoken to the school, he became upset and “short” with
her, and “hung up on” her.
Puertolas testified that she also investigated the situation relating to J.S. and
Father’s decision to get rid of A.B.’s shirts, which A.B. referred to as her “pretty
clothing.” She testified that J.S. told her that someone at the school told J.S. that A.B.’s
shirts were too short. When Puertolas asked J.S. who at the school had contacted her, J.S.
was not able to give a name. When Puertolas again spoke to J.S., J.S. said that it was
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Wendy, the school secretary, who had contacted her. Puertolas therefore contacted
Wendy, who said no such communication had taken place. Wendy told Puertolas that
there was no dress code for A.B., and that while there was a dress code for older students,
a student who showed up with “holey clothes or inappropriate clothes” would simply be
sent to the “Healthy Start department room [to] get a change of clothing.” Puertolas
asked Wendy if she had complained about A.B.’s clothing to J.S. Wendy responded that
she had not and that she knew nothing about it.
Puertolas learned that on another occasion, J.S. reported that the school had called
her after A.B.’s therapy appointment to report that A.B. said she felt like killing herself.
A.B.’s teacher told Puertolas that she knew nothing of this or the improper clothing or the
cell phone incident. The school reported that A.B. had no disciplinary issues or
emotional problems.
Puertolas opined that A.B. needed to be placed outside of Father’s home because
the placement was not working to alleviate her emotional problems. She believed she
could work with Father, who had “done a lot,” loved his daughter and was “committed,”
but felt the issue “may be beyond what . . . he can apply to [A.B.].” She noted that J.S.’s
emotional issues had also not been addressed and that J.S. had previously told another
social worker that she stopped taking medication because she did not like the way it made
her feel. J.S. also told Puertolas that there was a “no-contact order” against Mother
seeing A.B. and that allowing them to see each other was “detrimental to her emotional
well-being.” Puertolas searched for information verifying that there was such an order
but could not find any. Puertolas testified that she believed Father had not been
cooperative with her attempt to provide services to his family because he had refused to
work with her. It also concerned her that when she encouraged him to talk to the school
to verify J.S.’s story, he “just completely shut me out from that encouragement or trying
to see that we might have a problem. And . . . he didn’t see the need to follow through on
that [on A.B.’s] behalf.”
Puertolas testified that A.B. is “very connected, bonded” with Mother. They were
having weekly visits and joint therapy sessions. A.B. was very happy when she was with
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Mother and followed Mother’s directions well. The visits were “wonderful” and
“touching.” Mother was testing clean, had connected with a psychiatrist, and was taking
care of her needs. She was cleaning up her substance abuse criminal history by
participating in a drug diversion program. A.B. was also meeting with Father on a
weekly basis. She was receptive to him but had “emotional outbursts” and would break
down crying, saying she did not want to “talk about it” when Father asked inappropriate
questions.
Puertolas further testified that she was not sure if A.B. would hurt herself if
returned to Father’s care, but was also not sure A.B. was strong enough to handle another
meltdown. Puertolas believed that nurturing parenting rather than punitive parenting was
appropriate for A.B. A.B. had repeatedly, consistently, and adamantly said she did not
want to return to Father’s home. Puertolas acknowledged she had not seen a psychiatric
evaluation confirming that J.S. actually had an untreated mental health diagnosis. She
acknowledged that while watching J.S. interact with A.B., no diagnosis appeared to be
present.
Mother testified that she left Lake County on June 23, 2011, after A.B. was
detained. She did not attempt to contact A.B. She contacted CPS on October 29, 2012,
and asked how to get in touch with A.B. A social worker suggested that she write a letter
to A.B. The social worker said she would give the letter to A.B.’s therapist and that they
would review it in therapy. Mother wrote the letter in November and sent it in
December. Mother denied ever having spoken to J.S. to make arrangements to call A.B.
Counsel for A.B. introduced into evidence A.B.’s letter to the court, which stated,
“[A.B.] wants to go with her mother. [T]o Judge [p]lease let me go with my mom Judge
I’m Begging you.” “I don’t want to go to court Just let me go with my mother. I will
refuse to go with [J.S.] and my dad.” The juvenile court found the allegations in the
supplemental petition were true and that the previous disposition had not been effective
in protecting A.B. The court set the matter for a contested disposition hearing.
