UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
)
ANDREW H. LOWE, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 11-1944 (RMC)
)
LISA P. JACKSON, Administrator, )
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, )
)
Defendant. )
)
OPINION
Andrew H. Lowe, a deaf Chinese-American male, sues the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), for alleged employment discrimination on the basis of race,
national origin, and disability, retaliation for his participation in protected activities, and a
hostile work environment. Lisa Jackson, Administrator of EPA, responds that any
adverse actions suffered by Mr. Lowe were legitimate and precipitated by his
unwillingness to take direction from his supervisors and untimely completion of
assignments. EPA moves for summary judgment. The Court will grant the motion in
part and deny it in part. Mr. Lowe has offered direct evidence of discrimination based on
his disability and evidence of retaliation that must be evaluated by a jury.
I. FACTS
Andrew H. Lowe is a sixty-two-year-old Asian American male of Chinese
descent. At the age of thirteen, Mr. Lowe’s hearing was destroyed by ototoxicity and he
now relies on sign language and written communication to interact with co-workers and
1
supervisors. See Pl. Ex. 1 (Lowe Decl.) [Dkt. 32-1] ¶ 1; Opp’n [Dkt. 33] at 8. 1 He began
his career with EPA in 1987 as a GS–9 Computer Specialist in the Office of Air and
Radiation. Lowe Decl. ¶ 3. During his tenure with EPA, Mr. Lowe earned a Master’s
Degree in Information Assurance from the University of Maryland. Id. ¶ 2. He
continued his federal employment with EPA until his termination in May 2010.
In January 2001, Mr. Lowe transferred to EPA’s Office of Environmental
Information (OEI) as a GS–13 Information Technology Specialist. Opp’n at 5. During
that time, OEI was headed by Director Mark Luttner and Deputy Director Andrew Battin.
Def. Facts [Dkt. 27-1] ¶ 4. OEI has several component divisions, including the
Information Exchange and Services Division, which was supervised by Director Doreen
Sterling. Id. ¶¶ 3–4. The Information Exchange and Services Division is, in turn,
supported by multiple branches, including the Information Services and Support Branch
(ISSB). Id. ¶ 3. Mr. Lowe was assigned to ISSB and was directly supervised by Connie
Dwyer. Opp’n at 5.
In June 2005, Steve Vineski, a Caucasian male GS–14 Information
Security Officer in ISSB, moved to another office and recommended that Mr. Lowe
assume his information security position. Id.; Am. Compl. [Dkt. 17] ¶ 11. Mr. Lowe
accepted, and EPA amended his Performance Appraisal and Recognition System (PARS)
to reflect Mr. Lowe’s duties as the Information Security Officer, as well as “the branch
technical lead/project manager on information security, and [on] various branch
1
The page numbers listed in this Opinion are consistent with those supplied by the
electronic case filing (ECF) system.
2
projects.” Def. Facts ¶ 7; Def. Ex. ROI 1 2 Tab F, Ex. 48 (Lowe PARS Plan) [Dkt. 29-15]
at 16. Although the information security position was located within ISSB, it appears to
have served the entire Information Exchange and Services Division. See Lowe PARS
Plan at 16. Mr. Lowe contends that when he became the Information Security Officer,
“rebuilding the office’s information security infrastructure demanded 100% of his
government duty time, as reflected in his weekly check-in summaries presented to his
supervisors.” Am. Compl. ¶ 10; see Lowe Decl. ¶ 5 (“Mr. Vineski told me that it would
be a full time job to fully satisfy the [information security] requirements.”). EPA
contends that information security was never meant to consume all of Mr. Lowe’s time,
and that he also was responsible for completing other tasks in support of ISSB. See Def.
Facts ¶ 6. In contrast, Mr. Lowe contends that EPA managers failed to appreciate the
time required to perform information security tasks for sixteen systems. See Opp’n at 7–
9.
A. Mr. Lowe’s GS-14 Promotion and Transfer to the Front Office Requests
Mr. Lowe worked as a GS–13 Information Security Officer for several
years, during which he “became aware that other [Information Security Officers] were
working at the Grade 14 level.” Id. at 1; Lowe Decl. ¶ 5 (“I found out that other [security
officers] who shared the same responsibilities and [were] on the same organizational
level . . . were either GS–14’s or GS–15’s.”). In February 2007, Mr. Lowe asked Mr.
Leopard for a promotion to a GS–14 Information Security Officer position, requested that
his position description be revised to reflect that he was exclusively devoted to
2
The Court references Defendant’s exhibits according to the name and acronym
conventions provided on the docket.
3
information security duties, and asked that he be moved to the front office of EPA’s
Office of Environmental Information. 3 Def. Facts ¶¶ 8–9, 11.
Mr. Lowe’s request for a GS–14 promotion was governed, in part, by a
collective bargaining agreement between EPA and the American Federation of
Government Employees (AFGE). That contract provided two methods for promotion:
(1) an employee could compete for a vacant position, or (2) an employee’s current
position could be reclassified at a higher grade level due to an accretion of duties. Id.
¶ 25. It is undisputed that there were no GS–14 vacancies in the ISSB branch at the
relevant time. Instead, Mr. Lowe requested that Mr. Leopard upgrade his position due to
the predominance of his information security work, which he perceived to be at the GS–
14 level.
Mr. Leopard responded in April 2007 and denied each of Mr. Lowe’s
requests. 4 Id. ¶¶ 12–14. Mr. Lowe then submitted his request to Division Director
Doreen Sterling in July 2007, but she, too, denied all three proposals on July 23, 2007.
Id. ¶¶ 15, 17.
On October 22, 2007, Mr. Lowe met with Office Director Mark Luttner,
again requesting a promotion, a revised position description, and relocation to the front
office. Mr. Luttner responded by email on November 9, 2007, stating: “I believe that
[your] position is appropriately graded. However, EPA employees may request desk
3
Mr. Lowe never expressly describes the significance of being moved to the front office
of EPA’s Office of Environmental Information, but Mr. Lowe presumably requested a
transfer due to the number of higher-graded EPA employees in the front office.
4
While Mr. Lowe generally describes the same series of events, he disputes that Mr.
Leopard and Ms. Sterling had the authority to approve or deny his requests. See, e.g., Pl.
Facts [Dkt. 33-1] at 6 (“As a Branch Chief, [Mr.] Leopard had no ability to move [Mr.]
Lowe to the staff of OIC.”). It is unnecessary to resolve this dispute.
4
audits if they have concerns about their positions. You may contact the Office of Human
Resources to begin that process.” Id. ¶ 20.
EPA contends that Mr. Lowe sent an email requesting a desk audit, but
never submitted the necessary paperwork. Id. ¶ 21. To the contrary, Mr. Lowe avers that
he submitted the desk audit paperwork, but Mr. Leopard failed to forward his request to
the Office of Human Resources. Pl. Facts at 8–9. According to Mr. Lowe, he did not
become aware that Mr. Leopard had failed to forward his paperwork until he already had
filed an equal employment opportunity (EEO) complaint, and his managers had “made it
clear that they would not support him.” Id. at 9. There was never a desk audit of Mr.
Lowe’s job and he remained at the GS–13 level.
