Filed 3/10/14 P. v. Frausto CA6
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE, H039426
(Santa Clara County
Plaintiff and Respondent, Super. Ct. No. C1113689)
v.
ARMANDO FRAUSTO,
Defendant and Appellant.
I. INTRODUCTION
Defendant Armando Frausto appeals after pleading no contest to being an
accessory to murder (count 1; Pen. Code, § 32),1 being a felon in possession of a firearm
(counts 2 & 4; former § 12021, subd. (a)(1)), and being a felon in possession of
ammunition (counts 3 & 5; former § 12316, subd. (b)(1)). He admitted he had been
convicted of a prior strike offense (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12) and that he had served
five prior prison terms (§ 667.5, subd. (b)). Defendant was sentenced to a 15-year prison
term, which included consecutive terms for counts 1 through 4.
On appeal, defendant contends the trial court should have stayed the terms for
counts 2 and 3 pursuant to section 654. We will affirm the judgment.
1
All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
II. BACKGROUND
A. Facts Underlying Counts 1, 2, and 32
On January 23, 2010, Albert Cobarrubias was the victim of a homicide. Police
identified Michael Frausto,3 defendant’s cousin, as a suspect in the shooting. Defendant
was interviewed in connection with the investigation.
Defendant said he saw Michael the day after the homicide. Michael, who had
been stabbed the year before, asserted “that he had got the guys that stabbed him.”
Michael told defendant details about how he had committed the shooting. Michael also
told defendant that he had unloaded the gun he had used.
At some point, defendant suggested Michael should “get rid of [the gun] or to give
it to him.” Michael initially stated he was going to keep the gun, and he buried it in a
friend’s backyard. Later, Michael dug up the gun and gave it to defendant. Michael
wanted defendant to “destroy” the gun, and defendant’s initial plan was “to get rid of the
gun.” However, defendant instead sold the gun, along with bullets, for $200 and “a
quarter ounce of dope.”
Defendant told police “that the gun and bullets were in a sock.” The person who
purchased the gun and bullets from defendant confirmed receiving them in a sock.4
B. Facts Underlying Counts 4 and 5
At around midnight on April 18, 2010, San Jose Police Officer Anthony Vizzusi
initiated a vehicle stop. The vehicle had two occupants. After the vehicle pulled over,
2
The facts are based on the transcript of defendant’s preliminary hearing.
3
Since defendant and Michael Frausto have the same surname, we will refer to
Michael by his first name to avoid confusion.
4
Defendant asserts that when he received the gun from Michael, it was inside the
sock along with the ammunition. Although the record is not entirely clear on this point,
the Attorney General states that defendant’s statement of the facts is “accurate and
substantially complete,” and specifically agrees that “Michael gave [defendant] a sock
containing the gun and ammunition.”
2
the passenger—defendant—exited. Defendant looked at the officer, then ran across a
freeway on-ramp and up an embankment. Another officer saw defendant climb over a
guard rail and run across the freeway, and a third officer located a gun on the side of the
freeway in the location where defendant had been. The gun contained a loaded
magazine.
Officer Vizzusi had observed defendant drop a cell phone as he fled; the cell
phone contained photographs of defendant, including one of him holding a handgun,
which was consistent with the gun found on the side of the freeway. The driver of the
vehicle provided Officer Vizzusi with defendant’s moniker, “Mondo,” which enabled
defendant to be identified.
C. Charges, Pleas and Admissions, and Sentence
Defendant was charged with three offenses stemming from his possession of the
gun used in the Cobarrubias shooting: being an accessory to murder (count 1; § 32),
being a felon in possession of a firearm (count 2; former § 12021, subd. (a)(1)), and being
a felon in possession of ammunition (count 3; former § 12316, subd. (b)(1)). Those three
counts were alleged to have been committed between January 24, 2010 and March 4,
2010.
Defendant was also charged with two counts stemming from the April 18, 2010
incident: being a felon in possession of a firearm (count 4; former § 12021, subd. (a)(1)),
and being a felon in possession of ammunition (count 5; former § 12316, subd. (b)(1)).
