People v. Johnson CA4/1

Filed 3/25/14 P. v. Johnson CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE, D063149

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v. (Super. Ct. Nos. SCD233933,
SCD236811, SCD237392)
DAVID LEONARD JOHNSON,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Richard S.

Whitney, Judge. Affirmed in part; reversed in part; remanded with directions.

Siri Shetty, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A. Swenson and Laura A.

Glennon, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

This matter involves an appeal from three cases. In case No. SCD233933, a jury

convicted David Leonard Johnson of evading an officer by reckless driving (Pen. Code,1

1 Statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.
§ 2800.2, subd. (a); count 1) and two counts of driving under the influence (§ 23152,

subd. (a), (b); counts 2 & 3). The jury also found true the allegation that Johnson had a

blood alcohol level of .15 percent or more while driving (§ 23578) in regard to both

counts 2 and 3. The trial court found true that Johnson had served qualifying time in

prison on four separate occasions and had suffered two prior strike convictions (§§ 667.5,

subds. (b)-(i), 668, & 1170.12).

In case No. SCD237392, a jury convicted Johnson of first degree robbery (§§ 211,

212.5, subd. (a); count 1); first degree burglary (§§ 459/460; count 2); assault with a

deadly weapon and by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury (§ 245, subd.

(a)(1); count 3); making a criminal threat (§ 422, count 4); and false imprisonment by

violence, menace, fraud, or deceit (§§ 236/237, subd. (a); count 5). The jury also found

true that Johnson used a knife as to all counts (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)). Johnson admitted

the allegation that he committed the offenses while he was out on bail.

Prior to the jury convicting Johnson in case No. SCD237392, the trial court

excused Juror No. 3 for allegedly refusing to deliberate. In reaching this decision, the

trial court questioned the bailiff and all members of the jury.

Following the jury verdicts, two court trials were conducted. In the first, the court

found Johnson guilty of failing to appear (§ 1320.5, count 1). In the second case, the

court found true the same prison priors and prior strikes as in case No. SCD233933. The

court made these findings as to both case Nos. SCD237392 and SCD236811.

Before the two court trials and the subsequent sentencing hearing on all cases,

Johnson moved to substitute in retained counsel. The court denied the motion.

2
 For case Nos. SCD233933 and SCD236811, the court sentenced Johnson to prison

for four years eight months. For case No. SCD237392, the trial court sentenced Johnson

to prison for a consecutive term of 42 years to life.

Johnson appeals, arguing the trial court: (1) improperly discharged Juror No. 3

during deliberations; (2) erroneously denied Johnson's motion to substitute in his retained

counsel; and (3) improperly sentenced Johnson for burglary, assault, criminal threat, and

false imprisonment under section 654.

We agree with Johnson that the trial court improperly discharged Juror No. 3

because Juror No. 3's inability to perform does not appear in the record as a

"demonstrable reality." (See People v. Marshall (1996) 13 Cal.4th 799, 843.) In

addition, we determine that the court erred in denying Johnson's motion to substitute in

his retained attorney. As such, we reverse the convictions in case Nos. SCD237392 and

SCD236811, and, although we affirm Johnson's conviction in case No. SCD233933, we

vacate his sentence in that case. We also remand this matter to the superior court for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Because we reverse the judgment in

case No. SCD237392, we do not reach Johnson's final contention that his sentence

violated section 654.

FACTS

Because the facts of Johnson's underlying offenses are not pertinent to the issues

before us, we omit a detailed discussion of them. However, we include a brief

description of the facts of case No. SCD237392 to the extent it adds context to the

removal of Juror No. 3.

3
 The counts in case No. SCD237392 stem from Johnson's interaction with Lindsey

Gardini. At the time the offenses were committed, Gardini was working as an escort.

After a dispute regarding the quality of methamphetamine Johnson provided Gardini and

money Johnson owed Gardini, Johnson met Gardini at a hotel room. During this

meeting, Johnson attacked Gardini, placing his arm around her throat, threatening her

with a knife, and warning her that he was going to inject her with some type of street

drug. Johnson and an accomplice ultimately tied up Gardini and took some of her

belongings, including credit cards, an iPod, a computer, and various personal documents.

Gardini eventually escaped the hotel room and ran for help.