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Mother’s 388 Petition and Disposition on the 388 Petition and Supplemental Petition
Meanwhile, Mother filed a petition under section 388 requesting a change in the
juvenile court’s December 2011 order terminating reunification services to her. She
requested family maintenance services or six months of reunification services. She
alleged this would be in A.B.’s best interest because reunification with Father had not
been successful and she and A.B. had a significant bond. She had been drug free for 18
months, had returned to Lake County temporarily to be able to visit A.B. weekly and
participate in her weekly therapy, and was willing to remain there long enough to reunify
with A.B. and complete her drug diversion program.
The juvenile court decided to hear the 388 petition on the same day as the
disposition hearing on the supplemental petition. In a report prepared for the hearing, the
Department stated that Mother had begun to renew her relationship with A.B. by
contacting the social worker regularly starting in October 2012. She returned to Lake
County at the end of March and took steps to address her earlier failure to follow through
with a drug diversion program by re-engaging in the program. She began attending
weekly therapy sessions with A.B. in early April 2013. Visits between A.B. and Mother
were fun and affectionate and often included her maternal aunt and Mother’s new baby
boy. After each visit A.B. told the social worker how happy she was, and there were no
negative experiences noted at any of the visits. A.B. was aware she could call Mother
from her foster mother’s home, and had done so four times.
A.B. was in good health, well behaved at school, and doing well socially and
academically. Her diagnosis at discharge from the hospital was: “Intermittent Explosive
Disorder and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.” She was prescribed 50 mg of Zoloft daily.
She was placed in an intensive therapeutic foster home. She liked her placement and her
foster family had not reported any behavioral problems; she was compliant and
cooperative. At a follow-up medical appointment, her Zoloft prescription was reduced to
25 mg daily, beginning in August 2013. Her eating and sleeping routines were “well
within norms” and there no concerns regarding hygiene.
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Father and J.S. continued to live together with their three young children. Father
and J.S. visited A.B. weekly. The first visit in mid-March was “emotionally challenging”
for A.B., who asked in advance if J.S. was going to be present. When A.B. and the social
worker arrived at the park, Father and J.S. acted aloof and scowled at A.B. As A.B.
happily approached Father, he kept his hands deep in his pants’ pockets. He did not
express any verbal or facial affection toward A.B. and his demeanor suggested he was
angry and not happy to see her. The first words of acknowledgement of A.B. came from
J.S. in the form of a comment that A.B. was not to wear the “Booty Shorts” that she was
wearing again. About ten minutes after A.B., Father, and J.S. went to sit on swings, A.B.
began to cry loudly. The social worker approached and asked why she was crying, and
she sobbed, “My mother must hate me or she would be here now when I needed her.”
Neither Father nor J.S. tried to console or calm her, but A.B. regained her composure and
the visit continued. At the end of the visit, neither Father nor J.S. showed any signs of
affection toward A.B. A.B. told the social worker, “I was happy to see my father and
J.S., but they did not act like they were happy to see me.”
During a visit in late April, A.B. cried and continued to do so as Father and J.S.
spoke to her. When the social worker asked Father and J.S. to refrain from their
conversation with A.B. because it was apparently upsetting her, J.S. said she was trying
to convince A.B. to go play and added, “You know, it’s not always the parent.” On the
drive back, A.B. said she cried because “[J.S.] was asking me questions about my therapy
sessions with my mother. I told her that I did not want to talk about it, but she would not
listen and she kept asking me. She told me that I would not be able to live with my
mother.” Other visits were either uneventful or canceled by Father. A.B. was aware she
could call Father any time she wanted, but never did. The Department recommended that
A.B. remain in out-of-home placement, the matter be set for a permanent placement plan,
and the parents continue to have supervised visits with A.B.
At a contested hearing on Mother’s 388 petition and disposition on the
supplemental petition, the Department’s counsel and A.B.’s counsel supported Mother’s
petition for reunification services. Mother testified that she left Lake County with a
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friend on June 23, 2011. She became pregnant and sought services with regard to her
unborn child, including prenatal medical care. Her baby was born in June 2012. The last
time she used drugs was November 23, 2011, when she learned she was pregnant. Before
that, she had been clean for three and a half years, but had relapsed when her mother
died. When she found out she was pregnant, she decided to make the commitment to be
a parent. She began seeing her psychiatrist regularly. She started taking her medication
and her bipolar disorder was under control.
