UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
JANEAN CHAMBERS,
Plaintiff,
v.
Civil Action No. 13-544 (CKK)
KATHLEEN SEBELIUS, SECRETARY OF
HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
(December 31, 2013)
Plaintiff Janean Chambers brings this action against Defendant Kathleen Sebelius, in her
official capacity as Secretary of Health and Human Services, alleging violations of Title VII of
the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. 1 Presently before the Court is
Defendant’s [9] Motion to Dismiss, or in the Alternative, Motion for Summary Judgment. 2
Upon consideration of the pleadings 3, the relevant legal authorities, and the record as a whole,
1
Strangely, Defendant’s filing lists “Eric H. Holder, Jr., U.S. Attorney General, U.S.
Department of Justice” as the Defendant in this action. Defendant provides no explanation for
why the Attorney General should be substituted for the Secretary of Health and Human Services
in this action, and the Court thus disregards this difference in Defendant’s captions as a
typographical error.
2
The Court notes that Defendant has titled her filing “Memorandum of Points and
Authorities in Support of Motion to Dismiss, or in the Alternative, Motion for Summary
Judgment” without actually submitting a separate filing containing the motion this memorandum
supports. However, because it is clear from Defendant’s Memorandum that she moves the Court
for an order dismissing Plaintiff’s claims pursuant to Rule 12(b), or in the alternative, pursuant to
Rule 56, the Court will construe this Memorandum as containing a Motion to Dismiss, or in the
Alternative, Motion for Summary Judgment.
3
Complaint, ECF No. [1] (“Compl.”); Def.’s Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Mot. to
Dismiss, or in the Alt., Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. [9] (“Def.’s MSJ”); Def.’s Stmt. of Material
Facts, ECF No. [9-1] (“Def.’s Stmt.”); Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, or in the
Alt., Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. [11] (“Pl.’s Opp’n”); Pl.’s Stmt. of Genuine Issues, ECF No.
1
the Court GRANTS Defendant’s [9] Motion to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, for Summary
Judgment. Accordingly, this action is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE in its entirety.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background
Plaintiff Janean Chambers is a 48 year-old blind African-American female who has
worked for the Department of Health and Human Services (“DHHS”) since 1989. Pl.’s Opp’n at
2. In 2006, Plaintiff became a GS-0343-09 Management Analyst in the Office of Information
Services (“OIS”) of the Administration for Children and Families (“ACF”) within DHHS. Pl.’s
Ex. 1 (Chambers Affidavit) at 1. In this capacity, from 2007 until July 2012, Plaintiff’s duties
included functioning as the Section 508 Coordinator for ACF. Id. at 3. Pursuant to 36 C.F.R. §
1194.1, every federal government agency must ensure that its employees with disabilities have
comparable access to electronic data and information through the development, procurement,
and maintenance of appropriate electronic and information technology. Accordingly, every
operating division of DHHS has a Section 508 Coordinator with the responsibility for ensuring
that employees with disabilities are accommodated such that they have equal access to electronic
data and information. Pl.’s Ex. 7 (Curtis Deposition Excerpts) at 46:10-19. Plaintiff’s
supervisors in her GS-9 Management Analyst position were Jeanne Dionne and Michael Curtis.
Pl.’s Ex. 1 at 1-2.
Plaintiff’s GS-9 position was the full performance level of her position, meaning that it
was the highest grade-level that she could be promoted to without either competing with other
individuals for a new, advertised position or receiving a non-competitive promotion through her
accretion of duties. Id. at 2. In 2007, Plaintiff became eligible for elevation to GS-11 and
[11-13] (“Pl.’s Stmt.”); Def.’s Reply in Support of Mot. to Dismiss, or in the Alt., Mot. for
Summ. J., ECF No. [13] (“Def.’s Reply”).
2
inquired with her supervisors about obtaining a promotion to this grade level from her current
position. Id. at 3. Plaintiff pointed out that all the other individuals functioning as Section 508
Coordinators in DHHS were paid at a higher grade than she was, ranging from GS-12 to GS-14.
Id. at 4. In her brief, Defendant points out, and Plaintiff concedes, that there is no position
description for a Section 508 Coordinator. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 23 (citing Def.’s Ex. 10 (Decl. of
Stuart Hoffman) ¶ 5); Pl.’s Stmt. at 8. Furthermore, Plaintiff does not deny that there is no grade
level requirement for an individual with Section 508 Coordinator duties, and admits that the
grade level of each designated Section 508 Coordinator is based upon the specific duties,
responsibilities, and authorities granted the incumbent of that position. Def.’s Stmt. ¶¶ 25, 37
(citing Def.’s Ex. 10 ¶ 6); Pl.’s Stmt. at 8, 12. In this vein, Defendant further states that Section
508 responsibilities comprise a fraction of an individual’s overall duties. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 26
(citing Def.’s Ex. 10 ¶ 5). Nevertheless, Plaintiff states that all of her work time as a GS-9 was
spent on her Section 508 Coordinator duties. Pl.’s Stmt. at 8 (citing Pl.’s Ex. 11 (Chambers
Deposition Excerpts) at 4:11-17). She also points out that Jaime Robinson, a DHHS GS-12 IT
employee in a different employment series with Section 508 Coordinator duties, stated in his
deposition testimony that he did not have any role outside the Section 508 area. Id. at 8 (citing
Pl.’s Ex. 8 (Robinson Deposition Excerpts) at 42:14-16).
