Vail Lake Rancho California v. Abreu CA4/1

Filed 3/7/14 Vail Lake Rancho California v. Abreu CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication
or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered
published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

VAIL LAKE RANCHO CALIFORNIA, D061892
LLC,

Plaintiff and Appellant,
(Super. Ct. No. 37-2009-00094633-
v. CU-FR-CTL)

KELLY ABREU et al.,

Defendants and Respondents;

KID GLOVES, INC.,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Frederic L.

Link, Judge. Affirmed.

Phillips, Haskett & Ingwalson and Frederick C. Phillips for Plaintiff and Appellant.

Call & Jensen, Mark L. Eisenhut and Delavan J. Dickson for Defendant and Appellant

and Defendants and Respondents.

Vail Lake Rancho California, LLC (VLRC) sued defendants, alleging "a scheme . . . to

fraudulently place their real property assets . . . beyond the reach of their largest creditor,

plaintiff [VLRC], by the creation of shell entities, by fraudulent conveyances and transactions,
and by the use of the non-judicial foreclosure process in a manner designed to defraud VLRC

and render its claims uncollectible." Certain defendants moved in limine to exclude evidence

of the underlying transfers because they occurred more than seven years prior to VLRC's

lawsuit and, as such, were barred by the seven-year statute of repose set forth in California's

Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (UFTA), Civil Code section 3439.09, subdivision (c).1 The

trial court granted the motion and ultimately entered judgment against VLRC on claims arising

from those transfers.

VLRC contends the trial court erred in granting the motion in limine because VLRC's

claims were not brought under the UFTA and, thus, were not subject to the UFTA's statute of

repose. We disagree. The gravamen of VLRC's claims—whether styled as UFTA violations

or otherwise—was that defendants fraudulently transferred their assets to shield them from

VLRC. Accordingly, VLRC's claims were subject to, and untimely under, the UFTA's seven-

year cutoff. (Macedo v. Bosio (2001) 86 Cal.App.4th 1044, 1050, fn. 4 (Macedo) ["the

maximum elapsed time for a suit under either the UFTA or otherwise is seven years after the

transfer"].)

VLRC further contends the trial court erred by entering a judgment that improperly

allowed compounding of interest. We do not reach the merits of that issue, however, because

VLRC forfeited the issue by failing to raise it with the trial court.

1 This subdivision provides as follows: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a
cause of action with respect to a fraudulent transfer or obligation is extinguished if no action is
brought or levy made within seven years after the transfer was made or the obligation was
incurred." (Civ. Code, § 3439.09, subd. (c).) All further statutory references are to the Civil
Code unless otherwise indicated.
2
 Defendant Kid Gloves, Inc. (Kid Gloves) appeals the denial of its motion for attorney

fees. The court denied the motion because it found, under section 1717, subdivision (b)(1),2

that there was no prevailing party. Kid Gloves contends the trial court erred because the

motion was based on the express language of the trust deeds at issue, and not "on any sort of

'prevailing party' theory." We disagree. VLRC's claims were sufficiently related to the trust

deeds that they were subject to a prevailing party determination under section 1717. Further,

the cases Kid Gloves cites for the proposition that a court may award attorney fees

notwithstanding the court's determination that there was no prevailing party simply do not

stand for that proposition.

We affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND3

During or before 1982, Gary Clawson (Clawson) and his former wife, Jean Clawson,

jointly acquired 15 parcels of real property. They also executed a promissory note (Note 1) in

the amount of $540,000 in favor of Federal Land Bank of Sacramento. Note 1 was secured by

a trust deed (TD1) that encumbered 12 of the 15 parcels.

2 This subdivision provides as follows: "The court, upon notice and motion by a party,
shall determine who is the party prevailing on the contract for purposes of this section, whether
or not the suit proceeds to final judgment. Except as provided in paragraph (2), the party
prevailing on the contract shall be the party who recovered a greater relief in the action on the
contract. The court may also determine that there is no party prevailing on the contract for
purposes of this section." (§ 1717, subd. (b)(1), italics added.)

3 As we discuss in section I.A.1, post, the court's granting of the motion in limine was
tantamount to granting a motion for judgment on the pleadings. Therefore, "we accept, for
purposes of this appeal only, that all properly pleaded material facts alleged in the complaint
are true," (Kempton v. City of Los Angeles (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1344, 1347), "but not
contentions, deductions or conclusions of fact or law" (Zelig v. County of Los Angeles (2002)
27 Cal.4th 1112, 1126).
3
 In 1989, Gary and Jean Clawson executed a promissory note (Note 2) in the amount of

$243,296.91 in favor of United Mercantile Bank. Note 2 was secured by a trust deed (TD2)

encumbering 14 of the 15 parcels.

Sometime before 1994, Clawson began operating a dude ranch on three of the 15

parcels. Clawson and his daughter, Kelly Abreu (together, the Clawsons), formed Sundance

International, LLC (Sundance) to operate the ranch, which generated income by selling

memberships. Clawson conveyed to Vail Custodial Holdings, LP (Custodial)—another entity

controlled by the Clawsons—the three parcels on which Sundance operated the ranch.

