FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
March 24, 2014
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
No. 13-6244
v. (D.C. Nos. 5:13-CV-00661-M and
5:11-CR-00320-M-1)
NOLAN MAC NEWKIRK, (W.D. Okla.)
Defendant - Appellant.
ORDER
DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
Before KELLY, ANDERSON, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.
Defendant–Appellant Nolan Mac Newkirk seeks a certificate of
appealability (“COA”) to appeal the district court’s dismissal of his motion to
vacate, set aside, or correct sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. United States v.
Newkirk, Nos. CR-11-320-M, CIV-13-661-M, 2013 WL 4501339 (W.D. Okla.
Aug. 21, 2013). We deny his request and dismiss his appeal.
Background
On October 4, 2011, Mr. Newkirk was charged in a seven-count indictment
with attempted transfer of obscene material to a minor (18 U.S.C. § 1470),
distribution of child pornography (18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2)), and possession of
child pornography (18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B)). 1 R. 7-9. On December 19,
2011, Mr. Newkirk pleaded guilty to Counts 1 and 7—attempted transfer and
possession—and, pursuant to a negotiated plea agreement, the government
dismissed Counts 2 through 6—the distribution counts. Id. at 226-27. On June
21, 2012, the district court sentenced Mr. Newkirk to a bottom-of-the-guidelines
sentence of 120 months’ imprisonment for Count 1 and 15 months’ imprisonment
for Count 7, to be served consecutively for a total of 135 months. 2013 WL
4501339, at *1. The district court entered judgment on June 25, 2012. 1 R. 187.
Mr. Newkirk did not appeal his sentence or conviction. 2013 WL 4501339, at *1.
On June 25, 2013, Mr. Newkirk filed a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to
vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence. 1 R. 193. His motion alleged that, at
sentencing, the district court committed several errors and his retained counsel
was ineffective. Id. at 196-99. Mr. Newkirk’s § 2255 motion faced one
significant hurdle: his plea agreement expressly waived his right to “collaterally
challenge his guilty plea, sentence and restitution imposed, and any other aspect
of his conviction.” Id. at 33. The waiver excepted only the right to “appeal a
sentence above the advisory sentencing guideline range.” Id. at 34. Because the
district court sentenced Mr. Newkirk at the bottom of the guidelines range, that
exception was not triggered. See 2013 WL 4501339, at *4. The district court
held that Mr. Newkirk’s waiver was enforceable and that his collateral challenge
must therefore be dismissed. Id. at *4. Mr. Newkirk seeks to appeal that
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determination.
Discussion
In order for this court to grant a COA, Mr. Newkirk must make a
“substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right,” 28 U.S.C. §
2253(c)(2), such that “reasonable jurists could debate whether (or for that matter,
agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the
issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further,”
Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Mr. Newkirk must demonstrate that “reasonable jurists would find the district
court’s assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.” Id.
A waiver of collateral-challenge rights under § 2255 is “generally
enforceable where the waiver is expressly stated in the plea agreement and where
both the plea and the waiver were knowingly and voluntarily made.” United
States v. Cockerham, 237 F.3d 1179, 1183 (10th Cir. 2001). Mr. Newkirk argues
that the collateral-challenge waiver was not knowingly made because he did not
understand the “extent of rights waived.” Aplt. Br. 2. We are not persuaded that
reasonable jurists would debate whether Mr. Newkirk knowingly waived his right
to collaterally challenge his sentence. 1
1
In addition to the requirement that a waiver of appellate rights be
knowing and voluntary, this court requires that the disputed right “falls within the
scope of the waiver” and that enforcing the waiver would not “result in a
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First, Mr. Newkirk’s assertion that he did not understand his waiver to be
“broad” is belied by the record. Aplt. Br. 2. Before accepting Mr. Newkirk’s
plea, the district court engaged in the following colloquy:
THE COURT: Let me ask you to tell me in your own
words what—I’m sure [your counsel] has gone over this
with you, [the prosecutor] just mentioned it—one of the
terms concerning your waiver of your right to appeal or
to collaterally challenge the sentence of the Court,
except under limited circumstances. Can you tell me
what you agreed to in that regard?
THE DEFENDANT: In rough terms, I understand that if
my sentence is above what the Sentencing Guidelines
are, then I may appeal my sentencing, but under no other
circumstances.
THE COURT: Very well, the Court is satisfied that you
understand what you are waiving in that regard.
3 R. 10-11 (emphasis added). Mr. Newkirk, a college graduate and master’s
degree holder, 2 R. 18, must have appreciated the breadth of the waiver when he
recited that no circumstance but the one he articulated would give rise to a right
to appeal. Elsewhere, Mr. Newkirk describes his misunderstanding as a belief
that “if the court or his counsel made a significant enough error, perhaps with
miscarriage of justice.” United States v. Hahn, 359 F.3d 1315, 1325 (10th Cir.