DISCUSSION

I

THE DISCHARGE OF JUROR NO. 3

Johnson contends the trial court improperly discharged Juror No. 3 in case No.

SCD237392. We agree.

A. Background

Case No. SCD237392 was submitted to the jury on May 23, 2012. The jury began

deliberating that afternoon around 1:15 p.m. A jury note was sent to the trial court the

following morning at 10:44 a.m., indicating that the jury was deadlocked on counts 2

through 5 as well as the enhancement alleged in connection with count 1. The trial court

inquired of the jury foreperson as to how many ballots were taken and the makeup of the

votes. The foreperson informed the court that the jury had taken seven to eight ballots

and it was 11 to 1 on all remaining counts. The trial court indicated that it planned to

4
require the jury to continue deliberations. However, the bailiff observed Juror No. 12 and

Juror No. 3 arguing outside the deliberation room, and when he ordered them to enter the

deliberation room, Juror No. 3 indicated that she did not want to reenter.

The trial court was concerned about possible juror misconduct and requested

research and argument on this issue from the parties. After relevant legal authority was

presented to the court, the parties and the court discussed what action the court should

take in response to the allegations regarding Juror No. 3. The trial court chose to

interview Juror No. 3 and the jury foreperson to determine whether Juror No. 3 was

actually refusing to deliberate, and as a consequence, was failing to abide by the court's

orders. After confirming that there was no risk to Juror No. 3's health, safety, or welfare,

the court asked Juror No. 3 whether she was refusing to deliberate:

"The Court: Okay. So what you have communicated to the court
was you just felt it was a hostile environment. You prefer not to go
back into the jury deliberation room?

"Juror No. 3: That is correct.

"The Court: Is it your position at this point that you would--that you
don't want to continue deliberations because you feel it's a hostile
environment?

"Juror No. 3: That is correct.

"The Court: Okay. If the court was going to order you back into the
deliberation room, would you feel comfortable going back in, yes or
no?"

"Juror No. 3: Yes.

"The Court: If the court was to order you back into the deliberation
room, do you feel you could continue to effectively deliberate along
with the other jurors?

5
 "Juror No. 3: Yes."

The trial court assumed that Juror No. 3 was the holdout juror and stated that it

was not uncommon for a juror to feel uncomfortable "going back in and sticking up for

[her] position." The court also noted that Juror No. 3 indicated a willingness to continue

to deliberate. Nevertheless, the court decided to question the jury foreperson. The

foreperson indicated that she believed Juror No. 3 would not deliberate further because of

personal comments made toward Juror No. 3 by two other jurors. Based on the

foreperson's testimony, the court decided to question the remaining jurors. When

questioned, eight jurors stated they believed Juror No. 3 had refused to deliberate. One

juror was not sure whether there was a juror who was refusing to deliberate, and another

juror denied there was a juror who refused to deliberate.

Noting that the majority of the jurors indicated their belief that Juror No. 3 was

refusing to deliberate, the court issued a tentative ruling that Juror No. 3 should be

replaced. To this end, the court reasoned:

"It's the court's continuing tentative opinion that Juror number 3 is
refusing to deliberate. This came up by her refusal to go back into
deliberation room in direct violation of the court['s] order. She did
want to speak to the court at first. [¶] I then interviewed her and
also made an interview of the foreperson who indicated it was her
belief Juror 3 was refusing and would refuse to deliberate, and it's
confirmed by the vast majority of the jurors in this case. They are
under a duty and obligation as instructed by law and their oath to
follow the law and deliberate. She's not following the law. She is
not deliberating in the court's view. Therefore, it's my opinion she
should be discharged and substituted in for alternate 1. The jury will
be ordered back in the deliberation room."

Johnson's counsel voiced his disagreement, contending the other jurors were not

qualified to determine if Juror No. 3 had failed to deliberate. He stressed that the jury,
6
with Juror No. 3, had reached a verdict on count 1, evidencing that Juror No. 3 was

willing to deliberate. However, the trial court was unconvinced and adopted its tentative

ruling as its order. It then replaced Juror No. 3 with an alternate. One hour and 22

minutes after Juror No. 3 was replaced, the jury returned a guilty verdict on all counts and

allegations.