Custodial paid Clawson no consideration for the parcels. At some later time not specified in

the record, Clawson conveyed another 10 of the 15 parcels to Sundance.

Beginning in March 1994, Sundance entered into a series of agreements with a

neighboring property owner, KRDC, Inc. (KRDC). Under these "Vail Lake Agreements,"

KRDC transferred approximately 450 acres of land to Sundance and granted Sundance a

number of rights and obligations regarding the use of a lake located on KRDC's property (Vail

Lake) by Sundance's existing and prospective dude ranch members. In exchange, the

agreements required Sundance to sell a certain number of memberships each year and to share

30 percent of those membership proceeds with KRDC. Sundance's obligations were secured

by a payment and performance trust deed in favor of KRDC on the property sold to Sundance.

In 1995, KRDC sold its interests in Vail Lake and the Vail Lake Agreements to a third

party, which, in turn, sold those interests to VLRC in 1998.

4
 Lawsuit 1

In 1999, VLRC notified Sundance that it was in default under the Vail Lake

Agreements. In February 2000, VLRC filed suit (Lawsuit 1) against Sundance, Clawson, and

John Mulder4 in Riverside County Superior Court seeking to judicially foreclose on the

payment and performance trust deed. VLRC eventually obtained a judgment of approximately

$17 million against Sundance, Clawson, and Mulder.

Lawsuit 2

Before the trial in Lawsuit 1 began, the Clawsons transferred nine of the 10 parcels

previously transferred to Sundance to another of their controlled entities, Ecstatic Holdings,

Inc. (Ecstatic). The Clawsons eventually transferred the remaining parcel to Ecstatic. In

September 2006, VLRC filed suit (Lawsuit 2) against Ecstatic in Riverside County Superior

Court seeking to set aside Sundance's conveyance of the 10 parcels to Ecstatic as a fraudulent

conveyance. In 2009, Ecstatic stipulated that the transfers were fraudulent and conveyed the

10 parcels to VLRC by quitclaim deed.

This Lawsuit

Meanwhile, in April 2002, Sundance paid off Note 1.5 But instead of having Note 1

canceled and TD1 reconveyed, Sundance and the Clawsons caused the instruments to be

assigned to Kid Gloves, an entity owned and controlled by Abreu. Sundance paid off Note 2

4 VLRC alleges Mulder is a coconspirator of the Clawsons, but does not further explain
their relationship. Mulder is not a party to this appeal.

5 Ownership of Note 1 and TD1 had changed hands a number of times over the years.
5
the following month.6 Again, instead of having Note 2 canceled and TD2 reconveyed,

Sundance and the Clawsons caused the instruments to be assigned to Kid Gloves.

On March 23, 2009, Kid Gloves substituted a new trustee under TD1 and TD2. The

same day, the trustee recorded notices of default under TD1 and TD2 setting forth amounts due

on Note 1 and Note 2 of approximately $5 million and $1 million, respectively. On July 9,

2009, the trustee recorded a notice of sale under TD1 and TD2 setting July 30, 2009, as the

date of sale.

VLRC, which (by virtue of the quitclaim deed from Ecstatic) then owned an interest in

some of the parcels secured by TD1 and TD2, filed this lawsuit on July 24, 2009. The

complaint alleged "a scheme by members of the Clawson family . . . , acting individually and

through their controlled companies . . . , to fraudulently place their real property

assets . . . beyond the reach of their largest creditor, Plaintiff [VLRC], by the creation of shell

entities, by fraudulent conveyances and transactions, and by the use of the non-judicial

foreclosure process in a manner designed to defraud VLRC and render its claims

uncollectible." The complaint named Clawson, Abreu, Mulder, Custodial, Ecstatic, Kid

Gloves, Sundance, and the trustee.7

VLRC obtained a preliminary injunction halting the foreclosure sale, and a series of

demurrers and motions to strike followed. One target of the demurrers was VLRC's sixth

6 Note 2 and TD2 had also changed hands several times over the years.

7 The court later entered defaults as to Clawson and Sundance. The record includes a
request for entry of default as to Mulder, but the request does not appear to have been entered
as requested. According to VLRC, Ecstatic was never served. Thus, as is relevant to this
appeal, the case proceeded only as to Abreu, Custodial, and Kid Gloves (together, the
Defendants).
6
cause of action seeking damages for fraudulent conveyances. This cause of action alleged that

the "conveyance to [Custodial], the conveyances to Ecstatic and the conveyances to Kid

Gloves . . . were all fraudulent in that they were made without consideration and for the

express purpose of defrauding the creditors of [Clawson] and [Sundance], and in particular

VLRC." Abreu and Custodial demurred on the basis that the transactions VLRC complained

of occurred beyond the seven-year period of repose provided in section 3439.09, subdivision

(c). The trial court sustained the demurrer to the fraudulent conveyance claim without leave to

amend.