Mother moved to Washington and was living with her baby son and her son’s aunt
when she heard that A.B. was in a mental institution. She decided to return to Lake
County “to fight for her”—something she had been planning on doing. She had
outstanding warrants for not completing a drug diversion program before leaving
California, so she enrolled herself in the program and signed up for Alcohol and Other
Drug Services. She had not used any controlled substances and had consistently tested
clean, one to two times a week. She was living with her sister in Lake County at the time
of the hearing and planned to return to Washington after completing her six-month drug
court program. She hoped to take A.B. with her but also acknowledged the importance of
having her maintain contact with Father because she knew that Father “loves [A.B.] very
much” and she did not wish to “take [A.B.] from her father.” Since March 29, 2013,
Mother had been seeing A.B. three hours a week for visits and therapy sessions.
Puertolas testified that Mother had been testing clean for the Department since
April 2, 2013. Puertolas had reviewed her drug test results from the diversion program
and confirmed they were consistently clean. She had observed at least one dozen visits
between Mother and A.B., and they were always positive. Puertolas supported Mother’s
request for renewed reunification services because she believed it was in A.B.’s best
interest. She believed Mother would be successful in reunifying with A.B. within six
months if given the opportunity.
Puertolas testified that shortly after her removal from Father’s home and
placement in a foster home, A.B. said she wanted to kill herself because children to
whom she told a joke did not think it was funny. About two weeks before the hearing,
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A.B. got mad at a boy her age and tried to choke him. She then became upset with
herself and hit, bit and pinched herself. A week before the hearing, A.B. said she had
been in foster care too long and said, “Maybe I should just kill myself.” Puertolas was
opposed to offering reunification services to Father because she did not think A.B. was
emotionally strong enough for it. A.B. told Puertolas several times that she wanted to be
with Mother; she never said she wanted to return to Father’s home.
The juvenile court found that Mother had demonstrated a change of her
circumstances and that it was in A.B.’s best interest to grant Mother six months of
reunification services. As to disposition on the supplemental petition, the court found
that A.B. should remain in out of home placement because returning to Father would
create a substantial risk of detriment to her safety, protection, physical and/or emotional
well-being.
DISCUSSION
Father contends there was insufficient evidence to support the juvenile court’s
dispositional findings on the supplemental petition. We disagree.
“ ‘When the sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding or order is challenged
on appeal, the reviewing court must determine if there is any substantial evidence, that is,
evidence which is reasonable, credible, and of solid value to support the conclusion of the
trier of fact. [Citation.] In making this determination, all conflicts [in the evidence and
in reasonable inferences from the evidence] are to be resolved in favor of the prevailing
party, and issues of fact and credibility are questions for the trier of fact. [Citation.]’ . . .
[Citation.] However, substantial evidence is not synonymous with any evidence.
[Citations.] . . . ‘[w]hile substantial evidence may consist of inferences, such inferences
must be ‘ “a product of logic and reason” ’ and ‘ “must rest on the evidence” ’ [citation];
inferences that are the result of mere speculation or conjecture cannot support a finding
[citations]’ [Citation.]” (In re Savannah M. (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 1387, 1393–1394.)
Here, the evidence showed that while in Father’s home, A.B. was subjected to
J.S.’s malicious and severely emotionally damaging lies on a regular basis. Knowing that
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Father would take J.S.’s word over hers, and perhaps due to fear of further punishment,2
A.B. was compelled to admit the truth of those lies, and “cri[ed] hysterically” as she was
unjustly punished. Father continued to believe J.S. even after Puertolas presented him
with evidence that J.S. had fabricated the stories, and instead of looking into the matter
for his daughter’s sake, he refused to work with the social worker who, in Berro’s
opinion, was professional and honest and would have been an asset to the family. When
asked at the hearing whether he was willing to work with Puertolas, Father said, “I
suppose if I had to,” but also noted that what he would like to do is to “just . . . go home
and raise [his] family.”