In response to Plaintiff’s requests to be elevated to a GS-11 position, Plaintiff was
repeatedly informed by her supervisors, Mr. Curtis and Ms. Dionne, that they supported her
promotion, believing that she was an excellent employee who had “blossomed” in her current
position. Pl.’s Ex. 7 at 60:9-20; Def.’s Ex. 4 (Curtis Affidavit) at 3. However, they informed her
that because her current position terminated at GS-9, in order to be promoted to a GS-11
position, she would have to compete for a GS-11 position that became available. In an affidavit
3
submitted to the EEO investigator reviewing Plaintiff’s claim and in his deposition, Curtis
repeatedly stated that he lacked the authority to promote Plaintiff in the absence of a vacancy,
and that creation of such a position required the approval of his superiors in DHHS. Def.’s Ex. 4
at 2 (“I only have authority to promote someone in a career-ladder series, and she is not in a
promotion allowed career ladder. So I did not have authority to promote her.”); id. at 3 (“Her
non-promotion was not based on her race or disability, but on no GS-11 opportunities being
available to anyone.”); id. at 2 (“The government process for promotion is that someone
advertises a position and you compete for that. There are no GS-11 positions in my office to
promote to.”); Pl.’s Ex. 7 at 56:18-19 (Curtis stating that he lacked the authority to promote); id.
at 60:13-15 (Curtis responding “Yes” to the question “You thought she was deserving of a
promotion. You just had no way of doing that?”); id. at 100:4-5 (noting that vacancies are
“approved by the assistant secretary.”); id. at 62:10:19 (noting that the GS-11 was made
available by the assistant secretary who “approves all promotion opportunities”). Dionne as well
consistently stated that she lacked the authority to promote Plaintiff in the absence of a vacancy,
which she did not have the power to create herself. Def.’s Ex. 5 at 2 (Dionne Affidavit) (“She
did request a promotion. I informed her that I don’t have promotion authority.”); id. (“[s]he did
[request a promotion] and informed [sic] her that I did not have the authority to promote her.”);
id. at 3 (“I did not discriminate against the Complainant based on her race and disability because
I had no authority to promote her.”); Pl.’s Ex. 6 (Dionne Deposition Excerpts) at 66:14-67:11
(stating that Dionne and Curtis lacked authority to promote and needed approval to advertise a
position). In an e-mail summarizing a meeting between herself and Mr. Curtis and Ms. Dionne,
Plaintiff stated that she understood them to lack the authority themselves to create the GS-11
position she sought, as they could only request such a position. Def.’s Ex. 13 (E-mail from J.
4
Chambers to J. Dionne and M. Curtis) (“From this meeting my understanding is that the
opportunity for me to advance from a GS-9 to a GS-11 as the ACF Section 508 Coordinator is
not available in ACF/OIS.”). Curtis and Dionne informed Plaintiff that although they could
request the vacancy she sought, even if the position were approved, Plaintiff would still need to
apply for the position. Id. (“Michael stated that he will continue to push this opportunity for
advancement because of my title. However, if the slot is approved it will be advertised and I will
need to apply for the position.”); Def.’s Ex. 15 (Rebuttal Affidavit of Janean Chambers) at 3-4
(“Mr. Curtis stated that even if and when he has [the] budget for it, that he will need to have an
available slot at a higher grade in order to offer a GS-11 level for the Section 508 Coordinator
position, and he will have to advertise that job vacancy and I will need to apply for it . . . . He
expressed that he would continue to support me and push for me to be promoted.”). Pl.’s Ex. 7
at 57:22-58:5 (Curtis stating “I would have to go back and ask for a [position] . . . It would have
to be approved by the assistant secretary. And then they would have to compete. And they
would have to select based on all the people that applied for it.”). Curtis subsequently stated to
Plaintiff that he had requested the creation of a GS-11 vacancy, but that the failure to create such
a vacancy was due to a lack of budget for the position sought by Plaintiff. Pl.’s Ex. 7 at 83:15-
84:5; Def.’s Ex. 15 at 3.
Plaintiff challenges this explanation for the lack of her promotion, arguing that the failure
to promote her constitutes discrimination on the basis of race and disability. Primarily, she notes
that other vacancies were created during the time period at issue and that these vacancies allowed
other employees of DHHS the opportunity to advance beyond the full performance levels of their
positions. Pl.’s Stmt. at 1-2. She points out that the OIS spent at least $206,431 to hire and/or
increase the salaries of five white, non-disabled employees during the period when ACF alleges
5
that it lacked the budget to create a new GS-11 position to which she could apply to. Id. at 2.
However, in alleging these facts, Plaintiff does not point to any GS-11 position created in OIS.
Rather she points to the creation of other positions, including a GS-12 Management Analyst
Position, a GS-14 Information Technology Specialist and three GS-15 Division Director
Positions. Pl.’s Ex. 6 at 92:3-17 (noting that three GS-15 positions were filled with existing GS-
14 employees); id. at 96:1-10 (discussing hiring for new GS-12 position); Pl.’s Ex. 7 at 87:7-88:9
(discussing hiring for GS-14 position). Moreover, Plaintiff does not suggest that these vacancies
encompassed Section 508 Coordinator duties. Furthermore, Plaintiff does not offer evidence that
Dionne and Curtis were seriously involved in the creation of these vacancies. Dionne states in
her deposition testimony that she filed paperwork with the Human Resources Department to
have the Information Technology Specialist position shifted to a GS-14 from the base level GS-
13 because the newly hired employee, Terry Cheng, “ha[d] been working at a higher salary than
the lowest step,” and “[i]f the person has been working at a higher salary than the lowest step,
they can request to be hired at a higher step within the grade.” Pl.’s Ex. 6 at 47:6-18. However,
according to Defendant, the GS-14 and GS-15 positions were created due to larger departmental
needs identified by the Assistant Secretary. See Def.’s Att. 1 (Decl. of Michael Curtis) ¶ 7-8
(noting that Assistant Secretary David Hansell “conveyed to [Curtis] that in regard to OIS ACF
positions, he felt it was necessary to fill the three Division Director positions at the GS-15 level,
to prevent losing staff.”); id. ¶ 8 (stating that the GS-14 Information Technological Specialist
position was approved by Hansell in response to President Obama’s emphasis on cyber security).
In addition, the Court notes that the GS-12 position was only advertised in March and April
2012, shortly before the end of the time period at issue in this case, and that the individual
selected for the position had an effective date of September 2012, well after the end of the time
6
at issue in this case. Def.’s Att. 3 (Decl. of Melissa Smith) ¶ 6; Pl.’s Ex. 9 (GS-12 Vacancy
Posting).