Following additional demurrers and amendments, VLRC proceeded to trial on its

second amended complaint (SAC), which asserted causes of action (1) "to Cancel notes and

Trust Deeds," (2) for "Wrongful Foreclosure," and (3) "To Require Marshaling of Assets" (that

is, requesting that the court specify the order in which Kid Gloves would be required to

foreclose on parcels). The claim for cancellation of the notes and trust deeds alleged that Kid

Gloves's acquisitions of the trust deeds and promissory notes in 2002 were fraudulent because

the trust deeds "secure[d] notes that were paid in full," and because Kid Gloves paid no

consideration and "was created for the express fraudulent purpose of having an entity in place

to foreclose on the [property subject to the trust deeds] and prevent VLRC from levying

against them to satisfy the Judgment in Lawsuit 1."

The cause of action for wrongful foreclosure was based on two theories. Like the first

cause of action, one theory was premised on Kid Gloves's acquisition of the promissory notes

and trust deeds. The second theory was premised on VLRC's allegation that Kid Gloves

7
fraudulently inflated the amounts due on the promissory notes when it initiated foreclosure

proceedings in 2009.

Defendants filed a motion in limine requesting that the court "preclude[] Plaintiff from

offering any evidence or argument that the 2002 conveyances of Note 1, Note 2, TD1, or TD2

to Kid Gloves, Inc. were somehow fraudulent." The motion was "made on the grounds that all

facts giving rise to such issues would have occurred more than seven years prior to Plaintiff

initiating this lawsuit, so, pursuant to California Civil Code Section 3439.09[, subdivision] (c),

Plaintiff may not attempt to premise any claims on these allegedly fraudulent conveyances."

Over VLRC's opposition, the court granted the motion, leaving VLRC with what it conceded

was a "[v]ery stripped down case." As a result of the ruling, VLRC's wrongful foreclosure

case was tried on the remaining theory that Defendants fraudulently inflated the amounts due

on Note 1 and Note 2.8

At trial, the court received testimony and heard argument regarding which parcels were

encumbered by which trust deeds, the balances due on the promissory notes, and whether the

court should order marshaling. Kid Gloves sought to add to the balances due on the

promissory notes the attorney fees it had incurred in defending VLRC's attempt to cancel the

promissory notes and trust deeds. The court instructed the parties to address that issue by way

of a postjudgment motion.

On February 28, 2012, the court entered judgment (1) in favor of Kid Gloves on

VLRC's claim seeking cancellation of the promissory notes and trust deeds; (2) in favor of

Abreu and Kid Gloves on the wrongful foreclosure claim; (3) declaring the amount owed on

8 VLRC subsequently clarified that it was not seeking damages in connection with this
theory.
8
Note 1 to be $426,772.50 and on Note 2 to be $331,227.78, with interest accruing on both

notes at 14 percent per annum; and (4) specifying the order in which Kid Gloves could

foreclose on parcels securing Note 2. The judgment stated that the court "ma[de] a finding that

there is no prevailing party."

Kid Gloves then moved the court "for an order that adds the legal fees Kid Gloves was

forced to incur to protect its status as owner of the promissory notes and trust deeds . . . to the

amount outstanding on those notes." Kid Gloves explained that its motion was based on the

express language of TD1 and TD2,9 and not "on any sort of 'prevailing party' theory." The

court denied the motion on the basis that it had "previously found that there was no prevailing

party" under Civil Code section 1717, subdivision (b).

VLRC filed a notice of appeal from the judgment on April 25, 2012. Kid Gloves filed a

notice of appeal from the court's order denying attorney fees on June 12, 2012.

DISCUSSION

I. VLRC'S APPEAL

VLRC contends the trial court erred by granting the motion in limine excluding

evidence of the 2002 assignments of TD1 and TD2 to Kid Gloves and by awarding compound

9 TD1 provides that the holder may "appear in and litigate any matters . . . affecting the
security of lien, and may incur necessary costs, expenses, and attorney fees therefor" and that
"money for payment of such costs, expenses, and attorney fees . . . together with interest
accrued thereon shall be immediately due and payable" to the holder.
TD2 states, in "any action or proceeding" that would "materially affect" the holder's
interest in TD2, the holder "may, but shall not be required to, take any action that [the holder]
deems appropriate," and that "[a]ny amount that [the holder] expends in so doing will bear
interest at the rate charged under the Note [secured by TD2] from the date incurred or paid by
[the holder] to the date of repayment by Trustor." TD2 further states that such expenses may
"be added to the balance of the Note" and that TD2 "will secure payment of these amounts."
The parties do not dispute that the express language of TD1 and TD2 could authorize an
award of attorney fees in appropriate circumstances.
9
interest on the judgment. We disagree with respect to the motion in limine and conclude that

VLRC has forfeited its argument regarding compound interest.

A. The Motion in Limine

1. Standard of Review

"In limine motions are designed to facilitate the management of a case, generally by

deciding difficult evidentiary issues in advance of trial." (Amtower v. Photon Dynamics, Inc.