Based on a letter written by a juror to the court after the verdict, Johnson moved to

unseal the jurors' identifying information, arguing certain juror misconduct occurred.

The court granted the motion and conducted a hearing where the court heard testimony

from all available jurors. Juror No. 1 indicated that she believed Juror No. 3 had refused

to deliberate because Juror No. 3 "just wouldn't talk or listen to anything anymore."

However, Juror No. 1 admitted that Juror No. 3 had never stated she would not

deliberate, but did indicate she did not want to talk about her concerns any more.

Juror No. 6 testified that Juror No. 3 had "shut down" because she said she would

"not . . . talk anymore" as "everyone was picking on [her]." Juror No. 6 also stated that

Juror No. 3 did not respond when anyone talked to her.

Juror No. 7 recalled getting into an argument with Juror No. 3 about Juror No. 3

having "second thoughts" and Juror No. 3 referencing a comment Juror No. 7 made

outside deliberation that Juror No. 3 characterized as improper. Juror No. 7 further

testified he believed "the group was collectively really doing a very professional, very

common and comfortable job of trying to get the entire group to reevaluate or discuss the

evidence again and immediately Juror No. 3 was interpreting that as an attack against her

7
at which point she completely seemed to shut down [.]" According to Juror No. 7, Juror

No. 3 said something to the effect that she was no longer going to deliberate.

Juror No. 8 testified the jury had reviewed all the facts and Juror No. 3 "still

couldn't come up with a decision and she refused to listen to anything else or discuss it

any further." Juror No. 8 stated that Juror No. 3 told the other jurors that she felt that she

was being ganged up on. Juror 8 believed that Juror No. 3 "shut herself off[.]"

According to Juror No. 9, Juror No. 3 did not believe Gardini's testimony because

she was a prostitute. She never heard Juror No. 3 state that she was not going to

deliberate. Rather, the rest of the jurors asked Juror No. 3 if she could vote to convict

Johnson on any of the other counts, and she said that she could not.

Juror No. 12 stated that some jurors told Juror No. 3 that she could not discredit

Gardini's testimony on the basis of her profession, and Juror No. 3 responded that she

would tell the judge about Juror No. 12's conversation with Juror No. 7 in the hallway.2

Juror No. 12 told Juror No. 3 not to make threats. Juror No. 12 did not think Juror No. 3

was refusing to deliberate, but she recalled Juror No. 3 refusing to reenter the jury

deliberation room.

Juror No. 4 did not recall previously telling the court that a juror was refusing to

deliberate. Juror No. 5 reiterated that he did not think anyone refused to deliberate.

Juror No. 3 indicated that Juror No. 11 told her she should not have made a certain

comment because the judge ordered them not to hold Gardini's profession against her.

2 Juror No. 12 testified that, while in the hallway, Juror No. 7 told him that he had
been thinking about things and would be more open minded during deliberations. Juror
No. 12 told Juror No. 7 to "save the rest of that for the jury room."
8
Juror No. 3 was not aware of any deliberations outside the deliberation room. She

believed the other members of the panel exerted undue pressure against her. Juror No. 3

recalled telling other jurors that her decision was firm. She did not remember saying

anything to the effect that she would not deliberate anymore.

Johnson subsequently moved for a new trial based on the jurors' testimony,

arguing the court erred in dismissing Juror No. 3. The court denied the motion, finding

the dismissal of Juror No. 3 was proper.

B. Law

The Sixth Amendment guarantee of the right to a fair and impartial jury has been

held to entitle "a defendant in a criminal case to be tried by the jury originally selected to

determine his guilt or innocence." (Peek v. Kemp (11th Cir. 1986) 784 F.2d 1479, 1484;

accord, U.S. v. Bates (9th Cir. 1990) 917 F.2d 388, 392.) However, such right "is not

absolute . . . and must at times be subordinated to society's interest in just determinations

of guilt or innocence." (Id. at p. 392.) Thus, the mere fact a holdout juror is dismissed

for good cause during deliberations does not by itself violate the Sixth Amendment.

In California, section 1089 gives effect to these principles by providing that a trial

court may discharge a juror and replace him or her with an alternate if the court finds the

juror is unable to perform his or her duty. "Once a trial court is put on notice that good

cause to discharge a juror may exist, it is the court's duty 'to make whatever inquiry is

reasonably necessary' to determine whether the juror should be discharged." (People v.