B. Mr. Kyle’s Assignment of Branch-Related Tasks
By February 2009, there had been several changes in EPA’s mid-level
management. Mr. Leopard, former chief of ISSB, had been replaced by Lee Kyle;
Division Director Sterling had retired; and Lisa Schlosser had succeeded Mark Luttner as
Director of OEI. Def. Facts ¶ 22. On February 19, 2009, Mr. Kyle, Ms. Schlosser, and
Mr. Battin met with Mr. Lowe, and Mr. Lowe informed them that eighty percent of his
time was focused on information security duties. Mr. Lowe also requested again to be
relocated to the front office as a GS–14 Information Security Officer. Id. ¶ 23. Ms.
Schlosser denied Mr. Lowe’s requests and reversed his priorities, directing him to
reassess his workload with a goal of eighty percent project work, i.e., duties in support of
the branch, and no more than twenty percent information security work, id. ¶ 24. She
also directed Mr. Kyle to help Mr. Lowe determine how best to divide his time between
branch and information security assignments. Id.
5
In furtherance of this new priority scheme, on March 11, 2009, Mr. Kyle
sent Mr. Lowe an assignment to support ISSB. By email, Mr. Kyle directed Mr. Lowe to
“evaluate opportunities for adding geospatial capabilities to mobile devices.” Id. ¶ 30.
Mr. Kyle explained:
We’ve been tasked to evaluate the potential benefits of
adding geospatial capabilities to mobile devices, in order to
flow EPA data on regulated data, permits and inspections.
Toward[] this end, I’d like you to look at needs for this
technology across the Agency. I’d also like you to search
for specific programs and existing applications/tools where
this technology could be implemented . . . . Your goal is to
research these needs generically, identify specific examples
of potential application, and [] report your findings in a
vision paper that includes recommendations for moving
forward . . . . After we agree on a project plan, my initial
thinking is that I’d like to see your report within [eight]
weeks.
Id. While EPA states that, “over a two month period[,] [Mr. Lowe] had emailed only one
Region about their use of mobile devices, and that . . . email had only been sent on May
20, 2009, ” id. ¶ 33, Mr. Lowe avers that he “reviewed application software and EPA
policies for regulatory data access, talked to colleagues in the Office of Information
Access and Analysis . . . . , researched online,” and met with several field inspectors
regarding mobile application technology in that time period, Pl. Facts at 10–11.
Mr. Lowe submitted a paper titled “Response to Project Request on
Potential Uses of Mobile Devices (UMD), Location-Based Services and Applications” on
May 26, 2009. In his response, Mr. Lowe wrote:
After going through a substantial amount of investigation and
deep thinking through the last eight weeks, I have to respectfully
decline the request. In the meantime, I . . . propose a modified
project that I have the expertise, confidence, interest and
motivation to execute. Rationale:
6
A. Inadequate understanding of mobile device usage [with seven
explanatory paragraphs].
B. Inadequate understanding of rapid changes of technology and
survey effectiveness [with one explanatory paragraph].
Pl. Ex. 16 (Lowe Response to Mobile Devices Project) [Dkt. 32-16] at 3–4.
In essence, Mr. Lowe was concerned that EPA employees would not await
a detailed study before obtaining electronics that could improve their work efficiency. Id.
at 4. From his observations and attendance at an EPA Information Technology
Conference, he concluded that, “[o]utside the agency, it is seriously doubtful that one
would resort to consumer-grade mobile devices to perform geospatial data analysis or
management. First, the screen, the [central processing unit] and the keyboard[,] etc., are
simply too small to support the functionality; second, no serious users would endorse the
security safeguards.” Id. Mr. Lowe submitted a revised response to the mobile devices
project on June 16, 2009. Def. Facts ¶ 35. The parties dispute whether Mr. Kyle told Mr.
Lowe that his submissions were inadequate or whether he failed to review the
submissions and provide Mr. Lowe with feedback. However, at a July 23, 2009 meeting,
Mr. Lowe said that he could not devote more time to the project because his information
security duties required eighty percent of his time, and he did not think that he was the
right person for the task. Id. ¶ 36.
Mr. Kyle “insist[ed]” that Mr. Lowe complete the mobile devices
assignment. Am. Compl. ¶ 15. Mr. Kyle also consulted with an EPA labor relations
specialist, who informed him that EPA needed to update Mr. Lowe’s performance
standards to specify that his information security duties should take only twenty percent
of his time. Def. Facts ¶ 38. Thereafter, on August 8, 2009, Mr. Kyle amended Mr.
7
Lowe’s performance standards. Id. ¶ 39. On Critical Element Four, Information
Security, he deleted the statement that approximately fifty percent of Mr. Lowe’s time
would be allocated to information security duties. See Pl. Ex. 9 (2009 Revised
Performance Plan) [Dkt. 32-9] at 7. He also inserted a new criterion that transformed the
mobile devices project into a critical element for purposes of evaluating Mr. Lowe’s job
performance. Id. at 8; Def. Facts ¶ 39.
Tensions continued to escalate between Messrs. Lowe and Kyle with
respect to the mobile devices project. While Mr. Kyle initially seemed to approve the use
of an email survey to ascertain Global Positioning System (GPS) uses by EPA
employees, see Pl. Ex. 17 (July 1, 2009 Kyle Email) [Dkt. 32-17] at 1, he later refused to
follow that course, see Pl. Facts at 13. Mr. Lowe argues that, in August 2009, he was
“forced to use a focus group . . . because [Mr.] Kyle would not allow him to send an
email or conduct a written survey to solicit such information from potential users.” Id.
Mr. Kyle’s alleged insistence on a focus group was especially problematic for Mr. Lowe
because, as a deaf employee, he needed to watch a sign language translator and therefore
could not take notes or watch the participants as they spoke. The focus group ultimately
proved to be an ineffective method, as the second meeting was significantly hampered by
a failed teleconference arrangement.
On November 20, 2009, Pat Garvey, the manager of EPA’s Facility
Registries System (FRS) database, sent Mr. Kyle an email requesting staff assistance to
review and clear duplicate records from the database. Mr. Kyle forwarded this request to
Mr. Lowe, stating, “Andy, this could be a very useful project. I’m roughly estimating it
should take [ten percent] of your time. Let’s discuss, thanks.” Def. Ex. MSPB 4KKK
8
(Nov. 20, 2009 FRS Assignment Email) [Dkt. 28-10] at 1. Mr. Lowe responded that
“[s]uch low-level coding work must be done by [a] contractor. I will be happy to
examine the issues . . . . If you want me to do the micro-coding, no way. No other
[Information Security Officer] would do that kind of work.” Id. Mr. Lowe alleges that
Mr. Kyle asked Mr. Garvey to send the email so that he could assign Mr. Lowe to a
menial task. See Pl. Facts at 15.
C. Mr. Lowe’s Unsatisfactory Rating and Performance Improvement Plan
On November 12, 2009, three months and four days after he changed Mr.