(2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 1582, 1593.) Motions in limine also can function as "an objection to

any and all evidence on the grounds [the] pleadings [are] fatally defective" for failure "to state

a cause of action." (Edwards v. Centex Real Estate Corp. (1997) 53 Cal.App.4th 15, 27.)

"When all evidence on a particular claim is excluded based on a motion in limine, the ruling is

subject to independent review as though the trial court had granted a motion for judgment on

the pleadings . . . ." (Dillingham-Ray Wilson v. City of Los Angeles (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th

1396, 1402, 1403.) Accordingly, we must "accept as true all material factual allegations of the

challenged pleading, unless contrary to law or to facts of which a court may take judicial

notice. The sole issue is whether the complaint, as it stands, states a cause of action as a matter

of law." (Edwards, at p. 27.)

2. Overview of the UFTA

The thrust of VLRC's appeal is that the trial court erred in applying the UFTA's seven-

year statute of repose to claims VLRC contends were not brought under the UFTA. We

therefore begin by briefly discussing the UFTA and its statutes of limitation and repose.

"The UFTA was enacted in 1986; it is the most recent in a line of statutes dating to the

reign of Queen Elizabeth I." (Mejia v. Reed (2003) 31 Cal.4th 657, 664.) The statute was

10
"designed . . . for the protection of creditors." (Lewis v. Superior Court (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th

1850, 1873, italics omitted; accord, Mejia, at p. 668 ["The California Legislature has a general

policy of protecting creditors from fraudulent transfers . . . ."].)

A fraudulent transfer under the UFTA involves " ' "a transfer by the debtor of property

to a third person undertaken with the intent to prevent a creditor from reaching that interest to

satisfy its claim." ' [Citation.]" (Filip v. Bucurenciu (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 825, 829.) The

UFTA broadly and inclusively defines a " '[t]ransfer' " as "every mode, direct or indirect,

absolute or conditional, voluntary or involuntary, of disposing of or parting with an asset or an

interest in an asset, and includes payment of money, release, lease, and creation of a lien or

other encumbrance." (§ 3439.01, subd. (i).)

As is relevant to this appeal, the UFTA defines a fraudulent transfer as a "transfer made

or obligation incurred by a debtor . . . , whether the creditor's claim arose before or after the

transfer was made or the obligation was incurred, if the debtor made the transfer or incurred

the obligation . . . [¶] (1) [w]ith actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor of the

debtor." (§ 3439.04, subd. (a)(1); 2 Miller & Starr, Cal. Real Estate Digest, Fraudulent

Conveyances and Transfers (3d ed. 2006) § 5, p. 98 [subdivision] (a)[(1)] . . . does not require

proof of anything more than an actual intent to defraud"].)

Claims brought under the UFTA are governed by its statute of limitations and repose

provisions.10 A claim arising from an intentionally fraudulent transfer "is extinguished unless

10 "[W]hile a statute of limitations normally sets the time within which proceedings must
be commenced once a cause of action accrues, the statue of repose limits the time within which
an action may be brought and is not related to accrual. Indeed, 'the injury need not have
occurred, much less have been discovered. Unlike an ordinary statute of limitations which
begins running upon accrual of the claim, [the] period contained in a statute of repose begins
11
action is brought . . . [¶] (a) within four years after the transfer was made . . .or, if later, within

one year after the transfer or obligation was or could reasonably have been discovered by the

claimant." (§ 3439.09.) The UFTA "also includes a statute of repose . . . , which creates an

absolute backstop of seven years within which a cause of action for fraudulent transfer must be

filed." (In re JMC Telecom LLC (C.D.Cal. 2009) 416 B.R. 738, 742, citing § 3439.09, subd.

(c).) That provision provides as follows: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a cause

of action with respect to a fraudulent transfer or obligation is extinguished if no action is

brought or levy made within seven years after the transfer was made or the obligation was

incurred." (§ 3439.09, subd. (c).)

The UFTA supplements, rather than displaces existing law. (§ 3439.10 ["Unless

displaced by the provisions of [the UFTA], the principles of law and equity . . . supplement

[the UFTA's] provisions."].) Thus, "the UFTA is not the exclusive remedy by which

fraudulent conveyances and transfers may be attacked. They may also be attacked by, as it

were, a common law action." (Macedo, supra, 86 Cal.App.4th at p. 1051.) In those instances,

"the applicable statute of limitations is [Code of Civil Procedure] section 338[, subdivision]

(d), and, more importantly, the cause of action accrues not when the fraudulent transfer occurs

but when the judgment against the debtor is secured (or maybe even later, depending upon the

belated discovery issue)." (Macedo, at p. 1051.)

when a specific event occurs, regardless of whether a cause of action has accrued or whether
any injury has resulted.' [Citation.] A statute of repose thus is harsher than a statute of
limitations in that it cuts off a right of action after a specified period of time, irrespective of
accrual or even notice that a legal right has been invaded." (Giest v. Sequoia Ventures, Inc.
(2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 300, 305.)
12
 Critically, however, "even if belated discovery can be pleaded and proven . . . , in any

event the maximum elapsed time for a suit under either the UFTA or otherwise is seven years

after the transfer." (Macedo, supra, 86 Cal.App.4th at p. 1050, fn. 4; see also, e.g., Donell v.