Espinoza (1992) 3 Cal.4th 806, 821.) "Such an inquiry is central to maintaining the

9
integrity of the jury system, and therefore is central to the criminal defendant's right to a

fair trial." (People v. Kaurish (1990) 52 Cal.3d 648, 694.)

On appeal, we review the trial court's decision to discharge a juror and replace him

or her with an alternate for an abuse of discretion. If there is any substantial evidence

supporting such a decision, we will uphold it. (People v. Cleveland (2001) 25 Cal.4th

466, 474 (Cleveland); People v. Marshall, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 843.) "Although

misconduct can constitute grounds to believe that a juror will be unable to fulfill his or

her function as a juror, such misconduct must be 'serious and willful.' [Citation.]"

(People v. Bowers (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 722, 729 (Bowers).) In other words, "a juror's

inability to perform as a juror must ' "appear in the record as a demonstrable reality" ' "

(Cleveland, supra, at p. 474), and " 'court[s] must not presume the worst' of a juror."

(Bowers, supra, at p. 729.)

With regard to the ground for discharge of refusal to deliberate, our Supreme

Court in Cleveland stated:

"A refusal to deliberate consists of a juror's unwillingness to engage
in the deliberative process; that is, he or she will not participate in
discussions with fellow jurors by listening to their views and by
expressing his or her own views. Examples of refusal to deliberate
include, but are not limited to, expressing a fixed conclusion at the
beginning of deliberations and refusing to consider other points of
view, refusing to speak to other jurors, and attempting to separate
oneself physically from the remainder of the jury. The circumstance
that a juror does not deliberate well or relies upon faulty logic or
analysis does not constitute a refusal to deliberate and is not a
ground for discharge. Similarly, the circumstance that a juror
disagrees with the majority of the jury as to what the evidence
shows, or how the law should be applied to the facts, or the manner
in which deliberations should be conducted does not constitute a
refusal to deliberate and is not a ground for discharge. A juror who
has participated in deliberations for a reasonable period of time may
10
 not be discharged for refusing to deliberate, simply because the juror
expresses the belief that further discussion will not alter his or her
views." (Cleveland, supra, 25 Cal. 4th at p. 485.)

Nor may "a court . . . dismiss a juror during deliberations because that juror

harbors doubts about the sufficiency of the prosecution's evidence." (Cleveland, supra,

25 Cal.4th at p. 483.)

Moreover, "it is not required that jurors deliberate well or skillfully." (People v.

Engelman (2002) 28 Cal.4th 436, 446.) "[F]ormal discussion is not necessarily required

to reach a decision or conclusion by deliberation." (Bowers, supra, 87 Cal.App.4th at

p. 733.) For example, in Vomaska v. City of San Diego (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 905, we

concluded that a verdict based on the jury's "straw vote" at the outset of deliberations

(i.e., before any substantive discussion of the case) constituted proper jury deliberation:

"[After the straw vote, the jurors] decided to render a verdict rather than discuss the issue

further. This procedure is a type of 'deliberations,' in that each juror--having considered

the evidence and arguments independently--is setting forth his or her opinion, albeit

without accompanying reasons or explanations." (Id. at p. 912.)

In addition, because each juror when selected must agree to render a true verdict

" ' "according only to the evidence presented . . . and to the instructions of the court" ' "

(People v. Williams (2001) 25 Cal.4th 441, 448 (Williams); italics omitted), a juror who

refuses to follow the court's instructions may be found " 'unable to perform his [or her]

duty' " within the meaning of section 1089. (Williams, supra, at p. 448.) A trial court

thus may excuse a juror when it is shown as a demonstrable reality that the juror has

11
expressed a bias or is unwilling to follow the court's orders or instructions. (Id. at p. 461;

Cleveland, supra, 25 Cal. 4th at pp. 483-484.)

Finally, if it is determined that a trial court erred in discharging a juror and

replacing the juror with an alternate, "prejudice to the defendant will not be presumed."

(People v. Johnson (1993) 6 Cal.4th 1, 20.) Rather, the "trial court's error requires

reversal only if it is reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the defendant

would have been reached but for the error." (Bowers, supra, 87 Cal.App.4th at pp. 735-

736.)