In challenging her lack of promotion, Plaintiff also questions whether her supervisors
ever actually requested the creation of a GS-11 vacancy. Pl.’s Stmt. at 2-3. She notes that ACF
has not produced paperwork containing such a request and that Jason Donaldson, the Deputy
Assistant Secretary for Administration at ACF during the time at issue, stated in an affidavit that
Plaintiff requested a promotion from him during the informal EEO mediation held on January 4,
2012. Id. (citing Pl.’s Ex. 3 (Donaldson Affidavit) at 3). Plaintiff interprets this statement to
mean that Donaldson did not receive any request to promote Plaintiff until the informal EEO
mediation in this case on January 4, 2012 and thus Plaintiff’s supervisors are untruthful when
they state that they requested a vacancy to which she could be promoted. Pl.’s Opp’n at 4.
Defendant vigorously disputes this assertion, pointing to multiple statements in the record
showing that Plaintiff’s supervisor, Michael Curtis, repeatedly requested the creation of a
vacancy that she could be promoted to, even though he did not explicitly mention Plaintiff by
name. See, e.g., Pl.’s Ex. 7 at 62:18-19 (“I repeatedly asked for an -11 year after year after
year.”); id. at 82:20-83:14 (Curtis stating that he submitted the request and that “the request for
an additional 508 position at a senior level was rejected.”); Pl.’s Ex. 6 at 67:9-11 (“My
recollection is that [Curtis] said he would talk with Jason Donaldson to see if he could be given
the approval to advertise a position.”); id. at 68:5-8 (“I remember in the meeting him saying that
he was going to have a conversation with Jason Donaldson to see whether he could get approval
to advertise a position.”). Defendant further points to a declaration from Donaldson stating that
Curtis requested the position sought by Plaintiff, albeit without referencing her by name. Pl.’s
Att. 2 (Decl. of Jason Donaldson) ¶ 7 (Donaldson recalling that Curtis, although not mentioning
7
Plaintiff by name, “requested authority to create and then compete an administrative support
position.”).
Yet although no vacancy existed for Plaintiff to apply to, Plaintiff’s supervisors explored
an alternative means of promoting her. In response to Plaintiff’s contention that she should be
paid at a higher grade, Donaldson authorized a desk audit. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 15; Pl.’s Stmt. at 7. “A
desk audit is a process by which an employee may request ‘her work to be reviewed.’” Rand v.
Secretary of the Treasury, 816 F.Supp.2d 70, 72 n. 1 (D.D.C. 2011) (quoting Williams v.
Dodaro, 806 F.Supp.2d 246, 249 n. 2 (D.D.C. 2011)). “‘[I]f, in the eyes of the reviewers, that
work is at a level higher than that at which the employee is currently graded, the employee will
be promoted to the level’ that is reflected by her performance.” Id. “This is sometimes called an
‘accretion of duties’ promotion, because the desk audit is meant to trigger a promotion to match
the employee's ‘accretion of duties’ over time.” Id. The desk audit was conducted in early 2012
by Human Resources Specialist Rosalind Fortune. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 15; Pl.’s Stmt. at 7; Def.’s Ex.
8 (Fortune Affidavit) at 2. Fortune met with Plaintiff and discussed her duties, spoke with
Plaintiff’s supervisor, Dionne, and used a set grade level criteria of nine factors to analyze
Plaintiff’s position. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 16; Pl.’s Stmt. at 7. Fortune reviewed the following factors:
knowledge required by the position, supervisory controls, guidelines, complexity, scope and
effect, personal and purpose of contacts, physical demands, and work environment. Def.’s Stmt.
¶ 17; Pl.’s Stmt. at 7. After conducting an analysis of each of these factors, Fortune concluded
that Plaintiff was properly classified at the GS-9 level. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 18; Pl.’s Stmt. at 7. Wendy
Hackley, a Supervisory HR Specialist, approved the desk audit’s findings, concluding that given
8
Plaintiff’s duties, she was properly classified at the GS-9 level. 4 Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 19; Pl.’s Stmt. at
7. Plaintiff is not challenging the results of the desk audit in this case.
Ultimately, in June 2012, in response to Plaintiff’s requests for a promotion, the DHHS
did approve and create a GS-11 Management Analyst Position to which Plaintiff could apply.
Pl.’s Ex. 7 at 62:10-63:2. When the position vacancy was advertised, the vacancy was restricted
to ACF employees. Id. at 64:6-8. Plaintiff applied for the position and was the only person in
ACF found to be qualified. Pl.’s Ex. 6 at 69:13-70-4. Plaintiff currently serves in this GS-11
Management Analyst position.
B. Procedural Background
Plaintiff filed suit in this Court on April 23, 2013, alleging violations of Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended by the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, 42
U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq., and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended by the U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services. See Compl. ¶ 1. She alleges that Defendant’s failure to promote
her as early as 2007 constitutes discrimination on the basis of her race (African-American) and
her physical handicap (blindness). Defendant subsequently filed her [9] Motion to Dismiss, or in
the Alternative, Motion for Summary Judgment.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Defendant’s motion seeks dismissal for failure to state a claim, or in the alternative,
summary judgment. Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d), “if, on a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) . . .
matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion must be
treated as one for summary judgment under Rule 56” and “[a]ll parties must be given a
4
While Plaintiff appealed the desk audit’s findings, this appeal was cancelled when
Plaintiff applied for and was selected for a GS-11 position at ACF, as an employee cannot appeal
the classification of apposition to which they are not officially assigned. Def.’s Stmt. ¶ 20 (citing
5 C.F.R. § 511.603); Pl.’s Stmt. at 7 (same).
9
reasonable opportunity to present all the material that is pertinent to the motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(d); see Yates v. District of Columbia, 324 F.3d 724, 725 (D.C. Cir. 2003). Here, both parties
have presented matters outside of the pleadings in support of their positions. Accordingly, the
Court will review Defendant’s entire motion under the summary judgment standard, because
“the [defendant's] motion[] [was] in the alternative for summary judgment and . . . the parties had
the opportunity to submit and submitted materials in support and in opposition.” Americable
Int'l, Inc. v. Dep't of Navy, 129 F.3d 1271, 1273 n. 5 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (determining that it would
not be “unfair” to treat such a motion as one for summary judgment).