Keppers (S.D.Cal. 2011) 835 F.Supp.2d 871, 879 ["Plaintiff cannot attack a fraudulent transfer

through an unjust enrichment claim without satisfying the requirements of [§] 3439.09[, subd.]

(c)."].) That is because, "by its use of the term '[n]otwithstanding any other provision of law,'

the Legislature clearly meant to provide an overarching, all-embracing maximum time period

to attack a fraudulent transfer, no matter whether brought under the UFTA or otherwise."

(Macedo, at p. 1050, fn. 4.) Although this language in Macedo is dicta, two federal courts

sitting in California followed it as "well-considered dicta." (Roach v. Lee (C.D.Cal. 2005) 369

F.Supp.2d 1194, 1199 ["Even though this comment is dicta, federal courts sitting in diversity

cases must generally follow both the holdings and well-considered dicta of state court

decisions."]; In re JMC Telecom LLC, supra, 416 B.R. at p. 743.)11 We, too, find Macedo's

dicta well-considered because "it would be inordinate to bar [UFTA] fraudulent transfer claims

after seven years while allowing common law fraudulent transfer claims to be brought 'scores

of years after the transfer.' " (Roach, at p. 1199, quoting Macedo, at p. 1050, fn. 4.)

3. Analysis

Under section 3439.09, subdivision (c), and Macedo, the dispositive issue is whether

VLRC's causes of action to cancel the promissory notes and trust deeds and for wrongful

foreclosure (as it relates to the 2002 transfers) were attempts to "attack a fraudulent transfer, no

11 Although federal court decisions interpreting state law are not binding on us, "that
certainly does not stop us from relying upon the federal court opinions for their cogent
reasoning and persuasive value." (McCann v. Lucky Money, Inc. (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th
1382, 1396.)
13
matter whether brought under the UFTA or otherwise." (Macedo, supra, 86 Cal.App.4th at

p. 1050, fn. 4, italics added.) VLRC contends they were not, instead arguing they were really

claims for conspiracy, alter ego, setoff, and cancellation of an instrument under section 3412

due to fraud.12 But the " 'gravamen of a complaint and the nature of the right sued upon,

rather than the form of the action or relief demanded, determine which statute of limitations

applies.' " (San Diego Unified School Dist. v. County of San Diego (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th

288, 305; Davies v. Krasna (1975) 14 Cal.3d 502, 515 [" 'The statute of limitations to be

applied is determined by the nature of the right sued upon, not by the form of the action or the

relief demanded' "].) We thus look to the gravamen of VLRC's claims, starting with VLRC's

own words.

The very first paragraph of the SAC alleged "a scheme [by defendants] . . . to

fraudulently place their real property assets . . . beyond the reach of their largest creditor,

Plaintiff [VLRC], by the creation of shell entities, by fraudulent conveyances and transactions,

and by the use of the non-judicial foreclosure process in a manner designed to defraud VLRC

12 We note that "[c]onspiracy is not a cause of action, but a legal doctrine that imposes
liability on persons who, although not actually committing a tort themselves, share with the
immediate tortfeasors a common plan or design in its perpetration." (Applied Equipment Corp.
v. Litton Saudi Arabia Ltd. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 503, 510-511.) Similarly, "[a] claim against a
defendant, based on the alter ego theory, is not itself a claim for substantive relief, e.g., breach
of contract or to set aside a fraudulent conveyance, but rather, procedural, i.e., to disregard the
corporate entity as a distinct defendant and to hold the alter ego individuals liable on the
obligations of the corporation where the corporate form is being used by the individuals to
escape personal liability, sanction a fraud, or promote injustice." (Hennessey's Tavern, Inc. v.
American Air Filter Co. (1988) 204 Cal.App.3d 1351, 1359.) We also observe that VLRC's
assertion on appeal of an equitable offset does not appear to have been asserted in VLRC's
pleadings or in argument to the trial court.
14
and render its claims uncollectible."13 (Italics added.) VLRC alleged in the SAC's

background facts that the "assignments and transfers of Note 1, TD1, Note 2, and TD2 were

fraudulent as to the creditors of [Clawson] and [Sundance], including VLRC, in that the

transfers . . . were made . . . for the purpose of defrauding the creditors of [Sundance] and

[Clawson], and in particular, VLRC."14 (Italics added.)