C. Analysis

Applying the general rules to the circumstances presented here, we conclude that

the trial court abused its discretion in excusing Juror No. 3 because the record does not

establish "as a demonstrable reality" that Juror No. 3 refused to deliberate or failed to

adhere to her oath as a juror to follow the court's instructions or orders. When questioned

by the trial court, Juror No. 3 indicated that she did not want to continue deliberating

because she perceived the jury deliberation room to be a hostile environment. However,

when further questioned by the trial court, she testified that she would be "comfortable" if

ordered back into the deliberation room and believed that she could effectively deliberate

with the other jurors. Based on Juror No. 3's comments, the court assumed that Juror

No. 3 was the holdout juror and stated that it was not uncommon for a juror to feel

uncomfortable "going back in and sticking up for [her] position." The court also noted

that Juror No. 3 showed a willingness to continue to deliberate. There is nothing in the

record indicating that the court did not believe Juror No. 3 or otherwise found her to be

12
not credible. Considering Juror No. 3's testimony along with the fact that she had

deliberated for over five hours and reached agreement with the other jurors on count 1,

there simply was no basis on which to excuse Juror No. 3. At that point, the court should

have ordered Juror No. 3 back into the deliberation room (along with the other jurors)

with directions to continue deliberating.

Moreover, we find little else in the record that supports the trial court's decision to

excuse Juror No. 3. We note that nine of the remaining 11 jurors told the court that they

believed Juror No. 3 had refused to deliberate. Their testimony apparently swayed the

trial court to excuse Juror No. 3. However, our high court has cautioned "that a trial

court should be wary of relying on the opinions of jurors, rather than on its own

consideration of objective facts." (People v. Allen and Johnson (2011) 53 Cal.4th 60, 75;

italics omitted.) Therefore, "[i]n deciding whether to discharge a juror for misconduct, a

court should focus on its own considerations of a juror's conduct. The court cannot

substitute the opinions of jurors for its own findings of fact." (Ibid.; italics omitted.) In

addition, the testimony following Johnson's motion to unseal jurors' identifying

information indicates that Juror No. 3 did not refuse to deliberate, but instead, had

deliberated, made up her mind, and refused to change it. Such actions are not an

indication that a juror has refused to deliberate. (Ibid. ["While some jurors may be

understandably impatient that another will not adopt their view and abandon his or her

own, the mere failure to change a vote is not necessarily misconduct."].)

In addition, we agree with Johnson that the instant matter is analogous to

Cleveland, supra, 25 Cal.4th 466. In that case, on the second day of jury deliberations,

13
the jury sent a note requesting the replacement of one juror because he " 'does not agree

with the charge and does not show a willingness to apply the law. [He] will not abide the

facts and apply the law.' " (Id. at p. 470.) When questioned, the foreperson explained

that the holdout juror did not believe that there was a valid charge, and had informed the

other jurors that they were " 'not going to sway [his] mind,' " and that he did " 'not want

to discuss the five points of the law as to [one of the counts].' " (Id. at pp. 470-471.) The

foreperson also asserted that the juror only " 'halfheartedly' " listened to the other jurors

before " 'interrupt[ing].' " (Id. at p. 471.)

Ten jurors raised their hands when the court asked if they thought there were any

jurors who were not deliberating or considering the opinions of others. (Cleveland,

supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 471.) When questioned individually, the other jurors asserted that

the holdout juror was disregarding the facts and the law and had refused to answer

questions from the others. (Id. at pp. 471-473.) Indeed, the holdout juror asserted that he

had said all he had to say and would not answer any questions. (Id. at p. 473.) The

holdout juror explained that he had listened to other jurors, accepted the court's

instructions, but had a different view of the facts of the case. (Ibid.) Despite his

testimony, the trial court excused the juror, finding that he was "not functionally

deliberating with the other jurors" because he had refused to respond to their questions,

and that "[i]t doesn't do any good to talk in generalities as he does want to[.]" (Ibid.)

The California Supreme Court concluded the record did "not establish a

'demonstrable reality' that the . . . juror refused to deliberate." (Cleveland, supra, 25

Cal.4th at pp. 485-486.) Rather, "[a]lthough 10 jurors raised their hands when the court

14
asked whether one or more jurors were not deliberating, individual questioning of the

jurors revealed that it was the conclusion arrived at by [that juror] that was at issue." (Id.

at p. 486.)