Summary judgment is appropriate where “the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and [that she] is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.
Civ. P. 56(a). The mere existence of some factual dispute is insufficient on its own to bar
summary judgment; the dispute must pertain to a “material” fact. Id. Accordingly, “[o]nly
disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will
properly preclude the entry of summary judgment.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 248 (1986). Nor may summary judgment be avoided based on just any disagreement as to
the relevant facts; the dispute must be “genuine,” meaning that there must be sufficient
admissible evidence for a reasonable trier of fact to find for the non-movant. Id.
In order to establish that a fact is or cannot be genuinely disputed, a party must (a) cite to
specific parts of the record—including deposition testimony, documentary evidence, affidavits or
declarations, or other competent evidence—in support of her position, or (b) demonstrate that the
materials relied upon by the opposing party do not actually establish the absence or presence of a
genuine dispute. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). Conclusory assertions offered without any factual
basis in the record cannot create a genuine dispute sufficient to survive summary judgment.
10
Ass’n of Flight Attendants–CWA, AFL–CIO v. U.S. Dep’t of Transp., 564 F.3d 462, 465-66 (D.C.
Cir. 2009). Moreover, where “a party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or fails to
properly address another party’s assertion of fact,” the district court may “consider the fact
undisputed for purposes of the motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e).
When faced with a motion for summary judgment, the district court may not make
credibility determinations or weigh the evidence; instead, the evidence must be analyzed in the
light most favorable to the non-movant, with all justifiable inferences drawn in her favor.
Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 255. If material facts are genuinely in dispute, or undisputed facts are
susceptible to divergent yet justifiable inferences, summary judgment is inappropriate. Moore v.
Hartman, 571 F.3d 62, 66 (D.C. Cir. 2009). In the end, the district court’s task is to determine
“whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or
whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Liberty Lobby, 477
U.S. at 251-52. In this regard, the non-movant must “do more than simply show that there is
some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts,” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith
Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986); “[i]f the evidence is merely colorable, or is not
significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 249-50
(internal citations omitted).
III. DISCUSSION
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act makes it unlawful for any employer to “fail or refuse to
hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with
respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such
individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). Similarly,
the Rehabilitation Act provides that “[n]o otherwise qualified individual with a disability” may
11
be discriminated against by a federal agency “solely by reason of his or her disability.” 29
U.S.C. § 794(a). The Rehabilitation Act further states that “[t]he standards used to determine
whether this section has been violated in a complaint alleging employment discrimination under
this section shall be the standards applied under [provisions of] the Americans with Disabilities
Act [ADA].” Id. § 794(d). The ADA bars discrimination against a “qualified individual on the
basis of disability in regard to . . . conditions [ ] and privileges of employment,” including
“advancement,” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a).
Where, as here, a plaintiff offers no direct evidence of discrimination, Title VII and
Rehabilitation Act claims are assessed pursuant to a burden-shifting framework initially set out
by the Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-03 (1973). See
Kersey v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 586 F.3d 13, 16-17 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (noting that
McDonnell Douglas framework also applies to claims under the Rehabilitation Act). Pursuant to
that framework, the plaintiff has the initial burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence
a prima facie case of discrimination or retaliation. Tex. Dep't of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450
U.S. 248, 252-53 (1981). Then, “the burden shifts to the defendant ‘to articulate some
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the [adverse employment action].’ ” Id. at 253 (quoting
McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802).
However, in Brady v. Office of Sergeant at Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 494 (D.C. Cir. 2008), the
D.C. Circuit simplified the analysis for Title VII disparate treatment suits. Under Brady, once an
employer has proffered a nondiscriminatory reason, the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting
framework disappears, and the court must simply determine whether the plaintiff has put forward
enough evidence to defeat the proffer and support a finding of retaliation. See Brady, 520 F.3d
at 494 (“[W]here an employee has suffered an adverse employment action and an employer has
12
asserted a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the decision, the district court need not – and
should not – decide whether the plaintiff actually made out a prima facie case under McDonnell
Douglas.”) (emphasis in original). Consequently, at the summary judgment stage, a district court
is left with “one central question: Has the employee produced sufficient evidence for a
reasonable jury to find that the employer's asserted non-discriminatory reason was not the actual
reason and that the employer intentionally discriminated against the employee on the basis of
race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?” Id. See also Kersey, 586 F.3d at 17 n.2 (applying
Brady in case involving the Rehabilitation Act). “In other words, the Court must determine if
the plaintiff has produced enough evidence such that a reasonable jury would find that the
Department’s non-discriminatory reasons are mere pretext for underlying unlawful
discrimination.” Perry v. Donovan, 733 F.Supp.2d 114, 118 (D.D.C. 2010).
Yet “[w]hile Brady directs the district court’s focus to the employer’s proffered non-
discriminatory reason, the Court still first must determine whether plaintiff has suffered an
adverse employment action.” Adesalu v. Copps, 606 F.Supp.2d 97, 103 (D.D.C. 2009). See
Evans v. Sebelius, 716 F.3d 617, 619 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (noting that an adverse action is a
prerequisite for a Title VII claim) (citing Stewart v. Ashcroft, 352 F.3d 422, 426 (D.C. Cir.
2003)); Patterson v. Johnson, 505 F.3d 1296, 1298 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (“Liability for
discrimination under Title VII requires an adverse employment action.”) (citing Brown v. Brody,
199 F.3d 446, 452-55 (D.C. Cir. 1999)); Perry, 733 F.Supp.2d at 118 (“Before the Court can
undertake [the Brady] inquiry, however, the Court must determine whether the alleged acts of
discrimination constitute adverse employment actions.”). See also Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550
F.3d 1191, 1196 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (stating that an adverse employment action is an essential
element of a discrimination claim under the Rehabilitation Act).