Lowe’s Critical Elements, Mr. Kyle rated Mr. Lowe “Unsatisfactory” under Critical
Element One, Work Products, and Critical Element Five, Support ISSB Geospatial
Services. Pl. Ex. 28 (2009 PARS Interim Rating) [Dkt. 32-28] at 1. As a result of these
two ratings, on December 4, 2009, Mr. Kyle informed Mr. Lowe that his overall PARS
rating was unsatisfactory, and he placed Mr. Lowe on a Performance Improvement Plan
(PIP), which gave Mr. Lowe seventy-five calendar days to bring his performance to the
“Fully Satisfactory” level. Def. Facts ¶¶ 51–54. During the seventy-five-day period, the
PIP required Mr. Lowe to complete: (1) the Geospatial Applications Project, i.e., the
mobile devices project; (2) the review and correction of data in EPA’s FRS database; and
(3) the preparation of two calendars to identify the information security deadlines that
Mr. Lowe faced in the upcoming year. Id. ¶ 53. The PIP further provided that “[Mr.]
Lowe needed to devote between [forty and fifty percent] of his time [to] non-[information
security] . . . projects that support the branch.” Id. ¶ 54.
Mr. Lowe voiced his objections to the various assignments included in the
PIP during a December 4, 2009 meeting. He complained that the mobile devices project
9
did not “respect[] [his] expertise,” the FRS data clean-up was “beneath [his] level of
expertise,” and the calendars were “routine work.” Id. ¶¶ 55–57. Mr. Lowe believed that
he already was performing his duties, and Mr. Kyle had purposely assigned three projects
that were “outside . . . his experience and . . . particularly difficult for him given his age
and his inability to hear and speak to his colleagues.” Pl. Facts at 2. Mr. Lowe was
frustrated because “[Mr.] Kyle added these . . . projects without taking away any of Mr.
Lowe’s [information security] duties, which was itself a full time job,” and Mr. Lowe did
not believe “there was [any] business need for these assignments.” Id. Mr. Kyle
explained how the assignments would support ISSB and the PIP remained in effect.
On December 8, 2009, Mr. Lowe attended a FRS data clean-up meeting
with Mr. Garvey. On that same day, Mr. Garvey sent an email to Mr. Kyle, expressing
his annoyance: “This was a disaster. [Mr. Lowe] did not want to be there, he did not
want to do FRS direct work and felt no interest [in helping] out. He wanted it done by
summer interns. We only did about [two] minutes of instruction before he said he wanted
out.” Def. Ex. MSPB 4GG (Dec. 8, 2009 Garvey Email) [Dkt. 28-4]. Mr. Kyle issued a
Letter of Warning to Mr. Lowe on December 11, 2009, to reprimand Mr. Lowe
informally for his behavior during the FRS training session. Def. Facts ¶ 59.
Almost one week later, Mr. Lowe complained that he could not complete
the FRS data clean-up project because he was “over 60 [years old], had high-level short-
sightedness, and . . . had received a warning from [his] doctor that [he] may be
developing cataracts.” Id. ¶ 62. Mr. Kyle sent Mr. Lowe an email outlining the
procedures for seeking a reasonable accommodation. Id. Mr. Lowe then met with
William Haig, EPA’s National Reasonable Accommodation Coordinator, who reported
10
that Mr. Lowe had stated that “the medical condition that affects his eyes does not
constitute a disability. Therefore, he is not, at this time, requesting a reasonable
accommodation due to this medical condition.” Id. ¶ 63 (internal alterations omitted).
However, as Mr. Lowe then reported, he could not timely complete the FRS data clean-
up project because Mr. Garvey had not provided a password to the database until several
weeks after the project had been assigned. See Pl. Ex. 40 (Jan. 25, 2010 Lowe Email)
[Dkt. 32-40]. When Mr. Lowe finally received full access to the FRS database, the
system indicated that the assigned duplicates had already been reviewed and cleared by
contractors. Opp’n at 26. Mr. Lowe informed Mr. Kyle that the duplicates had been
cleared, and Mr. Kyle responded by directing the contractors to stop clearing duplicates
so that Mr. Lowe could finish the project. Id. at 26–27. On February 17, 2010, Mr.
Lowe requested an extension to clear newly assigned duplicates. Id. at 27. Mr. Kyle did
not respond to Mr. Lowe’s request, but instead “instructed the contractor to correct the
duplicates before Mr. Lowe could get to them.” Id.
Mr. Kyle exhibited increasing frustration with Mr. Lowe’s performance
between December 2009 and March 2010. The parties dispute whether Mr. Lowe made a
good faith effort to complete the PIP assignments on a timely basis; the record indicates
that Mr. Kyle extended several deadlines and that Mr. Lowe submitted multiple revised
work products. Mr. Lowe justified many of the delays by noting that “the [information
security] role consumed [his] time.” Def. Ex. MSPB 4Y (Jan. 28, 2010 Weekly Check-In
Meeting Notes) [Dkt. 28-27] at 12. While Mr. Lowe was on a PIP, Mr. Kyle maintained
a log of work events, meetings, and employee progress concerning Mr. Lowe. See Pl.
Ex. 4 [Dkt. 32-4]. On January 6, 2010, Mr. Kyle wrote in his log that “[m]ost people try
11
to work around [Mr. Lowe]. When he gets involved[,] things get more complicated.” Id.
at 2.
Messrs. Lowe and Kyle held a final meeting on March 2, 2010, for Mr.
Lowe to discuss his work performance under the PIP. Am. Compl. ¶ 23; Def. Facts
¶ 100. Mr. Lowe was ready to describe his accomplishments with respect to information
security and his efforts on the other assignments. However, Mr. Kyle expressed his
dissatisfaction with Mr. Lowe’s performance on each non-information security project
under the PIP without any reference to his information security duties. Mr. Lowe refuted
Mr. Kyle’s charge of unsatisfactory performance, and reiterated that most of his time was
consumed by urgent security tasks. Def. Facts ¶ 100; Pl. Facts at 21–22.
Mr. Lowe received notification of proposed removal for unacceptable
performance under Critical Element One, Work Products, and Critical Element Five,
Support ISSB Geospatial Services, on March 3, 2010. Def. Facts ¶ 101. EPA
immediately placed Mr. Lowe on paid administrative leave. Id. Mr. Lowe responded in
writing on April 1, 2010, and he and his union representatives made an oral presentation
to the Deputy Director of EPA’s Office of Environmental Information, Andrew Battin,
one week later. Id. ¶ 102. On May 7, 2010, Mr. Battin issued a final decision finding
Mr. Lowe’s performance unacceptable under Critical Element One based on his work
product for each assignment under the PIP. Mr. Battin also found Mr. Lowe’s
performance unacceptable under Critical Element Five based on his submissions for the
mobile devices project. Mr. Lowe was fired from EPA as of May 14, 2010. Id. ¶ 103.
12
D. Procedural History
Mr. Lowe first made contact with an EEO counselor on November 29,
2007, 5 alleging discriminatory treatment based on, inter alia, EPA’s refusal to promote
him to the GS–14 level, denial of his request to transfer to the front office, and refusal to
update his position description to reflect his information security duties. EEO
Counselor’s Report at 2, 23. He also alleged retaliatory treatment based on EPA
management’s heightened scrutiny of his work product after he first contacted an EEO
counselor. Id. at 2. After conciliation failed, Mr. Lowe was authorized on January 25,
2008, to file an in-agency formal administrative complaint within fifteen days. Id. at 27.