Ultimately, after J.S. tormented A.B. with yet another lie that resulted in her being
forced to give up her “pretty clothing,” A.B. deteriorated to a point where she had to be
evaluated and hospitalized for being a potential danger to herself and to others. Even
after A.B. was hospitalized, Father continued to engage in punitive parenting by
demanding that the psychiatric hospital staff withhold television and other privileges
from A.B. so that she would understand that this was “serious” and not a “game.” He
continued to express his disapproval of A.B. by being angry and distant towards her
during their first visit, and he and J.S. engaged in inappropriate discussions with her
during other visits that caused her to cry, including telling her she would not be able to
live with Mother, asking her about her therapy sessions with Mother, and suggesting that
Mother did not care about her. A.B. repeatedly, consistently, and adamantly said since
being hospitalized that she did not want to return to Father’s home, and she had written a
note to the court “[b]egging” that she not be required to return to his care.
Puertolas opined that placement in Father’s home had not worked to alleviate
A.B.’s emotional problems, and would not be in A.B.’s best interest. She noted that A.B.
needed to be in a nurturing—not punitive—environment, and the issues that needed to be
addressed were beyond the scope of what Father was capable of addressing. Puertolas
was also very concerned about J.S.’s dishonesty and fabrication of stories, and about
2
As noted, Berro testified that he overheard A.B. telling J.S., “Don’t worry. I
didn’t tell them anything.”
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Father’s refusal to follow up on the issue on his daughter’s behalf. She was not sure if
A.B. would hurt herself if returned to Father’s care, but was also not sure A.B. was strong
enough to handle another meltdown. Under these circumstances, the juvenile court could
reasonably determine that there was a substantial risk of physical or emotional harm if
A.B. were returned to Father’s care.
We do not find any of Father’s argument persuasive. He asserts, for example, that
this was a “case of over-reaction” because A.B.’s tantrums were typical of a child her age
and were caused by Mother’s abandonment. The record shows, however, that while in
Father and J.S.’s care, she deteriorated to a point where she had to be evaluated,
hospitalized, and placed on medication. Father also suggests that his refusal to work with
Puertolas was justified because she had “too much [of an] ego” and failed to make an
effort to “earn [his] trust.” The record shows, however, that Father was the one who
acted unreasonably in refusing to take Puertolas’s concerns seriously, and insisting on
believing J.S. despite objective evidence to the contrary. Father also states there was no
psychiatric evaluation in the record confirming that J.S. had an untreated diagnosis of
bipolar disorder. J.S. testified, however, that she had previously been diagnosed with
bipolar disorder, and there was evidence that she had told a social worker that she had
stopped taking medication for it because she did not like the way it made her feel.
Father also argues that the juvenile court applied the incorrect standard when it
made its dispositional findings by a preponderance of the evidence, instead of by clear
and convincing evidence. The Department responds that at a disposition hearing held
incidental to a supplemental petition, a renewed finding of substantial risk by clear and
convincing evidence is not required. (See In re A.O. (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 103, 109–
113.) Here, we need not—and therefore will not—determine whether the court should
have made its findings by clear and convincing evidence, because even assuming the
court should have done so, we would conclude the error was harmless under any
standard.
At the end of the jurisdiction hearing, the court stated, “the previous disposition
clearly has not been effective in protecting or rehabilitating the child. The child ended up
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. . . in a mental hospital, 5150’d, with homicidal and suicidal ideations, if not having
actually carried out an attempted homicide. There was at least thoughts of homicide and
describing how she would do it. If she didn’t actually do it, she certainly described how
she would do it. That’s extremely alarming in a 9-year-old child. I don’t see how it
could be safe to return that child to that environment at this point.” The court expressed
similar views after the disposition hearing in finding that returning A.B. to Father’s care
would create a substantial risk of detriment to her safety, protection, physical and/or
emotional well-being. In light of the overwhelming evidence supporting that finding, we
believe, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the court would have made the same
determination under the clear and convincing evidence standard.
DISPOSITION
The juvenile court’s orders are affirmed.
_________________________
McGuiness, P.J.
We concur:
_________________________
Jenkins, J
_________________________
Pollak, J.
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