13
“An ‘adverse employment action’ is ‘a significant change in employment status, such as
hiring, firing, failing to promote, reassignment with significantly different responsibilities, or a
decision causing significant change in benefits.’” Douglas v. Donovan, 559 F.3d 549, 552 (D.C.
Cir. 2009) (quoting Taylor v. Small, 350 F.3d 1286, 1293 (D.C. Cir. 2003). “An employee must
‘experience[] materially adverse consequences affecting the terms, conditions, or privileges of
employment or future employment opportunities such that a reasonable trier of fact could find
objectively tangible harm.’” Id. (quoting Forkkio v. Powell, 306 F.3d 1127, 1131 (D.C. Cir.
2002). The D.C. Circuit has cautioned that “not everything that makes an employee unhappy is
an actionable adverse action.” Russell v. Principi, 257 F.3d 815, 818 (D.C. Cir. 2001). Indeed,
in this respect, “courts are not ‘super-personnel department[s] that reexamine[] an entity’s
business decision[s].’” Stewart v. Ashcroft, 352 F.3d 422, 429 (quoting Dale v. Chicago Tribune
Co., 797 F.2d 458, 464 (7th Cir. 1986)).
Here, Defendant argues that Plaintiff has failed to suffer an adverse employment action.
Def.’s MSJ at 4-6; Def.’s Reply at 3-4. In her complaint, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant failed
to promote her in violation of Title VII and the Rehabilitation Act. As Defendant points out, and
Plaintiff appears to concede, Plaintiff position terminated at the GS-9 grade level. Def.’s Stmt. ¶
1; Pl.’s Stmt. at 4. Therefore, the only way for Plaintiff to be promoted was either for her to
apply for a vacancy announcement or to have her position upgraded via a desk audit. A desk
audit requested by Plaintiff’s supervisors and ordered by Jason Donaldson, the Deputy Assistant
Secretary of DHHS, concluded that Plaintiff was properly classified as a GS-9 and the results of
this audit are not challenged here. Consequently, in order to be promoted, Plaintiff needed to
apply for a vacant position open to competition. In the absence of a rejected application for an
available position, Defendant contends, there is no adverse employment action. Def.’s MSJ at 5.
14
In addressing failure to promote claims in employment discrimination cases, courts in
this Circuit have focused on the need for showing an available position for which promotion was
denied. 5 See, e.g., Yarber-Butler v. Billington, 53 Fed. Appx. 120, 120 (D.C. Cir. 2002)
(“Failure to promote is generally an adverse action . . . but not if there is no open position.”);
Cones v. Shalala, 199 F.3d 512, 516 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (to establish a prima facie case for non-
selection, plaintiff must show there was a “vacancy in the job sought.”); Hayslett v. Perry, 332
F.Supp.2d 93, 100 (D.D.C. 2004) (“Lacking evidence of an available position, plaintiff cannot
establish a prima facie case of employment discrimination based on non-promotion.”). Such a
principle makes practical sense. The existence of a vacancy signals that a plaintiff’s supervisor
has been provided the authorization to appoint someone to the position plaintiff seeks. The
failure to exercise this authority to promote a plaintiff in a protected class thus can constitute an
adverse employment action actionable in an employment discrimination claim. However, where
no vacancy exists, a supervisor less clearly possesses the authority to promote an employee
above the highest level of a career ladder position. Thus, the failure to promote in the absence of
an available position, while frustrating to a plaintiff, does not necessarily constitute an adverse
employment action. 6 See Glass v. Lahood, 786 F.Supp.2d 189, 220 (D.D.C. 2011) (“a plaintiff
5
Courts in this Circuit have applied the same standard in assessing adverse employment
actions under Title VII and the Rehabilitation Act, see, e.g. Norris v. Salazar, 885 F.Supp.2d
402, 419-420 (D.D.C. 2012), and neither party argues that a different standard governs the two
statutes.
6
Perry v. Donovan, 733 F.Supp.2d 114 (D.D.C. 2010) represents a limited exception to
this principle, holding that a vacancy is not a prerequisite for a failure to promote claim when the
employee is challenging a lack of promotion based on an accretion of duties, for which no
vacancy would necessarily be required. In Perry, the plaintiff’s career ladder position capped
her grade level at GS-11. Id. at 116. Thus, as here, in order to reach GS-12, plaintiff had to
apply for an available GS-12 position or request a desk audit. Id. Since there were no available
GS-12 vacancies, plaintiff requested a desk audit, which determined that plaintiff was actually
working at a GS-12 grade level. Id. However, the plaintiff’s supervisor challenged the results of
the desk audit, and after this supervisor submitted additional information, plaintiff’s position was
15
pursuing a failure-to-promote claim in this Circuit . . . must ordinarily establish that there was an
available position”) (citing Lathram v. Snow, 336 F.3d 1085, 1088 (D.C. Cir. 2003)).
Perhaps recognizing this limit on the scope of adverse employment actions, Plaintiff
attempts to frame her argument more broadly. She contends that where an employer regularly
creates vacancies as a means of promoting its employees and told an employee that it was
working on doing so for her, the failure to create and advertise that position constitutes an
actionable adverse employment action. Pl.’s Opp’n at 10-12. Here, Plaintiff points out that her
supervisors led her to believe that they were pushing for the creation of a GS-11 position to
which she could apply. Id. at 4. Further, Plaintiff points out that other vacancies (although not at
the GS-11 level) were created during the time at issue allowing other OIS employees to be
promoted or hired at levels above GS-11. Id. at 5-8; Pl.’s Stmt. at 3-4. Plaintiff argues that
together these facts render the failure to promote her an adverse employment action, even though
no position existed for her supervisors to appoint her to. In essence, Plaintiff argues that her
supervisors did have the authority to promote her, even in the absence of a vacant position.