Here, the record indicates that Juror No. 3 had deliberated and would continue to

deliberate if the court ordered her to do so. The jurors who claimed Juror No. 3 was

refusing to deliberate are like the majority jurors in Cleveland, supra, 25 Cal.4th 466 in

that their real concern was that they disagreed with the conclusions reached by Juror

No. 3. As the jurors in the instant matter made clear during their testimony at the hearing

after Johnson's motion to unseal jurors' identifying information, the same behavior that

led them to believe that Juror No. 3 had "shut down" was very similar to the behavior that

our high court deemed was not misconduct in Cleveland.

The People attempt to distinguish Cleveland, supra, 245 Cal.4th 466, arguing

Juror No. 3 "flatly refused to deliberate." However, the record does not support the

People's argument. To the contrary, the record suggests Juror No. 3 deliberated, was

willing to continue to deliberate if ordered to do so, but had made up her mind based on

the evidence presented.

The People also contend Juror No. 3 refused to deliberate because she "rejected

any of the evidence presented that inculpated [Johnson] because of her bias against"

Gardini's profession. Although there is some support in the record that Juror No. 3 did

not find Gardini credible to some extent because she was a prostitute, it is an unsupported

leap in logic to assume that she rejected all inculpatory evidence, especially when she

voted with the other jurors to convict Johnson under count 1. Further, even if Juror No. 3

15
did not find Gardini credible, Juror No. 3's disbelief of Gardini's testimony does not

support the conclusion that Juror No. 3 was refusing to deliberate. It merely shows that

Juror No. 3 viewed the evidence differently from the rest of the jurors. This is not

misconduct justifying the removal of Juror No. 3. (See Cleveland, supra, 25 Cal.4th at

p. 483; cf. People v. Allen and Johnson, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 75.)

In addition, as Johnson points out, during closing argument, his trial attorney

argued that Gardini's profession as a prostitute made her more likely: (1) to associate

with criminals and (2) falsely implicate others. In addition, Johnson's trial attorney

contended that Gardini was not credible because she was a prostitute. The People did not

object to this argument, and it is apparent that a primary focus of Johnson's defense at

trial was challenging Gardini's credibility.

In sum, the trial court's reasons for discharging Juror No. 3 are not supported by

the evidence and do not establish as a demonstrable reality misconduct justifying such

excusal. We therefore conclude the trial court abused its discretion in excusing Juror

No. 3 and replacing her with an alternate.

The question remains whether this error is prejudicial and requires reversal. The

evidence indicates that Juror No. 3 was a holdout juror for acquittal on counts 2 through 5

on which Johnson was ultimately convicted after an alternate juror was sworn in and the

jurors were told to reconsider the evidence anew. After less than an hour and a half of

deliberations, the new jury returned verdicts of guilty on all counts. Because the court

had been advised before its inquiry that the jury was deadlocked on counts 2 through 5,

16
the requisite harm for a reversal is shown. (Cleveland, supra, 25 Cal. 4th at p. 486;

Bowers, supra, 87 Cal.App.4th at pp. 735-736.)

II

DENIAL OF JOHNSON'S MOTION TO SUBSTITUTE COUNSEL

Johnson next maintains the trial court erred in denying his motion to substitute in

retained counsel prior to his trial on the failure to appear, the prior strikes determination,

and the sentencing for all his cases. We agree.

A. Background

At the hearing scheduled for the court trials on the failure to appear and the priors,

Johnson moved to be relieved of his appointed counsel and to substitute in retained

counsel. An associate attorney affiliated with Johnson's retained counsel appeared at the

hearing. Johnson, through the associate attorney, claimed he was not comfortable with

his current representation and that there had been a breakdown in communication and

trust. The associate attorney represented that the retained counsel would be prepared to

go forward the following morning.

The People responded that the motion was untimely as Johnson had retained

counsel four days prior and did not notice either the People or Johnson's current,

appointed counsel. Moreover, the People claimed that no notice was given as to a motion

to continue and Johnson brought the motion on the same day set for the court trials on the

priors and the failure to appear. The People also noted that this motion, so late in the

proceedings of all three cases (one matter had trailed for over a year), demonstrated

Johnson's continued attempts to delay all three matters.