The information further alleged that defendant had been convicted of a prior strike
offense (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12) and that he had served five prior prison terms
(§ 667.5, subd. (b)).
On October 9, 2012, defendant pleaded no contest to all five counts and admitted
the strike and prior prison term allegations. His plea was unconditional.
At the sentencing hearing on February 22, 2013, the trial court imposed a 15-year
prison term. The prison term consisted of a six-year term for count 1 (being an accessory
3
to murder), consecutive 16-month terms for counts 2 through 4 (the two counts of
possession of a firearm by a felon and one count of possession of ammunition by a felon),
and consecutive one-year terms for the prior prison allegations. The trial court stayed the
term for count 5 (the second count of possession of ammunition by a felon) pursuant to
section 654.
III. DISCUSSION
Defendant contends the trial court should have stayed the terms for counts 2 and 3
pursuant to section 654. He argues that his conviction on count 1 (being an accessory to
murder) was based on the same act as his convictions for counts 2 and 3 (being a felon
in possession of a firearm and being a felon in possession of ammunition between
January 24, 2010 and March 4, 2010), and that he had only one intent or objective in
committing all three offenses.
A. Proceedings Below
The probation report recommended a 13-year sentence, including a consecutive
term for count 2, “considering the possession of a firearm is a separate crime [from
count 1] likely occurring within a time period of approximately two months and
occur[ing] under a separate set of operable facts . . . .” The probation report
recommended a concurrent term for count 3 “considering the ammunition was in the
firearm and the offense occurred at the same time as Count Two.”
At the sentencing hearing, the prosecutor asserted that the probation report was
“not correct” insofar as it stated that “the ammunition in count three was in the gun that’s
alleged in count two.” The prosecutor noted that the bullets “were in a sock, not a gun.”
The prosecutor also asserted that the ammunition had subsequently been discovered by
the sheriff’s office: “And there was quite a bit of ammunition of all sorts of different
caliber, approximately 177 rounds, that far exceeded the capacity of the gun . . . .”
4
The prosecutor argued that “with respect to counts one, two, and three, they are
separate criminal objectives in each of those, and also the timing of those crimes is a bit
different. [¶] Count one, of course, relates to assisting in concealing the murder in this
case. That was by agreeing to take the firearm that was used. The understanding that
[defendant] had given his cousin, Michael, was that he was going to destroy it or get rid
of it. That’s not what happened, according to his own statement to the police. And,
instead, and this is why counts two and three are charged, he took the gun and
ammunition and sold it . . . . [¶] So, the objective in [counts] two and three was to
possess the guns and sell them for money and drugs. That’s a different criminal objective
than what’s in count one. And, also, of course, by selling ammunition, he was able to get
more than just selling the gun alone. [¶] And the evidence in this case is that there were
multiple kinds of ammunition involved.”
The probation officer agreed with the prosecutor’s corrections to the probation
report. Defendant did not address the section 654 issue, but he urged the trial court to
“follow the probation recommendation for the 13-year term.”
In imposing sentence for count 2, the trial court explained that “consecutive
sentencing is being imposed because it was a separate crime that occurred under a
separate set of operative facts, as well as with a separate criminal objective.” The trial
court explained that it was imposing a consecutive term for count 3 “for the same
reasons . . . the fact that it was a separate crime, that occurred under a separate set of
operative facts, and with a separate criminal objective.”
B. Legal Principles
Subdivision (a) of section 654 provides that “[a]n act or omission that is
punishable in different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the
provision that provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case
shall the act or omission be punished under more than one provision. . . .” The purpose
5
of the statute is to ensure that the punishment is commensurate with the defendant’s
culpability. (People v. Perez (1979) 23 Cal.3d 545, 550-551 (Perez).)