Mr. Lowe filed his first formal in-agency EEO complaint (EPA No. 2008-
0030-HQ) on February 8, 2008. He alleged that he had suffered discrimination,
retaliation, and a hostile work environment due to EPA’s refusal to promote him to a GS–
14 information security position, denial of his request to transfer to the front office,
refusal to revise his position description, rating him as “Fully Successful” in an interim
evaluation on January 25, 2008, and increasing scrutiny of his work product. Def. Ex.
ROI 1, Tab A (Feb. 8, 2008 EEO Complaint) [Dkt. 29-3] at 4–6. After administrative
investigation, consideration, and evaluation by EPA and the Office of Federal Operations
(OFO) at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), Mr. Lowe received a
final agency decision denying his claims on February 17, 2012.
5
EPA noted that Mr. Lowe made contact with an EEO counselor on either November 13,
2007 or November 29, 2007, but the agency failed to attach any document corroborating
the November 13, 2007 date. See Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. 27] at 9. Mr. Lowe neglected
to address this issue in opposition. The EEO Counselor’s report indicates that Mr. Lowe
first made contact on November 29, 2007. Def. Ex. ROI 1, Tab B (EEO Counselor’s
Report) [Dkt. 29-4] at 2.
13
Mr. Lowe filed a second EEO complaint (EPA No. 2010-0027) on January
7, 2010, alleging discrimination on the basis of race, national origin, and disability;
retaliation for his prior protected EEO activities; and a hostile work environment. Am.
Compl. ¶ 4(b). This complaint included allegations related to, among other incidents,
Mr. Kyle’s Letter of Warning, his unsatisfactory performance review in November 2009,
and Mr. Lowe’s placement on a PIP. Id. EPA issued a decision denying each of Mr.
Lowe’s claims in complaint EPA No. 2010-0027 on August 6, 2011. See id. Mr. Lowe
filed a timely appeal to EEOC OFO pursuant to 29 C.F.R. § 1614.401(a), and he notified
EEOC on October 14, 2011 that he intended to pursue a lawsuit in federal court. See 29
C.F.R. § 1614.407(b) (allowing 180 days for EEOC consideration of an appeal and then
allowing a charging party to file suit). Mr. Lowe also appealed EPA’s termination
decision to the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB), which denied his claim. 6 See
Am. Compl. ¶ 4(c).
Mr. Lowe filed the instant lawsuit on November 4, 2011, within thirty
days of his receipt of EEOC OFO’s decision. See Compl. [Dkt. 1]. On April 16, 2012,
Mr. Lowe filed his Amended Complaint, which alleges violations of Title VII, the
Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 701–18, and the Civil Service Reform Act, 5 U.S.C.
§ 7703(b)(2). Am. Compl. [Dkt. 17]. Mr. Lowe specifically alleges discrimination on
the basis of race, national origin, and disability because EPA (1) refused to promote him
to a GS–14 position; (2) refused to pay him at the GS–14 grade for his information
6
Mr. Lowe attempts to sue MSPB and EEOC OFO for arbitrary and capricious agency
action here, but these claims are subsumed by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,
42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. See 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(2) (termination decisions involving
alleged discrimination “shall be filed under [Title VII] of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
. . . .”); Chandler v. Roudebush, 425 U.S. 840, 861–64 (1976) (holding that federal
employees enjoy a right to de novo trial of Title VII claims).
14
security work; (3) subjected him to a hostile work environment; and (4) refused to update
his position description to reflect his information security tasks. Am. Compl. ¶ 26. He
further alleges discrimination on the same bases, as well as retaliation for prior protected
activities, because EPA (1) denied his transfer request to the front office; (2) refused to
assign him additional GS–14 responsibilities; (3) rated his performance “Fully
Successful” in 2007; (4) rated his performance as unsatisfactory in 2009; (5) subjected
his work product to heightened scrutiny; (6) failed to grant him performance awards;
(7) failed to provide a sign language interpreter; 7 (8) placed him on a PIP; (9) claimed
that he failed his PIP; and (10) terminated his employment. Id. ¶ 27.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56
Under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, summary
judgment shall be granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any
material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a); accord Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986). Moreover,
summary judgment is properly granted against a party who “after adequate time for
discovery and upon motion . . . fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the
existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear
the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).
7
Mr. Lowe alleges that EPA failed to provide a sign language interpreter for meetings
and failed to grant him performance awards, but offers no facts concerning these claims
in his Amended Complaint or in opposition to EPA’s Motion for Summary Judgment.
EPA construes Mr. Lowe’s allegations as referring to the agency’s failure to provide Mr.
Lowe with performance awards from 2003 to 2005, and again in 2008. Mot. for Summ.
J. at 45–46; see Def. Ex. ROI 1, Tab F, Ex. 1 (July 11, 2008 EEO Memorandum)
[Dkt. 29-5] at 13–14.
15
In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all
justifiable inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. A
nonmoving party, however, must establish more than the “mere existence of a scintilla of
evidence” in support of its position. Id. at 252. In addition, if the evidence “is merely
colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Id. at
249–50 (internal citations omitted).
B. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Title VII prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of race, color,
religion, sex, or national origin. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–2. Title VII also prohibits retaliation
against an employee for engaging in protected EEO activity. 8 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a).
To survive summary judgment, a plaintiff can prove discrimination by
offering direct evidence or, in the alternative, relying on circumstantial evidence. U.S.
Postal Serv. Bd. of Governors v. Aikens, 460 U.S. 711, 716–17 (1983). Where a plaintiff
offers direct evidence of discrimination, a court in this Circuit will ordinarily deny
summary judgment and proceed to trial. See Stone v. Landis Constr. Corp., 442 F. App’x
568, 569 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (citing Swierkiewicz v. Sorema, 534 U.S. 506, 511 (2002)).
“Discriminatory statements by a decision-maker in the context of the decisional process
are direct evidence of discrimination, and relieve the plaintiff of adherence to the
McDonnell Douglas framework.” Pederson v. Mills, 636 F. Supp. 2d 78, 83 (D.D.C.
2009) (citing Thomas v. Nat’l Football League Players Ass’n, 131 F.3d 198, 203–04
8
Title VII speaks of retaliation as a form of discrimination. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a).
The Court refers to “discrimination” as the “antidiscrimination provision [of Title VII],”
(i.e., discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin), Burlington N.
& Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 63 (2006), and “retaliation” as discrimination
based upon an employee engaging in protected activity, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a).
16
(D.C. Cir. 1997)).
In the absence of direct discrimination, the burden-shifting scheme set
forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973), may apply. Under that
framework, a plaintiff must first establish a prima facie case of discrimination by a
preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 802. If the plaintiff succeeds, the burden of
production shifts to the employer to articulate a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for
its conduct. Id. at 802–03. “If the employer meets this burden, the presumption of
intentional discrimination disappears, but the plaintiff can still prove disparate treatment
by, for instance, offering evidence demonstrating that the employer’s explanation is
pretextual.” Raytheon Co. v. Hernandez, 540 U.S. 44, 49 n.3 (2003); see also St. Mary’s
Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 507–08 (1993).