17
 The court denied the motion:

"All right. I'm going to deny the request to substitute attorneys. I
think it's prejudicial to both parties. I don't think there is good cause
for it. And I think that from a procedural and substantive standpoint
as pointed out by the prosecution, it's untimely. So the request is
denied. [Johnson's appointed counsel] will remain attorney of record
in this case. [¶] We are post-verdict by the jury and beginning a
brief bench trial and also the prior conviction, adjudication. We are
literally past 70 percent of this proceeding, and the request is just
simply not timely. It wasn't properly noticed, and it's not based upon
good cause."

After denying the request, the court trailed the matter, based on its own schedule,

to the following day. On that day, immediately before the court trials, Johnson moved for

a Marsden3 hearing, which the court denied.

Almost two months later, Johnson's retained counsel appeared in court and

informed the court that he had filed a civil action against Johnson's appointed attorney

thereby creating a conflict of interest. Johnson therefore moved to disqualify his

appointed counsel. The trial court requested authority on whether Johnson's appointed

attorney could continue representing Johnson when a malpractice claim had been filed

against him by Johnson.

At a subsequent hearing, Johnson's appointed attorney stated he did not believe,

based on People v. Hardy (1992) 2 Cal.4th 86, that the malpractice claim would interfere

with his representation. Moreover, it was discovered that the malpractice suit was not

properly filed, and thus was not pending. The trial court denied the motion to disqualify

Johnson's appointed counsel. To this end, the court stated:

3 People v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118.
18
 "I think it is clear that [Johnson] not only in this situation but in
every step of the way has attempted to delay this court in the
administration of justice including the trial and including sentencing
and now he's trying as a last ditch effort to disqualify after multiple
Marsden hearings, which have all been denied . . . create a conflict
of interest where this court does not feel a conflict arises. The court
is fully aware of the rules of professional responsibility that govern
attorneys in the state of California. [¶] And I have found nothing
through multiple Marsden hearings and the investigations and the
testimony which is all under seal to show that either an actual or
even an implied conflict of interest arises or has arisen between
[Johnson] and [Johnson's appointed attorney]. [¶] I've witnessed the
representation every step of the way, and I've seen nothing that even
begins to arise to the level of grounds for disqualification. [¶] So
that being said, the motion to disqualify is denied, and
[Johnson's appointed attorney] will continue as attorney of
record in this matter."

B. Law

"The Sixth Amendment provides that '[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused

shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.' . . . [A]n

element of this right is the right of a defendant who does not require appointed counsel to

choose who will represent him." (U.S. v. Gonzalez-Lopez (2006) 548 U.S. 140, 144

(Gonzalez- Lopez).) As the Supreme Court explained, "[the Sixth Amendment]

commands, not that a trial be fair, but that a particular guarantee of fairness be provided--

to wit, that the accused be defended by the counsel he believes to be best." (Id. at

p. 146.) "Deprivation of the right is 'complete' when the defendant is erroneously

prevented from being represented by the lawyer he wants, regardless of the quality of the

representation he received." (Id. at p. 148.) Accordingly, erroneous deprivation of the

right to counsel of choice is structural error requiring per se reversal. (Id. at p. 150.)

19
 The Sixth Amendment right to chosen counsel is not absolute, and can be

abrogated to serve a " 'compelling purpose,' " such as "[e]nsuring the ethical and orderly

administration of justice . . . ." (U.S. v. Ries (9th Cir. 1996) 100 F.3d 1469, 1471.) The

Supreme Court has said that courts "have an independent interest in ensuring that

criminal trials are conducted within the ethical standards of the profession and that legal

proceedings appear fair to all who observe them," which in some circumstances

supersedes a defendant's right to counsel of his or her choice. (Wheat v. U.S. (1988) 486

U.S. 153, 160.) The Court has further recognized that trial courts have "wide latitude in

balancing the right to counsel of choice against the needs of fairness." (Gonzalez-Lopez,

supra, 548 U.S. at p. 152.) Our high court has said that although the state should keep to

a minimum "its interference with the individual's desire to defend himself in whatever

manner he deems best, using any legitimate means within his resources," that desire "can

constitutionally be forced to yield only when it will result in significant prejudice to the

defendant himself or in a disruption of the orderly processes of justice unreasonable

under the circumstances of the particular case." (People v. Crovedi (1966) 65 Cal.2d

199, 208; accord, People v. Ramirez (2006) 39 Cal.4th 398, 422; People v. Baylis (2006)

139 Cal.App.4th 1054, 1071.)

We review the denial of a request to substitute counsel for an abuse of discretion.

