American Immigration Council v. United States Department of Homeland Security

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

AMERICAN IMMIGRATION COUNCIL,

Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 12-856 (JEB)
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
HOMELAND SECURITY, et al.,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This dispute started with a Freedom of Information Act request by the American

Immigration Council, an immigration law and policy group, seeking information about

individuals’ access to counsel during their interactions with Immigration and Customs

Enforcement. After the government repeatedly refused to release documents responsive to

AIC’s request, the group sued the Department of Homeland Security and ICE. Defendants

finally produced certain responsive documents and moved for summary judgment, which this

Court rebuffed in Am. Immigration Council v. Dept. of Homeland Sec., 950 F. Supp. 2d 221

(D.D.C. 2013). Defendants have now retooled and renew their request in a second Motion for

Summary Judgment. AIC claims, in opposition, that Defendants have still not complied with

their obligations under FOIA.

Although Defendants repeatedly excoriate AIC for “wast[ing] enough of the Court’s and

Defendants’ time,” Mot. at 1; see also Reply at 4 n.5, the reality is that Defendants have wasted

their own time by neglecting to follow the Court’s clear instructions, set out in its prior Opinion,

about what they must do to prevail in this matter. Because the government has again failed to

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demonstrate that it conducted an adequate search for records and has also failed to include in its

Vaughn Index one of the withheld documents, the Court must deny the Motion in part. The

Court, however, will grant Defendants summary judgment in part on their decisions to redact

eleven documents that were included in their Vaughn Index.

I. Background

The Court’s prior decision in this matter laid out in great detail the factual background of

the dispute, see Am. Immigration Council, 950 F. Supp. 2d at 227-28, so this Opinion need

provide only a brief sketch. In March 2011, AIC submitted a FOIA request to Defendants asking

for:

[A]ny and all records which have been prepared, received,
transmitted, collected and/or maintained by the U.S. Department of
Homeland Security and/or U.S. Immigration and Customs
Enforcement (ICE), whether issued or maintained by ICE
Headquarters offices (including but not limited to the Office of the
Assistant Secretary (OAS), Enforcement and Removal Operations
(ERO), Homeland Security Investigations (HIS) [sic],
Management and Administration, Office of the Principal Legal
Advisor (OPLA), and the Office of Detention Policy and Planning
(ODPP), including any divisions, subdivisions or sections therein);
ICE field offices, including any divisions, subdivisions or sections
therein; local Offices of Chief Counsel; and/or any other ICE
organizational structure; and which relate or refer in any way to
any of the following:
• Attorneys’ ability to be present during their clients’
interactions with ICE;
• What role attorneys may play during their clients’
interactions with ICE;
• Attorney conduct during interactions with ICE on behalf
of their clients;
• Attorney appearances at ICE offices or other facilities.

Id. at 227. A year later, AIC had nothing to show for its troubles but three unsuccessful

administrative appeals challenging Defendants’ repeated denials of its request. See id.

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 AIC therefore filed suit in this Court, prompting Defendants to release nearly 8,000 pages

of responsive documents. See id. at 228. Defendants then moved for summary judgment,

claiming that they had conducted a reasonable search for the queried records, produced all

documents responsive to AIC’s FOIA request, and properly invoked various FOIA exemptions

in order to withhold certain materials. See id. at 227. The Court denied that motion on the

ground that issues of material fact remained as to the adequacy of Defendants’ search and

because Defendants’ summary Vaughn Index was too vague. See id.

There followed a status conference with both parties, after which the Court ordered

Defendants to produce supplemental declarations and an updated Vaughn Index that would cure

the defects of their last submission. See Minute Order of July 9, 2013. Defendants complied

with the Court’s Order and have once again moved for summary judgment. AIC opposes that

Motion but has limited its Opposition to two primary issues: the adequacy of Defendants’ search

and the withholding of twelve specific documents. 1 See Opp. at 4, 14-16. To assist in its

analysis of those arguments, the Court ordered Defendants to produce in camera redacted and

unredacted copies of the disputed materials. See Minute Order of Feb. 10, 2014. Having now

reviewed those records, the Court may consider the parties’ legal arguments.

II. Legal Standard

Summary judgment may be granted if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute

as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a). A genuine issue of material fact is one that would change the outcome of the litigation.

See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986) (“Only disputes over facts that

1
For ease of reference, the Court will refer to these records as Documents 1 through 12. They correspond to the
records listed in Defendants’ Vaughn Index, see Response to Order of the Court, Exh. C (Vaughn Index), as follows:
Document 1 (page numbers 623-38), Document 2 (782-83), Document 3 (788-89), Document 4 (817-18), Document
5 (856-57), Document 6 (909-12), Document 7 (913), Document 8 (963-64), Document 9 (965-66), Document 10
(990-1002), Document 11 (1020-22), and Document 12 (1023-84).