Once an employer articulates a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason, “the
prima-facie-case aspect of McDonnell Douglas [becomes] irrelevant.” Adeyemi v.
District of Columbia, 525 F.3d 1222, 1226 (D.C. Cir. 2008). At that point, “the district
court must conduct one central inquiry in considering an employer’s motion for summary
judgment . . . [i.e.,] whether the plaintiff produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable
jury to find that the employer’s asserted non-discriminatory reason was not the actual
reason and that the employer intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff on a
prohibited basis.” Id. To “‘survive summary judgment the plaintiff must show that a
reasonable jury could conclude from all of the evidence that the adverse employment
decision was made for a discriminatory reason.’” Czekalski v. Peters, 475 F.3d 360, 363
(D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Lathram v. Snow, 336 F.3d 1085, 1088 (D.C. Cir. 2003)) (other
citation omitted). “All relevant evidence” includes, inter alia, evidence of the plaintiff’s
17
prima facie case and evidence indicating the employer’s proffered reasons to be false, as
well as evidence presented by the defendant. See Brady v. Office of the Sergeant at
Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 495 (D.C. Cir. 2008); Adeyemi, 525 F.3d at 1227. “[B]are
allegations of discrimination are insufficient to defeat a properly supported motion for
summary judgment.” Burke v. Gould, 286 F.3d 513, 520 (D.C. Cir. 2002).
C. Rehabilitation Act of 1973
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits federal agencies from
discriminating against employees on the basis of a disability. See 29 U.S.C. § 794(a)
(“No otherwise qualified individual with a disability9 . . . shall, solely by reason of her or
his disability . . . be subjected to discrimination under . . . any program or activity
conducted by any Executive agency . . . .”). A claim of discrimination under the
Rehabilitation Act is subject to the same framework that governs discrimination claims
under Title VII. See McGill v. Munoz, 203 F.3d 843, 845 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (requiring a
plaintiff alleging intentional discrimination under the Rehabilitation Act to offer evidence
of direct discrimination, or to raise an inference of discrimination under the McDonnell
Douglas burden-shifting framework); Barth v. Gelb, 2 F.3d 1180, 1185 (D.C. Cir. 1993)
(“[C]ourts . . . have tended to look to the allocations of the burdens of proof developed
for Title VII race and sex discrimination complaints in shaping rules under the
Rehabilitation Act.”). Under the Rehabilitation Act, direct evidence of discriminatory
intent based on an employee’s disability can require a trial. See McGill, 203 F.3d at 845.
9
A “qualified individual with a disability” includes, inter alia, an employee with “a
physical or mental impairment which for such individual constitutes or results in a
substantial impediment to employment.” 29 U.S.C. § 705(20)(A)(i). Since Mr. Lowe is
deaf and relies on written communication and sign language to interact with co-workers
and supervisors, he qualifies as a disabled individual under the statute.
18
III. ANALYSIS
Mr. Lowe alleges discrimination on the basis of race, national origin, and
disability, retaliation for his prior protected EEO activities, and a hostile work
environment. The Court has jurisdiction over this case because Mr. Lowe’s claims arise
under federal law. See 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Venue is proper in this Court pursuant to Title
VII’s venue provision. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–5(f)(3). For the reasons set forth below,
the Court will grant summary judgment to EPA on Mr. Lowe’s claims of discrimination
on the basis of race and national origin, a hostile work environment, and those alleged
actions which are untimely or insufficient to be materially adverse. Genuine issues of
material fact preclude summary judgment as to certain claims of disability discrimination
under the Rehabilitation Act and retaliation under Title VII.
A. Timeliness
Federal employees must first seek counseling on claims of discriminatory
or retaliatory employment action by contacting an EEO counselor within forty-five days
of the alleged illegal conduct. 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1) (“An aggrieved person must
initiate contact with [an EEO] Counselor within 45 days of the date of the matter alleged
to be discriminatory or, in the case of personnel action, within 45 days of the effective
date of the action.”). This time period may be extended by the agency or EEOC if an
employee shows that (1) he was not informed or aware of the deadline, (2) he did not
know and reasonably should not have known that the discriminatory action had occurred,
(3) despite due diligence, he was prevented from timely contacting a counselor due to
circumstances beyond his control, or (4) for other reasons considered sufficient by the
agency or EEOC. Id. § 1614.105(a)(2). Unless a plaintiff receives an extension under
19
the statute, he cannot pursue untimely allegations in federal court. See, e.g., Greer v.
Paulson, 505 F.3d 1306, 1316 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (affirming the district court’s grant of
summary judgment where the plaintiff had “failed to show that she exhausted [her Title
VII] claim because she offered no evidence that she had met with an EEO counselor
within 45 days of the termination of her employment”); Foster v. Gonzales, 516 F. Supp.
2d 17, 22 (D.D.C. 2007) (a plaintiff’s Title VII claims were untimely where he presented
claims for EEO counseling after forty-five days, but failed to request an extension).
There is no argument here that Mr. Lowe received an extension of the forty-five day
period.
Because Mr. Lowe first made contact with an EEO counselor on
November 29, 2007, his allegations concerning events that occurred before October 15,
2007, are untimely. See Greer, 505 F.3d at 1316. In other words, Mr. Lowe’s requests to
Mr. Leopard and Ms. Sterling for a promotion, updated position description, additional
GS–14 information security duties, and relocation to the front office are not actionable
because they occurred between February and July 2007—more than forty-five days
before Mr. Lowe contacted an EEO counselor. However, since Mr. Lowe made the same
requests to Director Luttner on October 22, 2007, within forty-five days of November 29,
2007, the Court may consider the earlier alleged facts as background, if relevant, in the
specific context of Mr. Luttner’s refusal to promote Mr. Lowe to a GS–14 position, revise
his position description, and relocate him to the front office.
Mr. Lowe further alleges discrimination based on race, national origin,
and disability because EPA “lower[ed] his performance ratings in 2007 to ‘Fully
Successful,’” Am. Compl. ¶ 27, and because EPA “pa[id] him less than similar[ly]
20
situated employees,” id. ¶ 26. Neither of these alleged acts of discrimination was raised
with the EEO Counselor, and Mr. Lowe therefore has failed to exhaust his administrative
remedies with respect to these claims.
Finally, Mr. Lowe claims that he suffered discriminatory and retaliatory
treatment when EPA managers failed to reward his performance related to information
security. See id. ¶ 27. However, some of the awards that Mr. Lowe alleges he should
have received were distributed between 2003 and 2005. See July 11, 2008 EEO
Memorandum at 13–14. These awards were conferred well before Mr. Lowe made
contact with an EEO counselor and are not actionable here. Mr. Lowe also alleges that
EPA failed to recognize his contributions with an award in 2008. Since this allegation
was timely presented and exhausted, the Court considers it below, see infra at 21–22.
B. Waiver
“It is well understood in this Circuit that when a plaintiff files an
opposition to a [dispositive motion] addressing only certain arguments raised by the
defendant, a court may treat those arguments that the plaintiff failed to address as
conceded.” Hopkins v. Women’s Div., Gen. Bd. of Global Ministries, 238 F. Supp. 2d
174, 178 (D.D.C. 2002); see CSX Transp., Inc. v. Commercial Union Ins., Co., 82 F.3d
478, 482–83 (D.C. Cir. 1996); Jones v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n, 713 F. Supp. 2d 29, 39
(D.D.C. 2010).