Yet Plaintiff’s argument is unavailing. In Adesalu v. Copps, 606 F.Supp.2d 97 (D.D.C.
2011), Judge Paul L. Friedman faced an almost identical situation to this and concluded that no
re-evaluated and a second desk audit determined that plaintiff was actually performing GS-11
work. Id. at 116-117. In response, plaintiff brought suit, arguing that her supervisor’s challenge
to the first desk audit “was discriminatory because it resulted in the reversal of the findings of the
first desk audit and foreclosed the opportunity for plaintiff to attain promotion.” Id. at 117. The
court concluded that plaintiff had suffered an adverse employment action despite the lack of a
vacant position to which she could apply, noting that where a “plaintiff requested a desk audit
and presented evidence of work product sufficient to warrant a promotion, the plaintiff could . . .
overcome the lack of vacancy and establish[] an adverse employment action.” Id. at 119.
Accordingly, Perry’s finding of an adverse employment action in the absence of a vacancy was
based on the fact that the “[p]laintiff . . . requested a desk audit and presented sufficient evidence
to be considered for a promotion.” Id. That result is not applicable here, as a desk audit
concluded that Plaintiff was properly classified as a GS-9 and she does not challenge the results
of this desk audit in this Court.
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adverse employment action had occurred. In Adesalu, an African-American Nigerian economist
at the Federal Communications Commission sought promotion from the GS-13 level, which was
the full performance level of his position. Id. at 99. Like Plaintiff Chambers here, in order “to
obtain promotion to the GS-14 level, plaintiff either had to (1) apply for a competitive vacancy
and be selected, or (2) request a desk audit to determine whether he is performing work at the
GS-14 level and, if so, request that he be promoted non-competitively.” Id. While no desk audit
was conducted, Plaintiff indicated his interest in promotion via vacancy to his supervisors. In
response, one of his supervisors “made a promise that plaintiff could be promoted within two
years depending on the quality of his work.” Id. After Mr. Adesalu was subsequently informed
by his supervisors that he would not be promoted (ostensibly in violation of this promise), he
brought suit, alleging that the failure to promote him was based on his race and national origin.
Id. In challenging the failure to promote, he noted that other economists at the FCC, all of whom
were not black or Nigerian, were being simultaneously promoted while he remained in his
current position. Id.
Considering the plaintiff’s claim based on his supervisor’s statement, Judge Friedman
concluded that plaintiff had failed to show an adverse employment action with respect to the
denial of his promotion. Id. at 102-04. The court noted that “defendant has proffered undisputed
evidence that there were no vacant positions for competitive promotion to GS-14 Industry
Economists during the relevant time period. The other employees who were promoted were
either promoted to a different grade (GS-15), or were on a different career ladder, and thus were
eligible for non-competitive promotion to GS-14.” Id. at 103 (internal citations omitted). So too
here, Plaintiff has not put forward any evidence that there was a vacancy for the GS-11 position
she sought. And while other employees within OIS were promoted, Plaintiff does not state that
17
any of these promotions were made to GS-11, the grade level she herself sought. Rather, these
vacancies were created at the GS-12, GS-14, and GS-15 levels, and none of these positions
involved Section 508 Coordinator duties. Further, Defendant has provided evidence that the GS-
14 and GS-15 positions were created to address larger departmental needs and that the GS-12
position was advertised and filled only at the conclusion of the time at issue in this case. See
Def.’s Att. 1 ¶ 7-8 (noting that Assistant Secretary David Hansell “conveyed to [Curtis] that in
regard to OIS ACF positions, he felt it was necessary to fill the three Division Director positions
at the GS-15 level, to prevent losing staff.”); id. ¶ 8 (stating that the GS-14 Information
Technological Specialist position was approved by Hansell in response to President Obama’s
emphasis on cyber security); Def.’s Att. 3 ¶ 6. Thus, as in Adesalu, “Plaintiff has proffered no
evidence to show that there was a vacant position for which [s]he was eligible in the time period
for which [s]he administratively exhausted [her] claims.” 606 F.Supp.2d at 103. Accordingly,
“Plaintiff could not have suffered an adverse employment action for failure to promote when
there were no available vacancies.” Id.
In reaching this conclusion, Judge Friedman also rejected the plaintiff’s claim that his
supervisor’s promise to promote him and subsequent failure to act on this promise rendered the
failure to promote in the absence of a vacant position an adverse employment action. On this
point, the court concluded that “[e]ven if Mr. Woock did promise plaintiff that plaintiff would be
promoted, and later rescinded that promise, Mr. Woock never had the authority to fulfill this
promise; thus defendant’s maintenance of plaintiff at his current grade is not an adverse
employment action.” Id. (emphasis added).
Here, Plaintiff argues that there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether her
supervisors had the authority to promote her, which would appear to distinguish this case from
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Adesalu. Pl.’s Opp’n at 10-12; Pl.’s Stmt. at 3-4, 6. Plaintiff contends a jury could find that
when Plaintiff’s supervisors decided to promote one of their subordinates, they were able to gain
approval for the creation of a vacant position designed for the promotion of that employee. Pl.’s
Stmt. at 3-4, 6. Yet the Court’s review of the record shows that there is no genuine issue as to
this fact. Plaintiff’s supervisors, Michael Curtis and Jeanne Dionne, have repeatedly and
consistently stated that they lacked the authority to promote her or unilaterally create the position
she sought. Def.’s Ex. 4 at 2 (“I only have authority to promote someone in a career-ladder
series, and she is not in a promotion allowed career ladder. So I did not have authority to
promote her.”); id. at 3 (“Her non-promotion was not based on her race or disability, but on no
GS-11 opportunities being available to anyone.”); Def.’s Ex. 5 at 2 (“She did request a
promotion. I informed her that I don’t have promotion authority.”); id. (“[s]he did [request a
promotion] and informed [sic] her that I did not have the authority to promote her.”); id. at 3 (“I
did not discriminate against the Complainant based on her race and disability because I had no
authority to promote her.”); Pl.’s Ex. 7 at 56:18-19 (Curtis stating that he lacked the authority to
promote); id. at 60:13-15 (Curtis responding “Yes” to the question “You thought she was
deserving of a promotion. You just had no way of doing that?”). Rather, they have made clear
that the creation of a vacancy is a process that requires the approval of their superiors in DHHS.