2004) (en banc). In his COA application, Mr. Newkirk does not challenge the
district court’s conclusion that his plea agreement unambiguously waived his
collateral-challenge rights, 2013 WL 4501339, at *2, and that enforcing the
waiver would not result in a miscarriage of justice, id. at *4. Nor does he allege
that he entered into the plea agreement involuntarily. We thus confine our review
to whether Mr. Newkirk “knowingly” relinquished his right to bring a collateral
challenge such as this one.
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regard to any binding case law or a substantive fact, that the court would allow
the error to be corrected.” 1 R. 240; see also Aplt. Br. att. 4.a 1. This alleged
misunderstanding—that he only waived his right to appeal insignificant errors—is
foreclosed by his stated understanding that he was waiving appeal for any and
every “other circumstance” beyond an above-the-guidelines sentence.
Second, Mr. Newkirk argues that his failure to understand the extent of his
waiver can be inferred from his misunderstanding of other parts of his plea
agreement. Aplt. Br. att. 4.a 1. Specifically, he argues that he did not understand
“even general concepts such as the maximum term of imprisonment.” Id. Again,
the record shows that Mr. Newkirk was not laboring under misunderstandings at
the time he asked the court to accept his plea. Apparently, after initially
reviewing the PSR, Mr. Newkirk mistakenly believed that he faced a maximum
sentence of only 120 months; in reality, the maximum guidelines range was 135
to 168 months. 3 R. 27-28. In a colloquy with Mr. Newkirk, the district court
related that:
[“]Defense counsel accepts responsibility for the
miscommunication, or misunderstanding . . . . This
matter was reviewed again with Mr. Newkirk in a
lengthy meeting on April 25th, to determine whether his
guilty plea was knowing and voluntary, and whether he
wished to withdraw his plea, and request a trial, or
whether he wished to seek an independent legal opinion
from other counsel. After a thorough discussion with
the undersigned counsel, Mr. Newkirk advised that he
does not wish to withdraw his guilty plea, rather he
wants to stand on his guilty plea, understanding that,
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under the guideline sentence, it could be up to a range of
135 to 168 months . . . .[”]
[THE COURT:] That is the paragraph, Mr. Newkirk,
that [your counsel] asked me to just have a brief
colloquy with you, and to make sure that, from this, I
understand that you do not want to withdraw your guilty
plea, but to proceed on with these proceedings, in spite
of the misunderstanding about what the punishment is,
the range of punishment is, in this case; is that correct?
THE DEFENDANT: That’s correct, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Any question about it at all in your mind?
THE DEFENDANT: No.
3 R. 28-29 (emphasis added). The district court then sentenced Mr. Newkirk to
135 months as it indicated it might do. Id. at 70. Given the district court’s
explanation of the correct range of punishment, recitation that Mr. Newkirk had a
“lengthy meeting” and “thorough discussion” about this with his counsel, and Mr.
Newkirk’s voiced understanding, his claim that “the plea agreement was not well
understood and was not entered into with accurate knowledge of even general
concepts such as the maximum term of imprisonment” is without support. Aplt.
Br. att. 4.a 1. Given that the government agreed to dismiss the five distribution
Counts—with maximum penalties of 20 years and mandatory minimums, 1 R.
227—Mr. Newkirk’s decision to plead and waive his appellate and collateral-
challenge rights seems all the more knowing.
In sum, Mr. Newkirk has failed to make a substantial showing that the
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district court erred by holding that his collateral-challenge waiver was
enforceable and barred his § 2255 motion. Throughout his post-conviction
pleadings, Mr. Newkirk raises challenges to his sentence, such as the
ineffectiveness of his counsel for failing to raise certain arguments and errors by
the district court for failing to rule on certain objections. See Aplt. Br. 2; id. att.
4.b 1–2; 1 R. 197-99. However, these arguments do not go to the validity of his
collateral-challenge waiver but constitute challenges to the sentence itself. Aplt.
Br. 4 (“I am asking the court to respond to counsel’s sentencing brief . . . and
reduce the sentence in accordance with the arguments contained in that brief. I
do not wish to withdraw my plea of guilty.”). As just demonstrated, Mr. Newkirk
knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to collaterally challenge his sentence
for any reason beyond an above-the-guidelines sentence. The district court
correctly enforced this waiver, and these sentence-challenging arguments are
accordingly barred.
We DENY a COA, DENY Mr. Newkirk IFP status, and DISMISS this
appeal.
Entered for the Court
Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
Circuit Judge
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