In briefing, EPA contends that Mr. Lowe did not receive a 2008
performance award because such awards were “almost always reserved for intra-agency
teams responsible for major initiatives, and [Mr.] Lowe had not been assigned to any
team that received a gold or bronze medal.” Mot. for Summ. J. at 45–46. EPA also
21
argues that Mr. Lowe cannot establish a materially adverse action or a denied
accommodation based on EPA’s failure to provide a sign language interpreter for certain
meetings and informal gatherings. See id. at 21–22. Mr. Lowe does not respond to either
point in his opposition, and he therefore has waived all claims based on his alleged non-
receipt of performance awards in 2008 and EPA’s alleged refusal to provide a sign
language interpreter.
C. Adverse Action
To support a claim of intentional discrimination, an employee must
demonstrate that his employer took an adverse action against him because of his
participation in protected EEO activities. “[N]ot everything that makes an employee
unhappy” is an adverse action under Title VII. Russell v. Principi, 257 F.3d 815, 818
(D.C. Cir. 2001) (citing Smart v. Ball State Univ., 89 F.3d 437, 441 (7th Cir. 1996)).
“Actions short of an outright firing can be adverse within the meaning of Title VII, but
not all lesser actions by employers count.” Forkkio v. Powell, 306 F.3d 1127, 1130 (D.C.
Cir. 2002). Some adverse actions are obvious, such as discharge or failure to promote.
For those that are less clear, a plaintiff must show an action with adverse consequences
“affecting the terms, conditions, or privileges of employment or future employment
opportunities . . . .” Id. at 1131.
Certain of Mr. Lowe’s claims fail to allege adverse employment action to
support his charges of intentional discrimination. Specifically, Mr. Lowe asserts race,
national origin, and disability discrimination because EPA refused to pay him at the GS–
14 level for his information security work, denied his request to transfer to the front
office, and refused to assign him additional responsibilities commensurate with a GS–14
22
grade. But none of these actions constituted an adverse employment action, and
therefore, none are actionable here.
At bottom, the record demonstrates that Mr. Lowe and EPA disagreed
about the importance of his information security duties. But, as specified in the
Collective Bargaining Agreement, Mr. Lowe either was required to obtain a vacant GS–
14 position or have his GS–13 position upgraded based on an accretion of duties. See
Def. Facts ¶ 25. There were no vacant GS–14 positions at the relevant time, and Mr.
Lowe never established that his position should have been elevated based on an accretion
of duties. Therefore, EPA was not required to pay Mr. Lowe as a GS–14 information
security specialist. Even if Mr. Lowe had established that his position should have been
at the GS–14 level—which he did not—EPA could have responded by minimizing his
GS–14 tasks so as to fit his position within the GS–13 grade.
EPA’s failure to accede to Mr. Lowe’s requests to pay him at the GS–14
level, assign him additional GS–14 responsibilities, and transfer him to the front office
did not impose objectively tangible harm: Mr. Lowe’s position and grade remained
unaffected and he suffered no financial loss. See Russell, 257 F.3d at 819. It is true that
Mr. Lowe did not receive the employment advantages that naturally accompany a higher
grade-level, but Mr. Lowe requested job duties, placement, and pay greater than the
maximum permitted by his position. EPA’s refusal to accommodate these requests did
not alter the terms or conditions of Mr. Lowe’s GS–13 position, and Mr. Lowe has failed
to demonstrate an adverse action with respect to these claims. See Forkkio, 306 F.3d at
1131.
Nor can Mr. Lowe demonstrate materially adverse action to support a
23
retaliation claim based on EPA’s refusal to pay him at the GS–14 level, assign him
additional GS–14 responsibilities, and transfer him to the front office. A materially
adverse action is not necessarily confined to the workplace, as long as “a reasonable
employee would have found the challenged action materially adverse[.]” Burlington N.,
548 U.S. at 68. “This distinguishes discrimination,” which requires adverse action
impacting the terms and conditions of employment, “from retaliation, which encompasses
a broader sweep of actions.” Bridgeforth v. Jewell, 721 F.3d 661, 663 n.1 (D.C. Cir.
2013) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). Mr. Lowe has not offered
sufficient evidence of materially adverse action, as he only proffers evidence that EPA
refused to provide a GS–13 employee with the pay, work, and placement of a GS–14
employee. Instead, Mr. Lowe’s allegations are more akin to “those petty slights or minor
annoyances that often take place at work and that all employees experience.” Burlington
N., 548 U.S. at 68. Accordingly, summary judgment will be granted in favor of EPA
regarding the refusal to pay Mr. Lowe at the GS–14 level, assign him additional GS–14
duties, and transfer him to the front office.
D. Race Discrimination
Mr. Lowe alleges disparate treatment due to his race because EPA
(1) rated his performance unsatisfactory in 2009; (2) refused to promote him to a GS–14
position or update his position description; (3) subjected his work to heightened scrutiny;
(4) placed him on a PIP; (5) claimed that he failed his PIP; and (6) terminated his
employment. Am. Compl . ¶¶ 26–27. To establish a prima facie case of race
discrimination, a plaintiff must show that: (1) he is a member of a protected class; (2) he
suffered an adverse personnel action; and (3) the unfavorable action gives rise to an
24
inference of discrimination. Royall v. Nat’l Ass’n of Letter Carriers, AFL-CIO, 548 F.3d
137, 144 (D.C. Cir. 2008).
Mr. Lowe has not demonstrated any inference of race discrimination with
respect to these allegations. While Mr. Lowe is an Asian American who allegedly
suffered certain adverse personnel actions, there is no evidence that “the unfavorable
action[s] give[] rise to an inference of [race] discrimination.” See id. The record is
devoid of evidence that any EPA manager acted against Mr. Lowe because of his race.
Further, Mr. Lowe mentions his race on a single occasion in his opposition and never
with respect to an EPA manager’s comments or decisions. See Opp’n at 4 (“[Mr.
Lowe’s] race is Asian and his [n]ational [o]rigin is Chinese.”). Since Mr. Lowe offers no
evidence or argument linking EPA’s personnel decisions and adverse treatment to his
race, the Court will grant summary judgment to EPA on all of Mr. Lowe’s race
discrimination claims.
E. National Origin Discrimination
As with race discrimination, Mr. Lowe is required to show that EPA’s
unfavorable personnel actions “give[] rise to an inference of discrimination” because of
his national origin. See Royall, 548 F.3d at 144. Mr. Lowe is of Chinese descent and he
therefore has established his membership in a protected class. But again, Mr. Lowe has
failed to present any indicia of discriminatory animus based on this lineage. Mr. Lowe
disputes several facts in opposition to summary judgment, including whether he
submitted the paperwork required for a desk audit, whether he could have been promoted
to a GS–14 position without a desk audit, and whether Mr. Kyle intentionally gave Mr.
Lowe assignments that he could not adequately perform to justify the PIP and discharge.