In its first cause of action "to Cancel notes and Trust Deeds," VLRC alleged that "the

assignments of TD1 and TD2 to [Kid Gloves] were made pursuant to a conspiracy . . . whereby

the Subject Real Properties secured by said Trust Deeds could be shielded from obligations

owed by [Sundance], [Clawson], and [Mulder] to Plaintiff. Said transfers were

fraudulent . . . ." (Italics added.) VLRC further alleged that Note 1 and Note 2 were assigned

to Kid Gloves "pursuant to a conspiracy to put the property secured by TD1 and TD2 beyond

the reach of the creditors of [Sundance] and [Clawson], and particularly Plaintiffs." To

punctuate its point, VLRC alleged that Kid Gloves "was created for the express fraudulent

purpose of having an entity in place to foreclose on the Subject Real Properties and prevent

VLRC from levying against them to satisfy the Judgment in Lawsuit 1." (Italics added.)

In its second cause of action for wrongful foreclosure, VLRC alleged that the

foreclosure proceedings "are wrongful and were conducted fraudulently and improperly in that

Note 1 and Note 2, on which the foreclosures are based[,] were paid off by the obligor and/or

[Sundance] in 2002 and thus should have been cancelled at that time." In other words, the

13 VLRC's original complaint, which included a cause of action for fraudulent
conveyances, began with an identical introduction.

14 VLRC's original complaint made a substantially similar allegation.
15
foreclosures were based on the loan documents that were fraudulently transferred to Kid

Gloves in 2002.

Our reading of the SAC as a whole leads us to the unavoidable conclusion that—

regardless of their labels—the gravamen of VLRC's claims is that the 2002 transfers of Note 1,

Note 2, TD1, and TD2 to Kid Gloves were made with the "actual intent to hinder, delay, or

defraud" VLRC. (§ 3439.04, subd. (a)(1).) Thus, VLRC's first and second causes of action

relate to fraudulent transfers and are subject to section 3439.09, subdivision (c)'s "absolute

backstop of seven years within which a cause of action for fraudulent transfer must be filed."

(In re JMC Telecom LLC, supra, 416 B.R. at p. 742.)

VLRC cites Wyatt v. Union Mortgage Co. (1979) 24 Cal.3d 773 and Schessler v. Keck

(1954) 125 Cal.App.2d 827 for the proposition that, as a result of VLRC's allegation of

conspiracy, the statute of limitations on VLRC's claims did not begin to run until "the date of

the last wrongful act," which VLRC contends occurred in 2009. We are not persuaded.

Neither of these cases involved a statute of repose, which "is harsher than a statute of

limitations in that it cuts off a right of action after a specified period of time, irrespective of

accrual or even notice that a legal right has been invaded." (Giest v. Sequoia Ventures, Inc.,

supra, 83 Cal.App.4th at p. 305.)

Because VLRC's claims arose from transfers that occurred more than seven years before

VLRC filed suit, the trial court did not err in granting the motion in limine on the basis of

section 3439.09, subdivision (c).

16
B. Compound Interest

VLRC contends the trial court erred by entering a judgment that improperly allows for

compound interest. Defendants counter that VLRC "waived" this issue because, although

VLRC objected to certain aspects of Kid Gloves's proposed judgment, VLRC never objected

on the basis of the theory it now advances.15 VLRC did not address this argument in its reply

brief. We conclude VLRC has forfeited this issue.

"[A] reviewing court ordinarily will not consider a challenge to a ruling if an objection

could have been but was not made in the trial court." (In re S.B., supra, 32 Cal.4th at p. 1293;

People ex rel. Herrera v. Stender (2012) 212 Cal.App.4th 614, 644-645 ["This specific

argument was forfeited by appellant's failure to raise it in the trial court: Although appellants

were given the opportunity to challenge and seek modification of the language of the notice,

and did so in many particulars, they raised no issue with this aspect of the notice."]; City of San

Marcos v. Coast Waste Management, Inc. (1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 320, 328 ["By repeatedly

failing to object to the language of the proposed written order, Coast effectively waived any

objection to it"].) "The purpose of this rule is to encourage parties to bring errors to the

attention of the trial court, so that they may be corrected." (In re S.B., at p. 1293.)

The parties submitted competing proposed judgments to the trial court and briefed the

merits of the competing versions. VLRC objected to Defendants' proposed judgment on a

number of grounds—such as the inclusion of amounts for property taxes and attorney fees—

15 "Although the loss of the right to challenge a ruling on appeal because of the failure to
object in the trial court is often referred to as a 'waiver,' the correct legal term for the loss of a
right based on failure to timely assert it is 'forfeiture,' because a person who fails to preserve a
claim forfeits that claim. In contrast, a waiver is the ' "intentional relinquishment or
abandonment of a known right." ' [Citation.]" (In re S.B. (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1287, 1293, fn. 2.)
17
but not on the basis that it resulted in an improper compounding of interest. Nor does the

record reflect that VLRC raised this issue with the trial court in any other manner. We

therefore conclude VLRC has forfeited this issue.

C. Preliminary Injunction

VLRC requests that if we reverse the judgment and order a retrial, that we also reinstate

the preliminary injunction that the trial court initially issued but dissolved after trial. Because

we are not reversing the judgment or ordering a retrial, we deny VLRC's request to reinstate

the preliminary injunction.