“The proscription against double punishment in section 654 is applicable where
there is a course of conduct which violates more than one statute and comprises an
indivisible transaction punishable under more than one statute within the meaning of
section 654. The divisibility of a course of conduct depends upon the intent and objective
of the actor, and if all the offenses are incident to one objective, the defendant may be
punished for any one of them but not for more than one. [Citations.]” (People v. Bauer
(1969) 1 Cal.3d 368, 376.) “On the other hand, if the evidence discloses that a defendant
entertained multiple criminal objectives which were independent of and not merely
incidental to each other, he [or she] may be punished for the independent violations
committed in pursuit of each objective even though the violations were parts of an
otherwise indivisible course of conduct.” (Perez, supra, 23 Cal.3d at p. 551, fn. omitted.)
“Whether section 654 applies in a given case is a question of fact for the trial
court, which is vested with broad latitude in making its determination.” (People v. Jones
(2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 1139, 1143.) On appeal we defer to express or implicit
determinations that are based upon substantial evidence. (Cf. People v. Osband (1996)
13 Cal.4th 622, 730-731.)
C. Analysis
Defendant contends that counts 1 through 3 were all based on “the single act of
taking the sock containing the gun and ammunition” and that he “cannot be punished
three times for committing a single act.” According to defendant, that act was also part
of “an indivisible course of conduct” for which he had only one objective: “to aid his
cousin in escaping arrest.”
The Attorney General contends that section 654 does not bar multiple punishment.
According to the Attorney General, defendant committed accessory to murder “the
moment he received the gun and ammunition and agreed to destroy or otherwise dispose
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of them,” and that defendant’s intent in doing so was “to hinder the police investigation
of the murder.” The Attorney General argues that defendant could be separately
punished for his continuing possession of the gun and ammunition because “he might
have used the weaponry to commit unrelated crimes of his own.” Further, defendant
could be separately punished for the two possession offenses because the ammunition
was possessed outside of the firearm and because the ammunition consisted of 177
rounds of varying caliber.5
We first address the question whether defendant could be separately punished for
being an accessory and for one or more of the possession crimes. Several recent cases
have considered whether section 654 applied when the defendant was convicted of being
a felon in possession of a firearm and one or more other crimes that stemmed from
possession of the same firearm.
In People v. Jones (2012) 54 Cal.4th 350 (Jones), the California Supreme Court
considered whether the defendant could be “punished separately for the crimes of
possession of a firearm by a felon, carrying a readily accessible concealed and
unregistered firearm, and carrying an unregistered loaded firearm in public.” (Id. at
p. 352.) The defendant had been found with a loaded .38-caliber revolver in his car; the
gun was not registered to him. (Ibid.) The defendant had purchased the gun three days
earlier “ ‘for protection,’ ” and he had kept the gun at his grandmother’s house before
that day. (Ibid.) The court held that under the circumstances, the defendant had
committed “a single act” that could only be punished once. (Id. at p. 360.)
5
Although the prosecutor provided the description of the ammunition at the
sentencing hearing, the trial court was entitled to consider it for sentencing purposes,
particularly since defendant did not object at that time. (See People v. Arbuckle (1978)
22 Cal.3d 749, 754 [sentencing judge may consider “ ‘responsible unsworn or “out-of-
court” information relative to the circumstances of the crime’ ”].) In his reply brief,
defendant acknowledges that the ammunition consisted of “various rounds.”
7
The Jones court noted that the defendant’s “guilt on all three charges was
premised solely on his having the gun in his car when arrested” and that “the jury
convicted defendant of each crime due to his being caught with the gun in the car on
[the day of his arrest], not due to any antecedent possession.” (Jones, supra, 54 Cal.4th
at p. 359.) The court declined to express an opinion “on what the outcome might be
under other facts” and did not decide whether “keeping the gun at the house and carrying
it in the car were separate acts.” (Ibid.)
The lead opinion in Jones emphasized that it was finding “a single act” and that it
did not need to decide whether the defendant also had only “a single objective.” (Jones,
supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 359.) The lead opinion noted that in other cases, the evidence
might show a single act was committed with multiple objectives, but the court did not
decide whether multiple punishment would be allowed in such a case. (Id. at p. 360.)
After Jones, the Third District Court of Appeal decided People v. Atencio (2012)
208 Cal.App.4th 1239 (Atencio), which considered whether section 654 applied to the
defendant’s convictions of grand theft of a firearm and possession of a firearm by a felon.