Def.’s Ex. 4 at 2 (“The government process for promotion is that someone advertises a position
and you compete for that. There are no GS-11 positions in my office to promote to.”); Pl.’s Ex.
6 at 66:14-67:11 (stating that Dionne and Curtis lacked authority to promote and needed
approval to advertise a position); Pl.’s Ex. 7 at 100:4-5 (noting that vacancies are “approved by
the assistant secretary.”). Indeed, as noted, in an e-mail summarizing a meeting between herself
and Mr. Curtis and Ms. Dionne, Plaintiff stated that she understood them to lack the authority
19
themselves to create the GS-11 position she sought, as they could only request such a position.
Def.’s Ex. 13 (“From this meeting my understanding is that the opportunity for me to advance
from a GS-9 to a GS-11 as the ACF Section 508 Coordinator is not available in ACF/OIS.”). At
most, the record reveals that Mr. Curtis and Ms. Dionne possessed the authority to request from
their superiors that a vacancy be created, as well as the authority to fill a vacancy created in their
division. See id. (“Michael stated that he will continue to push this opportunity for advancement
because of my title. However, if the slot is approved it will be advertised and I will need to
apply for the position.”); Def.’s Ex. 15 at 3-4 (“Mr. Curtis stated that even if and when he has
[the] budget for it, that he will need to have an available slot at a higher grade in order to offer a
GS-11 level for the Section 508 Coordinator position, and he will have to advertise that job
vacancy and I will need to apply for it . . . . He expressed that he would continue to support me
and push for me to be promoted.”). Pl.’s Ex. 7 at 57:22-58:5 (Curtis stating “I would have to go
back and ask for a -13 slot . . . It would have to be approved by the assistant secretary. And then
they would have to compete. And they would have to select based on all the people that applied
for it.”). However, the record does not support the conclusion that Plaintiff’s supervisors had the
authority to create the position she sought.
In arguing that a genuine issue of material fact exists with respect to this point, Plaintiff
contends that the eventual creation of a GS-11 position to which she could be promoted shows
that her supervisors had the authority to promote her all along. Pl.’s Opp’n at 7. Yet, again, the
record shows that approval for the creation of this eventual GS-11 position came from the
Assistant Secretary, and not from Plaintiff’s supervisors. See Pl.’s Ex. 7 at 62:10:19 (noting that
the GS-11 was made available by the assistant secretary who “approves all promotion
opportunities”). That this action was taken at the urging of Curtis does not support Plaintiff’s
20
argument. Rather, this is consistent with the conclusion that Plaintiff’s supervisors could, and
did, request a vacancy that would function as an upgraded version of a current employee’s
position, but could not create one. Id. (Curtis noting that the GS-11 slot opened after he
“repeatedly asked for an -11 year after year after year. And it was finally approved at that
time.”) id. at 83:11-14 (“The way the process works is you don’t actually create a position for an
individual. You just simply create a position. So the request for an additional 508 position at a
senior level was rejected.”). Furthermore, the fact that other vacancies were created that allowed
other ACF employees to be promoted during the time at issue does not support Plaintiff’s claim
that her supervisors had the authority to create these positions. Plaintiff points to nothing in the
record to show that the other vacancies were created as a result of Curtis and Dionne’s actions.
Indeed, Defendant has put forth evidence that the GS-14 and GS-15 vacancies were created due
to larger departmental needs identified by the Assistant Secretary. See Def.’s Att. 1 ¶ 7-8
(noting that Assistant Secretary David Hansell “conveyed to [Curtis] that in regard to OIS ACF
positions, he felt it was necessary to fill the three Division Director positions at the GS-15 level,
to prevent losing staff.”); id. ¶ 8 (stating that the GS-14 Information Technological Specialist
position was approved by Hansell in response to President Obama’s emphasis on cyber security).
Further, Defendant has proffered evidence that the GS-12 position was advertised and filled only
at the conclusion of the time at issue in this case. Def.’s Att. 3 ¶ 6. In light of this evidence,
Plaintiff’s claim that these vacancies functioned as de facto promotions that were created by her
supervisors has no basis in fact and is mere speculation insufficient to defeat Defendant’s motion
for summary judgment.
Similarly unavailing is Plaintiff’s argument that a genuine issue of material fact exists as
to whether her supervisors even requested the vacancy she sought. Pl.’s Stmt. at 2-3. The
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statements in the record show that Plaintiff’s supervisor Michael Curtis did request his vacancy,
albeit without mentioning Plaintiff by name. See, e.g., Pl.’s Ex. 7 at 62:18-19 (“I repeatedly
asked for an -11 year after year after year.”); id. at 82:20-83:14 (Curtis stating that he submitted
the request and that “the request for an additional 508 position at a senior level was rejected.”).
Plaintiff attempts to cast doubt on these statements by pointing to Donaldson’s statement that
Plaintiff requested a promotion from him during the informal EEO mediation held on January 4,
2012. Pl.’s Ex. 3 at 3. Plaintiff argues that this means that Donaldson did not receive any
request to promote Plaintiff until the informal EEO mediation in this case on January 4, 2012.
Yet, as Defendant points out, this statement, even when read as Plaintiff suggests, does not show
that Plaintiff’s supervisors failed to request a vacancy on her behalf and that their deposition
testimony is thus untruthful. Rather, read in the context of Donaldson’s other statements in the
record, this account is consistent with the fact that Curtis did request a vacancy on behalf of
Plaintiff, but did not refer to her by name in making this request. Def.’s Att. 2, ¶ 7 (Donaldson
stating that Curtis “did not ask for any position for the Plaintiff, rather, he requested authority to
create and then compete an administrative support position”). Indeed, Plaintiff points to no
statement from Donaldson that he never received a request for a GS-11 vacancy from Curtis.
