United States v. Joaquin Villasenor-Chavez

FILED
MAR 03 2014
NOT FOR PUBLICATION MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 12-10437

Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 4:11-cr-02569-CKJ-
HCE-1
v.

JOAQUIN VILLASENOR-CHAVEZ,
MEMORANDUM*
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Arizona
Cindy K. Jorgenson, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted February 11, 2014
San Francisco, California

Before: CALLAHAN and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and HELLERSTEIN, Senior
District Judge.**

*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
**
The Honorable Alvin K. Hellerstein, Senior District Judge for the U.S.
District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
1
 Joaquin Villasenor-Chavez appeals from his conviction and 120-month

sentence, following a jury trial, for conspiracy to bring in and transport illegal

aliens for profit, bringing in an illegal alien for profit, and transporting an illegal

alien for profit resulting in death, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a). We have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

I

In June 2011, a group of aliens, including Villasenor-Chavez, was detained

by the Border Patrol. Nine of the aliens identified Villasenor-Chavez as the guide

who had led the group into the United States. In the district court Villasenor-

Chavez moved to suppress their testimony, and he now appeals from the district

court’s denial of that motion to suppress. The district court did not abuse its

discretion in denying the motion as untimely since it was filed eleven days after the

motion deadline, and only seventeen days before trial. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(e)

(providing that a party “waive[s]” any motion that must be raised before trial but is

“not raised by the deadline the court sets under Rule 12(c)”); United States v.

Torres, 908 F.2d 1417, 1424 (9th Cir. 1990) (affirming the denial of a motion to

suppress as untimely). Villasenor-Chavez has not shown good cause for his delay.

See Fed. R. Crim. P. 12(e).

2
 In any event, Villasenor-Chavez cannot show that the aliens’ identifications

should have been suppressed. An identification should be suppressed only where

the pre-trial identification procedures used were “suggestive and unnecessary” and

there is “a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.” Perry v.

New Hampshire, 132 S. Ct. 716, 724 (2012) (quotation omitted). Even if we

assume, arguendo, that the methods used by the Border Patrol improperly

suggested that Villasenor-Chavez was the guide, Villasenor-Chavez’s argument

that the identifications should be suppressed fails because he has not shown a

likelihood of irreparable misidentification. See id. The aliens had been with the

guide who led their group in the desert for two days and in a variety of

circumstances. They identified Villasenor-Chavez as their guide soon after their

desert trek, following their arrest. Accordingly, the Border Patrol’s challenged

procedures would not have altered the aliens’ ability to recall reliably who was the

guide, and there was no danger of misidentification. See Manson v. Brathwaite,

432 U.S. 98, 114–16 (1977).

II

Villasenor-Chavez also appeals from the district court’s denial of his motion

for acquittal. We review the denial of a motion for acquittal de novo by evaluating

“whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
3
any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Riggins, 40 F.3d 1055, 1057 (9th

Cir. 1994) (internal quotation omitted). Contrary to Villasenor-Chavez’s

argument, the record supports the jury’s finding that he was the guide, since the

aliens’ testimony identifying him as the guide was properly admitted into evidence.

Additionally, the record supports the jury’s finding that Villasenor-Chavez

had acted “for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain,” in

violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(B)(i). Any rational trier of fact could have

inferred that Villasenor-Chavez acted for profit based on the aliens’ testimony that

he was the guide, their testimony that they had paid to be smuggled into the United

States or that payment was due upon arrival at the final destination, the government

agent’s testimony that guides are usually paid upon arrival at the final destination,

and Villasenor-Chavez’s testimony that guides expect to be paid. See United

States v. Yoshida, 303 F.3d 1145, 1152 (9th Cir. 2002) (concluding that “[i]t was

reasonable for the jury to infer that [defendant] expected some payment for her role

in leading the aliens [to the United States]”). That inference was further supported

by the absence of any non-pecuniary motive for Villasenor-Chavez to have led the

group. See id. Accordingly, the district court did not err in denying Villasenor-

Chavez’s motion for acquittal.
4
 III

Villasenor-Chavez also appeals from the district court’s application of a

two-level sentencing enhancement, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, for obstruction

of justice, based on the district court’s finding that Villasenor-Chavez committed

perjury by testifying that he was not the guide. He argues that under Apprendi v.

New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), the district court was required to submit the

question of whether he had committed perjury to a jury. However, Apprendi and

its progeny have no application here because the obstruction of justice sentencing

enhancement did not increase the maximum penalty or the mandatory minimum

penalty that Villasenor-Chavez faced. Cf. Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490 (“[A]ny fact

that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum

must be submitted to a jury . . . .”); Alleyne v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 2155

(2013) (“[A]ny fact that increases the mandatory minimum is an ‘element’ that

must be submitted to the jury.”).

Villasenor-Chavez also argues that the record does not support the district

court’s perjury finding. A witness commits perjury when he “gives false testimony

concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide false testimony,

rather than as a result of a confusion, mistake or faulty memory.” United States v.

Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87, 94 (1993). Since multiple witnesses testified that
5
Villasenor-Chavez was the guide, he could not have been mistaken regarding

whether he was the guide, and the question of whether he was the guide was the

central issue in this case, there is ample support for the district court’s perjury

finding. See id. at 94–96.

Finally, Villasenor-Chavez’s argument that enhancing his sentence based on

perjury violated his constitutional right to testify in his own defense is meritless.

The Supreme Court has rejected that argument, holding that “a defendant’s right to

testify does not include a right to commit perjury.” Id. at 96. Accordingly, the

district court did not err in applying the sentencing enhancement.

AFFIRMED.

6