(Id. at p. 1241.) The defendant had taken a .45-caliber semiautomatic pistol from a
residence, and he had discarded the pistol in another residence the following day after
trying to sell some jewelry to the resident. (Id. at pp. 1241-1242.) The Atencio court
held that section 654 prohibited multiple punishment for the two offenses, because the
“defendant’s theft of the pistol was merely the means by which he gained possession of
the pistol.” (Id. at p. 1244.)
The Atencio court rejected the People’s argument that the defendant had two
separate objectives: first, to take the gun from its original owner; and second, to possess
the gun while selling jewelry. (Atencio, supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at p. 1244.) The court
determined that this argument was “cutting the point too fine” since the evidence showed
that the defendant’s “only point in taking the gun was to gain possession of it, so that he
could then do with it what he pleased, whether ‘possess[ing] [it] while selling jewelry’ or
8
something else.” (Ibid.) “The fact that defendant kept possession of the gun for a period
of 24 hours did not, without more, alter his intent and objective such that his course of
criminal conduct can be deemed to consist of more than one act for purposes of
section 654.” (Ibid.)
The instant case is distinguishable from both Jones and Atencio. Here, in contrast
to Jones, defendant was not convicted of counts 1 through 3 based solely on his
possession of the firearm and bullets at a discrete point in time. His convictions were
based on a number of acts that occurred over an indeterminate period of time. Those acts
included receiving the gun and ammunition from his cousin, maintaining possession of
the gun and ammunition, and selling the gun and ammunition. Unlike in Jones,
defendant’s convictions were not based on his commission of “a single act.” (Jones,
supra, 54 Cal.4th at p. 360.)
This case is somewhat closer to the Atencio case, where the defendant’s
convictions were based on his possession of the gun over a two-day period. However,
the Atencio defendant did no more than maintain possession of the gun after he kept it,
and therefore the evidence did not support a finding that the defendant had any objective
other than possession of the gun. In the instant case, defendant initially took possession
of the gun and ammunition with the objective of helping his cousin avoid being caught,
but defendant later developed a second objective: to sell the gun and ammunition for
money and drugs. Since defendant did “more” than merely keep possession of the gun
after he received it, the evidence supported a finding that his initial intent and objective
were “alter[ed] . . . such that his course of criminal conduct can be deemed to consist of
more than one act for purposes of section 654.” (Atencio, supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1244.)
We next address the question of whether defendant could be separately punished
for possessing the gun and for possessing the ammunition. In People v. Lopez (2004)
119 Cal.App.4th 132, the court held that section 654 precluded multiple punishment for
9
possession of a firearm by a felon and possession of ammunition by a felon. In that case,
however, the only ammunition that the defendant possessed was inside the loaded
firearm. The court determined that “[t]o allow multiple punishment for possessing
ammunition in a firearm would, in our judgment, parse the objectives too finely.” (Id. at
p. 138.) “Where, as here, all of the ammunition is loaded into the firearm, and
‘indivisible course of conduct’ is present and section 654 precludes multiple
punishment.” (Ibid.) However, the court noted, “there may be instances when multiple
punishment is lawful for possession of a firearm and ammunition.” (Ibid.)
In the present case, defendant did not merely possess ammunition inside of the
firearm; he possessed ammunition outside of the firearm. Moreover, the ammunition was
of such a large quantity that it exceeded the capacity of the firearm. Further, the
ammunition was of varying caliber, such that some of it could not even have been used in
that firearm. Section 654 does not preclude multiple punishment for a defendant’s
“ ‘simultaneous possession of different items of contraband’ ” when “ ‘the possession of
one item is not essential to the possession of another separate item.’ ” (Jones, supra,
54 Cal.4th at p. 358.)
In sum, we conclude substantial evidence supports the trial court’s findings and
that section 654 does not bar separate punishment for counts 1 through 3.
IV. DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
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___________________________________________
BAMATTRE-MANOUKIAN, ACTING P.J.
WE CONCUR:
__________________________
MIHARA, J.
__________________________
GROVER, J.
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