Without statements from Donaldson undermining Curtis and Dionne’s representations, all
Plaintiff can point to in order to show a genuine issue of material fact is her contention that ACF
has failed to produce the paperwork documenting these vacancy requests. But standing alone
without any showing that Plaintiff has even requested this information, or evidence as to
DHHS’s submission and recordkeeping regime as to promotion requests, such unadorned
speculation is insufficient to create more than a “metaphysical doubt” as to the issue of whether
Plaintiff’s supervisors actually requested a vacancy. Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586. Furthermore,
22
even if true, the failure to produce this paperwork is not inconsistent with Plaintiff’s supervisors
making the requests for vacancies orally. See Pl.’s Ex. 6 at 67:9-11 (“My recollection is that
[Curtis] said he would talk with Jason Donaldson to see if he could be given the approval to
advertise a position.”) (emphasis added); id. at 68:5-8 (“I remember in the meeting him saying
that he was going to have a conversation with Jason Donaldson to see whether he could get
approval to advertise a position.”) (emphasis added); Pl.’s Att. 2, ¶ 7 (Donaldson stating that
Curtis made his requests for vacancies orally).
Accordingly, finding no genuine issue of material fact as to (1) whether Plaintiff’s
supervisors lacked the authority to promote her, and (2) whether Plaintiff’s supervisors requested
a vacancy on her behalf, the Court views this case as identical to Adesalu. And just as in that
case, unfulfilled promises by Plaintiff’s supervisors that they were working to secure her a
promotion do not create an adverse employment action in the absence of a vacancy. In order to
obtain approval to advertise a vacancy for the position Plaintiff sought, Plaintiff’s supervisors
had to make a request to the Assistant Secretary of DHHS for authority to create a position.
Thus, just as with the supervisor in Adesalu, Plaintiff’s supervisors lacked the authority to create
the vacancy they requested for her without the approval of higher-level DHHS employees.
Accordingly, their requests to promote her to a position they could not themselves create,
although unsuccessful in the time frame at issue, do not render her failure to be promoted an
actionable adverse employment action.
Plaintiff cites two D.C. Circuit cases in arguing that the failure to create a vacancy for
which an employee can apply can constitute an adverse employment action. Pl.’s Opp’n at 11-
12. However, neither of these cases extends as far as Plaintiff suggests. First, in Cones v.
Shalala, 199 F.3d 512, 518 (D.C. Cir. 2000), the D.C. Circuit held that the decision not to
23
advertise a vacant position can constitute an adverse employment action. In that case, the
plaintiff challenged the defendant’s decision to laterally transfer a white employee into the
position plaintiff sought promotion to, rather than open the position to competition. Id. at 516.
Despite the fact that defendant never opened the position to competition, the D.C. Circuit found
that the plaintiff had still suffered an adverse employment action because “refusing to allow
[plaintiff] to compete for the promotion was tantamount to refusing to promote him.” Id. at 521.
Here, the facts are different in a crucial respect. Defendant here has not created a GS-11 position
and sought to shield it from competition by laterally transferring another employee in without
advertising a vacancy. Rather, as discussed, the position that Plaintiff sought did not exist during
the time at issue and her supervisors lacked the authority to create it. Plaintiff could not compete
for a position that did not exist. Indeed, Cones itself recognized the necessity of a vacancy in
establishing an adverse employment action for failure to promote. See id. at 516 (noting that one
of the “most common nondiscriminatory reasons for a plaintiff’s rejection” is “the absence of a
vacancy in the job sought.”) (quoting International Bhd. of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S.
324, 358 n. 44 (1977)); id. at 517 (noting the D.C. Circuit’s “clear statements” in prior cases
“that plaintiffs in non-selection cases need show only that they applied for the vacant position
and that a person not of their protected class was selected.”) (emphasis added). See also Yarber-
Butler, 53 Fed. Appx. at 120 (citing Cones, 199 F.3d at 516, for the proposition that “if there is
no vacancy in the job sought, the plaintiff cannot establish a prima facie case.”) (internal
citations omitted).
Similarly, Plaintiff’s citation to Evans v. Sebelius, 716 F.3d 617 (D.C. Cir. 2013) is
unavailing. In that case, the defendant created a position and opened it to competition.
However, after the plaintiff applied and was interviewed for the position, the vacancy was
24
cancelled. Id. at 618-19. Finding the Government’s explanation for the cancellation of the
position inaccurate and inconsistent, and noting the fact that white employees were
simultaneously promoted, the D.C. Circuit overturned the district court’s grant of summary
judgment to the defendant. Id. at 622. Evans is distinct from the facts here, as no GS-11
vacancy to which Plaintiff could apply existed during the time at issue and Plaintiff’s supervisors
lacked the authority to unilaterally create one. By contrast, in Evans, a vacancy existed and the
plaintiff’s supervisors there had the authority to promote plaintiff.
Consequently, under Circuit case law, there is no adverse employment action here.
Plaintiff points to Defendant’s failure to promote her, but absent an available vacancy to which
Plaintiff could have applied, or at least a showing that her supervisors had the authority to create
such a vacancy and failed to request it, there is no adverse employment action. Under Adesalu,
Plaintiff cannot challenge the failure to be promoted to a position which did not exist and which
her supervisors, while utilizing their power to request, lacked the power to unilaterally create.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s [9] Motion to Dismiss, or in
the Alternative, Motion for Summary Judgment. Accordingly, this action is DISMISSED WITH
PREJUDICE in its entirety. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Dated: December 31, 2013
/s/
COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
United States District Judge
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Chambers v. Sebelius
Court: District Court, District of Columbia
Date filed: 2013-12-31
Citations: 6 F. Supp. 3d 118
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