II. KID GLOVES'S APPEAL

Kid Gloves appeals the order denying its request that the attorney fees it incurred

defending against VLRC's cause of action to cancel the promissory notes and trust deeds be

added to the balances on the promissory notes. Kid Gloves contends that because its "right to

add attorneys' fees and costs to the amounts owing on the Promissory Notes has nothing to do

with California Civil Code Section 1717," the trial court erred by denying the motion on the

basis of its determination under section 1717, subdivision (b) that there was no prevailing

party. In essence, Kid Gloves contends it is entitled to recover attorney fees regardless of

whether it was declared the prevailing party. We disagree.

" ' "On review of an award of attorney fees after trial, the normal standard of review is

abuse of discretion. However, de novo review of such a trial court order is warranted where

the determination of whether the criteria for an award of attorney fees and costs in this context

have been satisfied amounts to statutory construction and a question of law." ' [Citation.]"

(Conservatorship of Whitley (2010) 50 Cal.4th 1206, 1213.)

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 The trial court's order denying Kid Gloves's motion addressed the prevailing party issue

as follows: "The Court notes for the record that it previously found that there was no

prevailing party. Pursuant to Civil Code [section] 1717[, subdivision] (b) there is no prevailing

party; therefore, Attorney's Fees will not be awarded."

At the hearing on Kid Gloves's motion, the court gave the following rationale behind its

finding that neither party prevailed: "Because [VLRC] lost on the [¶] . . . [¶] . . . fraudulent

part of it. And [Kid Gloves] lost on those exorbitant fees that they were going after, so in my

opinion it was a give give situation."

During trial, the court concluded that, as between the claim for cancellation of the loan

documents and the claim for wrongful foreclosure arising from the inflated loan balances, 16

the latter was the impetus for the lawsuit:

"The Court: And you admit that you put in inflated amounts which
caused this, the plaintiff to come forward and stop this?

"[Kid Gloves's counsel]: Well, again, on one of the notes, yes, it was an
inflated amount, absolutely. On the other one it was not. But the -- again,
we can go through the history of the case, but clearly the catalyst was to
cancel the trust deeds. Sure --

"The Court: It appears to be the catalyst of this case is that you folks
overcharged, inflated your amounts. That is what the catalyst in this case
is."

The court summed up its view on the prevailing party issue as follows:

"You know, the contract is a contract is a contract. It goes by many
names. But I think in this case, based upon what I have heard in this case,

16 VLRC correctly points out that Kid Gloves initially declared the aggregate sum due
under the promissory notes to be approximately $6 million, whereas the trial court determined
the correct amount to be approximately $758,000—roughly 13 percent of the amount sought
by Kid Gloves.
19
 based upon what I found in this case, there is no prevailing party. I feel
that it would be a miscarriage of justice if I granted fees in this case. So I
am going to rule under Civil Code section 1717[, subdivision] (b) that
there is no prevailing party, therefore you are not entitled to fees."

Kid Gloves does not challenge the court's finding that there was no prevailing party.

Instead, Kid Gloves argues that two cases—Jones v. Union Bank of California (2005) 127

Cal.App.4th 542 and Caruso v. Great Western Savings (1991) 229 Cal.App.3d 667—authorize

an award of attorney fees in trust deed litigation wholly apart from section 1717 and without

regard to who prevailed. Neither case supports this contention. To the contrary, Jones

explicitly addressed the borrowers' contention that "the trial court abused its discretion in

determining that Bank is the prevailing party." (Jones, at p. 549, italics added.) And in

Caruso, the award of attorney fees was incident to a lender's postjudgment "memorandum of

costs which included a request for attorney's fees." (Caruso, at p. 672.) Under Code of Civil

Procedure section 1032, subdivision (b),17 it is the prevailing party that is entitled to its costs.

Thus, the appellate court's discussion in Caruso strongly implies that the trial court made a

prevailing party determination in favor of the lender. Although Kid Gloves is technically

correct when it observes that Jones and Caruso "never even mention[] Section 1717," a careful

reading of those cases renders disingenuous Kid Gloves's insinuation that they authorize an

award of attorney fees in favor of a party that was not declared the prevailing party.

Moreover, although the parties did not comprehensively brief the issue, it appears to us

that VLRC's claim for cancellation of the promissory notes and trust deeds was one on a

contract and, thus, governed by section 1717. " 'California courts construe the term "on a

17 Code of Civil Procedure section 1032, subdivision (b) provides: "Except as otherwise
expressly provided by statute, a prevailing party is entitled as a matter of right to recover costs
in any action or proceeding."
20
contract" liberally.' [Citation.]" (Douglas E. Barnhart, Inc. v. CMC Fabricators, Inc. (2012)

211 Cal.App.4th 230, 240.) "The phrase 'action on a contract' includes not only a traditional

action for damages for breach of a contract containing an attorney fees clause [citation], but

also any other action that 'involves' a contract under which one of the parties would be entitled

to recover attorney fees if it prevails in the action [citation]." (Ibid.) " 'In determining whether

an action is "on the contract" under section 1717, the proper focus is not on the nature of the

remedy, but on the basis of the cause of action.' [Citation.]" (Id. at pp. 240-241.) We thus

turn to VLRC's causes of action.