25
However, none of these factual disputes concerns Mr. Lowe’s national origin. To the
contrary, Mr. Lowe mentions his Chinese heritage only once and he offers no argument
or facts linking his heritage to any EPA decision or action. The Court therefore will grant
summary judgment in favor of EPA on all of Mr. Lowe’s claims of discrimination on the
basis of national origin.
F. Disability Discrimination
Mr. Lowe further avers that EPA discriminated against him based on his
disability when the agency (1) refused to promote him to a GS–14 position; (2) refused to
update his position description; (3) rated his performance as unsatisfactory in 2009;
(4) subjected his work to heightened scrutiny; (5) placed him on a PIP; (6) claimed that
he failed his PIP; and (7) terminated his employment. Am. Compl . ¶¶ 26–27. These
claims are covered by the Rehabilitation Act, which is subject to the same analytical
framework that applies to discrimination claims under Title VII. See McGill, 203 F.3d at
845; Barth, 2 F.3d at 1185.
The Court finds that the record includes indicia of direct discrimination
based on Mr. Lowe’s disability, i.e., deafness. Mr. Lowe offers Mr. Kyle’s log of work-
related events as evidence of discriminatory intent. On January 6, 2010, during Mr.
Lowe’s PIP, Mr. Kyle wrote that “[m]ost people try to work around [Mr. Lowe]. When
he gets involved, things get more complicated.” See Pl. Ex. 4 at 2. Mr. Lowe contends,
without opposition, that Mr. Kyle refused to learn any sign language during the year and
a half that he supervised Mr. Lowe, and that “Mr. Kyle acted as if it was too much
trouble to try to understand Mr. Lowe.” Opp’n at 8. In addition, in evaluating Mr.
Lowe’s performance under the PIP, Mr. Kyle criticized Mr. Lowe’s handling of the focus
26
group for the mobile devices project, despite the fact that Mr. Lowe’s disability made that
task particularly difficult to complete. In his evaluation of Mr. Lowe, Mr. Kyle also
criticized Mr. Lowe’s failure to attend branch meetings despite the fact that no sign
language interpreter was available. See Def. Ex. MSPB 4LLL (2009 PARS Interim
Rating) [Dkt. 28-13] at 4 (“Like all ISSB employees, [Mr. Lowe] is required to attend
each . . . branch meeting, and let me know in advance if he cannot . . . . I’ve had several
discussions with [Mr. Lowe] on the need for him to attend, and participate in, our Branch
meetings.”). These comments and actions constitute direct evidence of discrimination on
the basis of Mr. Lowe’s disability. See Stone, 442 F. App’x at 569.
At a minimum, the Court finds that Mr. Kyle’s comments and actions
could be interpreted as instances of disability discrimination. Mr. Lowe’s remark that
Mr. Lowe made things “more complicated” could have referred to Mr. Lowe’s deafness
and the accommodations that EPA was required to provide on Mr. Lowe’s behalf. The
Court cannot resolve these factual issues on summary judgment. As a result, the Court
will deny summary judgment as to Mr. Lowe’s disability discrimination claims
concerning Mr. Lowe’s non-promotion to a GS–14 position, limited position description,
heightened scrutiny of his work product, unsatisfactory performance ratings, placement
on a PIP, alleged unsatisfactory performance under the PIP, and discharge.
G. Retaliation
Mr. Lowe alleges retaliation based on EPA’s heightened scrutiny of his
work product, his “Unsatisfactory” performance rating in 2009, EPA’s claim that he
failed his PIP, and his termination. Am. Compl. ¶ 27. To establish a prima facie case of
retaliation, a plaintiff must show that: (1) he engaged in protected activity; (2) he suffered
27
from a materially adverse act; and (3) a causal connection exists between the protected
activity and the employer’s act. Holcomb v. Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 901–02 (D.C. Cir.
2006); Forkkio, 306 F.3d at 1131.
Mr. Lowe engaged in protected activity when he contacted an EEO
counselor on November 29, 2008, and then filed his first formal in-agency EEO
complaint on February 8, 2008. That complaint was investigated and processed over the
course of the following year. Lowe Decl. ¶ 17; see also Am. Compl. ¶ 13 (“[I]n March
2009, while Mr. Lowe was litigating his EEO complaint before an Administrative Judge
of the EEOC . . . .”). Mr. Lowe filed a second formal EEO complaint on January 7, 2010,
alleging six additional incidents of alleged discrimination and retaliation. See Am.
Compl. ¶ 4(b).
1. Materially Adverse Action
Mr. Lowe alleges that EPA retaliated against him by rating his
performance unsatisfactory on two critical elements in 2009. See Opp’n at 19–20. In
essence, Mr. Lowe claims that EPA managers, including Mr. Kyle, created a termination
case against him by rating him unsatisfactory, and then using these ratings to justify
placing him on a PIP. See id. at 19 (“As a manager, Mr. Kyle was aware that the only
way to terminate an employee without conduct issues was to fail him in his performance
review after an unsuccessful PIP . . . .”). Ultimately, Mr. Lowe’s performance under the
PIP led to his termination in May 2010. Under these circumstances, Mr. Lowe’s
unsatisfactory performance ratings were materially adverse. It is true that Mr. Lowe’s
performance ratings did not directly contribute to a financial loss, cf. Baloch v.
Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191, 1199 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (noting that “performance reviews
28
typically constitute adverse actions only when attached to financial harms”), but in the
retaliation context, the relevant inquiry is whether an employer’s action would have
“dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination,”
see Burlington N., 548 U.S. at 68. A jury could find that a reasonable employee would
have avoided the EEO process based on unsatisfactory performance ratings, particularly
where those ratings led to an agency termination decision. On these facts, the Court finds
that Mr. Lowe has raised a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether EPA
retaliated against him by giving him unsatisfactory performance ratings.
2. Causation
Mr. Lowe also is required to demonstrate a causal nexus between his prior
protected EEO activity and EPA’s materially adverse actions. A plaintiff may establish a
causal connection “by showing that the employer had knowledge of the employee’s
protected activity, and that the [retaliatory] personnel action took place shortly after that
activity.” Cones v. Shalala, 199 F.3d 512, 521 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (quoting Mitchell v.
Baldridge, 759 F.2d 80, 86 (D.C. Cir. 1985)); accord Clark Cnty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden,
532 U.S. 268, 273 (2001) (noting that the temporal connection must be “very close” in
time).
Mr. Lowe contends that EPA retaliated against him by subjecting his work
product to heightened scrutiny. On March 11, 2009, while Mr. Lowe’s attorney was
involved in litigation before an Administrative Judge in connection with Mr. Lowe’s first
formal EEO complaint, Mr. Kyle, at Ms. Schlosser’s direction, requested that Mr. Lowe
increase his branch-related tasks and “evaluate opportunities for adding geospatial
capabilities to mobile devices.” Def. Facts ¶ 30. The mobile devices project ultimately
29
led to several adverse work events, including Mr. Lowe’s placement on a PIP, the
determination that Mr. Lowe failed his PIP, and Mr. Lowe’s termination. Because Mr.