(See People v. Ortiz (1990) 51 Cal.3d 975, 983-984; People v. Courts (1985) 37 Cal.3d

784, 789-790.)

20
 C. Analysis

Here, the People contend the trial court properly denied Johnson's motion to

substitute in retained counsel because the substitution of counsel would have disrupted

the proceedings. However, we find little support in the record for the People's position.

Although Johnson's retained counsel did not appear at the time Johnson moved to

substitute in retained counsel, Johnson requested a one-day continuance of the trials. The

court denied the motion, but ultimately trailed the trials for a day because of its schedule.

As such, Johnson's requested continuance would have disrupted the proceedings no more

than the court's own schedule.

The People also attempt to justify the court's denial of Johnson's motion on the

grounds that the trial court reasonably concluded that Johnson's Marsden motions and

motion to substitute in retained counsel were thinly disguised attempts to delay the

proceedings. We disagree. As discussed above, Johnson's requested continuance of a

day was no more than the time the court actually trailed the trials based on its schedule.

Further, there is nothing in the record that leads us to believe Johnson's motion to

substitute new counsel was brought primarily to delay the proceedings.

In addition, the People's reliance on Johnson's Marsden motions is misplaced.

Under a Marsden standard, a defendant must show that appointed counsel is not

providing competent representation or that there is an irreconcilable conflict such that

ineffective representation is likely to result. (People v. Dickey (2005) 35 Cal.4th 884,

917.) And "a defendant does not have the right to appoint new counsel absent a clear

showing of inadequate representation." (People v. Silva (1988) 45 Cal.3d 604, 622.)

21
Thus, in considering a Marsden motion, the court is focused on whether the defendant

will be ineffectively represented by counsel. A motion to substitute retained counsel

requires no such consideration. Instead, a court generally grants that motion unless

denial of it serves a "compelling purpose." (See U.S. v. Ries, supra, 100 F.3d at p. 1471;

see also People v. Ramirez, supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 422; People v. Crovedi, supra, 65

Cal.2d at p. 208; People v. Baylis, supra, 139 Cal.App.4th at p. 1071.) In other words, a

Marsden motion is very different from a motion to substitute in retained counsel. The

facts underlying Johnson's Marsden motions thus have no value in our evaluation of the

court's denial of Johnson's motion to substitute in retained counsel, especially when

Johnson has not appealed any order denying his Marsden motions.

The People also focus on Johnson's postmotion tactics (e.g., making an additional

Marsden motion and his retained counsel asking for additional time to respond to

appointed counsel's authority that no conflict existed) to argue these events show that

Johnson's retained counsel was not prepared to represent Johnson "to the extent necessary

for these criminal proceedings." We disagree. Johnson's Marsden motion has no bearing

on his retained counsel's ability and preparedness to represent him. Also, we are not

swayed by Johnson's request for additional time to allow his retained counsel to respond

to the authority provided by Johnson's appointed counsel. Johnson's retained counsel

would not have had to respond to any such authority if the court had granted Johnson's

motion to substitute in retained counsel. Put differently, Johnson's counsel's need for

additional time to respond to appointed counsel's authority does not implicate his lack of

preparation to represent Johnson.

22
 Simply, there is no justification in the record to support the trial court's denial of

Johnson's motion to substitute in retained counsel. There is no basis for the People's

argument that the granting of the motion would have disrupted the proceedings. To the

contrary, Johnson only requested a one-day continuance of the trials, which is the

identical time period the court trailed the trials after it denied Johnson's motion. We

therefore conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in denying Johnson's motion to

substitute in retained counsel.

DISPOSITION

The conviction in case No. SCD233933 is affirmed. The convictions in case Nos.

SCD237392 and SCD236811 are reversed. Johnson's sentence in case No. SCD233933

is vacated. We remand this matter to the superior court for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

O'ROURKE, J.

AARON, J.

23