VLRC's first cause of action was labeled a claim "to Cancel notes and Trust Deeds"—

the very instruments under which Kid Gloves requested an award of attorney fees. VLRC

alleged it was "entitled to judgment canceling TD1 and TD2, in that said Trust Deeds secure

notes that were paid in full by the obligors on said notes . . . ." VLRC elaborated on this theory

in its cause of action for wrongful foreclosure, where VLRC alleged that the foreclosure

proceedings were "wrongful and were conducted fraudulently and improperly in that Note 1

and Note 2, on which the foreclosures are based were paid off by the obligor . . . and thus

should have been cancelled at that time." We conclude these claims are sufficiently related to

the promissory notes and trust deeds such that the claims are on the contract for purposes of

section 1717. (See, e.g., Kachlon v. Markowitz (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 316, 347-348

[declaratory relief claim that "sought a declaration that the promissory note must be cancelled

because it had been paid in full, and that the deed of trust must be reconveyed because the

21
foreclosure violated the terms of the deed of trust" was " ' "on the contract" ' " within the

meaning of section 1717].)18

Kid Gloves argues that section 1717 "could not have any bearing on this matter given

Kid Gloves is not seeking attorneys' fees from VLRC, and there is no contract between Kid

Gloves and VLRC that could be the basis for an attorneys' fee award." (Italics added.) A

similar argument was rejected in Saucedo v. Mercury Savings & Loan Assn. (1980) 111

Cal.App.3d 309 (Saucedo), where the court recognized that, "in every case in which the non-

assuming grantee[19] has a sufficient interest in the property to warrant his resisting

foreclosure, he would as a real and practical matter be required to pay reasonable attorney fees

incurred by trustee and/or beneficiary should they prevail in the action to prevent foreclosure."

(Id. at p. 315.) The court concluded "[t]his practical 'liability' of the nonassuming grantee is

sufficient to call into play . . . section 1717." (Ibid.; see also Wilhite v. Callihan (1982) 135

Cal.App.3d 295, 302 ["Wilhite's 'practical liability' under the deed of trust provisions for

litigation costs justified the trial court's invocation of section 1717."].) We thus reject Kid

Gloves's assertion that section 1717 cannot apply by virtue of VLRC not being a signatory to

TD1 or TD2.

18 We do not view this conclusion as inconsistent with our determination above that the
gravamen of VLRC's claims for purposes of the UFTA statute of repose was a fraudulent
transfer. The trust deeds subject to VLRC's claims were the contractual vehicles by which
Defendants perpetrated their alleged fraudulent scheme.

19 The Saucedo court described the plaintiffs as "nonassuming grantee[s]" because they—
like VLRC—acquired real property subject to a promissory note and deed of trust, but did not
assume those loan documents. (Saucedo, supra, 111 Cal.App.3d at p. 310.)
22
 Even if VLRC's claims were not on the contract under section 1717, we still see no

error. (E.g., California Aviation, Inc. v. Leeds (1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 724, 731 ["[T]he trial

court's stated reasons for its ruling do not bind us. We review the ruling, not its rationale."].)

Taken to its extreme, Kid Gloves's argument would lead to the absurd result of allowing even a

losing party to recover attorney fees in trust deed litigation. Kid Gloves cites no authority that

condones such a result. To the contrary, the procedures by which parties typically recover

contractually authorized attorney fees require a finding that the party seeking fees is the

prevailing party. (See, e.g., Civ. Code, § 1717, subd. (a) ["[T]he party who is determined to be

the party prevailing on the contract . . . shall be entitled to reasonable attorney's fees . . . ."];

Code Civ. Proc., § 1032, subd. (b) ["prevailing party is entitled as a matter of right to recover

costs in any action or proceeding"].)20 Those authorities also empower trial courts to

determine that there is no prevailing party entitled to attorney fees. (Civ. Code, § 1717, subd.

(b)(1) ["The court may also determine that there is no party prevailing on the contract. . . ."];

Code Civ. Proc., § 1032, subd. (a)(4) ["When any party recovers other than monetary

relief . . . the 'prevailing party' shall be as determined by the court, and under those

circumstances, the court, in its discretion, may allow costs or not . . . ."].)

Because Kid Gloves has cited no authority that persuades us to deviate from the general

rule that only a prevailing party may recover contractually authorized attorney fees, we

conclude the court did not err in denying Kid Gloves's motion for attorney fees.

20 Those costs may include attorney fees when authorized by contract. (Code Civ. Proc.,
§ 1033.5, subd. (a)(10)(A).)
23
 DISPOSITION

The judgment and the order denying attorney fees are affirmed. All parties are to bear

their own costs on appeal.

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

O'ROURKE, J.

IRION, J.

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