Kyle assigned the mobile devices project on March 11, 2009, while Mr. Lowe’s attorney
was litigating his first formal EEO complaint, a reasonable juror could find that Mr. Kyle
subjected Mr. Lowe’s work product to heightened scrutiny—particularly with respect to
the mobile devices project—in retaliation for his involvement in the EEO process.
Mr. Lowe also cites Mr. Kyle’s issuance of an “Unsatisfactory”
performance rating on November 12, 2009, and imposition of a PIP on December 4,
2009, as retaliatory actions. These actions occurred more than one year after Mr. Lowe
filed his first formal EEO complaint. But there is no “bright-line three-month rule” to
determine whether a plaintiff has established an inference of causation. Hamilton v.
Geithner, 666 F.3d 1344, 1358 (D.C. Cir. 2012). Instead, courts must “evaluate[] the
specific facts of each case to determine whether inferring causation is appropriate.” Id. at
1358. Mr. Lowe has alleged that Mr. Kyle assigned the mobile devices project in March
2009—while his attorney was taking depositions in connection with his first formal EEO
complaint—to justify a series of materially adverse personnel actions that led to his
termination. A reasonable juror could find that Mr. Kyle assigned the mobile devices
project as a “first step” to terminating Mr. Lowe’s employment in retaliation for his
protected activities. See id. at 1358 (assessing causation from the date of the employer’s
first step in retaliation).
Finally, Mr. Lowe points to Mr. Kyle’s determination that Mr. Lowe
failed the PIP on March 2, 2010, and Mr. Battin’s termination decision as of May 14,
2010, as retaliatory actions. Mr. Kyle evaluated Mr. Lowe’s performance under the PIP
30
within two months of Mr. Lowe’s second formal EEO complaint, and Mr. Battin
terminated Mr. Lowe’s employment within four months of that EEO filing. Accordingly,
the Court will deny summary judgment as to Mr. Lowe’s retaliation claims based on
EPA’s increased scrutiny of his work product, issuance of unsatisfactory performance
ratings, implementation of the PIP, claim that Mr. Lowe failed to perform under the PIP
adequately, and termination.
H. Hostile Work Environment
Mr. Lowe alleges that EPA “discriminated against [him] based . . . upon
his race, national origin, and disability [by] subjecting him to a hostile work
environment.” Am. Compl. ¶ 26. Mr. Lowe timely included this claim in his first formal
in-agency EEO complaint. See Feb. 8, 2008 EEO Complaint at 6.
“To determine whether a hostile work environment exists, the court looks
to the totality of the circumstances, including the frequency of the discriminatory
conduct, its severity, its offensiveness, and whether it interferes with an employee’s work
performance.” Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1201. To prevail on a hostile work environment
claim, a plaintiff must show that his employer subjected him to “‘discriminatory
intimidation, ridicule, and insult’” that is “‘sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the
conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive working environment.’”
Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993) (quoting Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v.
Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 65–67 (1986)).
Mr. Lowe’s allegations do not support a finding of a hostile work
environment. Mr. Lowe bases his claim on EPA’s assigning him to work “under a
manager who did all that he could to thwart his performance [] under a continuing threat
31
of being fired” and who “made the [mobile devices project] harder by depriving Mr.
Lowe of the means he needed to complete the assignment . . . [and] thereby making him
get his information through a focus group.” Opp’n at 4, 40–41. Mr. Lowe contends that
these obstructions created a hostile work environment by increasing the likelihood that he
would be terminated for failure to fulfill the terms of the PIP. Id. EPA responds that,
while it is reasonable to assume that any employee placed on a PIP would experience
stress, that stress alone does not establish a hostile work environment. Def. Reply Facts
[Dkt. 36-1] at 11. EPA also points out that “none of the comments made [to Mr. Lowe]
during the PIP focused on any of [his] protected statuses. The criticisms of his
performance were not abusive or offensive.” Id. at 12.
Although Mr. Lowe alleges that Mr. Kyle thwarted his efforts to succeed,
the alleged incidents do not rise to the level of “discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and
insult.” See Harris, 510 U.S. at 21. First, Mr. Lowe has not shown a genuine issue of
material fact regarding a hostile work environment based on the mobile devices project.
Even if Mr. Kyle did, in fact, frustrate Mr. Lowe’s efforts to complete the assignment by
requiring him to conduct a focus group, this claim is more appropriately cast as a single
instance of alleged disability discrimination. Mr. Lowe further contends that Mr. Kyle
generally frustrated his ability to complete his information security tasks, but the record
demonstrates that every EPA manager to consider the issue agreed that Mr. Lowe should
have allocated some of his time to ISSB branch duties. See Pl. Facts at 5–6. While Mr.
Lowe eventually was placed on a PIP, the plan only required that Mr. Lowe improve his
“performance on each of [the] critical elements . . . [to] at least Minimally Satisfactory,”
which was defined as signifying that “there is a significant performance-related
32
problem(s) although the performance has not reached ‘unacceptable’ in any Critical
Element.” Pl. Ex. 29 (Performance Improvement Plan) [Dkt. 32-29] at 1. Contrary to
Mr. Lowe’s assertions, the PIP did not require perfection, and there is no basis for the
Court to find that its implementation was tantamount to discriminatory intimidation,
ridicule, and insult.
At best, Mr. Lowe’s allegations demonstrate a disagreement with EPA
management regarding his allocation of time; they do not show a genuine issue of
material fact as to whether EPA created a hostile work environment. See Harris, 510
U.S. at 21. It is clear that Ms. Schlosser and Mr. Kyle did not place much importance on
Mr. Lowe’s information security assignments. Instead, Mr. Lowe’s supervisors requested
that he focus his attention on branch-related duties and minimize his information security
role. The parties may contest whether EPA was justified in making that determination,
but in any event, “Title VII . . . does not authorize a federal court to become ‘a super-
personnel department that reexamines an entity’s business decisions.’” Barbour v.
Browner, 181 F.3d 1342, 1346 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Dale v. Chicago Tribune Co.,
797 F.2d 458, 464 (7th Cir. 1986)). The Court will grant summary judgment to EPA on
Mr. Lowe’s hostile work environment claim.
III. CONCLUSION
Summary judgment will be granted in favor of EPA on Mr. Lowe’s claims
of discrimination on the basis of race and national origin under Title VII, as well as the
alleged hostile work environment. Summary judgment also will be granted in favor of
EPA on all claims concerning the agency’s failure to provide Mr. Lowe with performance
awards, failure to provide a sign language interpreter, refusal to pay Mr. Lowe at the GS–
33
14 level, denial of his request to transfer to the front office, and refusal to assign him
additional GS–14 responsibilities.
The following claims remain for trial: (1) disability discrimination under
the Rehabilitation Act concerning Mr. Lowe’s non-promotion to a GS–14 position,
limited position description, the increased scrutiny of his work product, unsatisfactory
performance ratings, placement on a PIP, alleged unsatisfactory performance under the
PIP, and discharge; and (2) retaliation under Title VII based on EPA’s increased scrutiny
of Mr. Lowe’s work product, issuance of unsatisfactory performance ratings,
implementation of the PIP, alleged unsatisfactory performance under the PIP, and
termination. A memorializing Order accompanies this Opinion.
Date: March 26, 2014 /s/
ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
United States District Judge
34