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might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of

summary judgment.”). In the event of conflicting evidence on a material issue, the Court is to

construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. See Sample v. Bureau

of Prisons, 466 F.3d 1086, 1087 (D.C. Cir. 2006). Factual assertions in the moving party’s

affidavits or declarations may be accepted as true unless the opposing party submits his own

affidavits, declarations, or documentary evidence to the contrary. Neal v. Kelly, 963 F.2d 453,

456 (D.C. Cir. 1992).

“FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.”

Defenders of Wildlife v. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009); Bigwood v. U.S.

Agency for Int’l Dev., 484 F. Supp. 2d 68, 73 (D.D.C. 2007). In FOIA cases, the agency bears

the ultimate burden of proof. See U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 142 n.3

(1989). The Court may grant summary judgment based solely on information provided in an

agency’s affidavits or declarations when they describe “the documents and the justifications for

nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld

logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary

evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Military Audit Project v. Casey,

656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981). Such affidavits or declarations are accorded “a presumption

of good faith, which cannot be rebutted by ‘purely speculative claims about the existence and

discoverability of other documents.’” SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C.

Cir. 1991) (quoting Ground Saucer Watch, Inc. v. CIA, 692 F.2d 770, 771 (D.C. Cir. 1981)).

III. Analysis

Congress enacted FOIA in order “to pierce the veil of administrative secrecy and to open

agency action to the light of public scrutiny.” Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361

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(1976) (citation omitted). “The basic purpose of FOIA is to ensure an informed citizenry, vital to

the functioning of a democratic society, needed to check against corruption and to hold the

governors accountable to the governed.” John Doe Agency v. John Doe Corp., 493 U.S. 146,

152 (1989) (citation omitted). The statute provides that “each agency, upon any request for

records which (i) reasonably describes such records and (ii) is made in accordance with

published rules . . . shall make the records promptly available to any person.” 5 U.S.C. §

552(a)(3)(A). Consistent with this statutory mandate, federal courts have jurisdiction to order

the production of records that an agency improperly withholds. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3); Dep’t

of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 755 (1989).

“Unlike the review of other agency action that must be upheld if supported by substantial

evidence and not arbitrary or capricious,” the Freedom of Information Act “expressly places the

burden ‘on the agency to sustain its action’ and directs the district courts to ‘determine the matter

de novo.’” Reporters Comm., 489 U.S. at 755 (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B)). “At all times

courts must bear in mind that FOIA mandates a ‘strong presumption in favor of disclosure’. . . .”

Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Norton, 309 F.3d 26, 32 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (quoting Dep’t of

State v. Ray, 502 U.S. 164, 173 (1991)).

The Court will first address the adequacy of Defendants’ search for responsive

documents, turn next to the exemptions invoked to justify withholding certain documents, and

finish by assessing the segregability of those documents. In the end, the Court concludes that it

must deny summary judgment to Defendants on the adequacy of their search and on Document

12, but it may grant Defendants’ Motion on their redactions of Documents 1 through 11.

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 A. Adequacy of Search

An agency “fulfills its obligations under FOIA if it can demonstrate beyond material

doubt that its search was ‘reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.’” Valencia-

Lucena v. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 325 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Truitt v. Dep’t of State, 897

F.2d 540, 542 (D.C. Cir. 1990)); see also Steinberg v. Dep’t of Justice, 23 F.3d 548, 551 (D.C.

Cir. 1994). “[T]he issue to be resolved is not whether there might exist any other documents

possibly responsive to the request, but rather whether the search for those documents was

adequate.” Weisberg v. DOJ, 745 F.2d 1476, 1485 (D.C. Cir. 1984).

The adequacy of an agency’s search for documents requested under FOIA “is judged by a

standard of reasonableness and depends, not surprisingly, upon the facts of each case.” Id. To

meet its burden, the agency may submit affidavits or declarations that explain the scope and

method of its search “in reasonable detail.” Perry v. Block, 684 F.2d 121, 127 (D.C. Cir. 1982)

(per curiam). The affidavits or declarations should “set [ ] forth the search terms and the type of

search performed, and aver[ ] that all files likely to contain responsive materials (if such records

exist) were searched.” Oglesby v. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990). Absent

contrary evidence, such affidavits or declarations are sufficient to show that an agency complied

with FOIA. See Perry, 684 F.2d at 127. “If, however, the record leaves substantial doubt as to

the sufficiency of the search, summary judgment for the agency is not proper.” Truitt, 897 F.2d

at 542.

Defendants have submitted a lengthy declaration by Ryan Law, Deputy FOIA Officer of

ICE’s FOIA Office – the third such declaration Defendants have submitted in this case. See ECF

No. 22 (Response to Order of the Court), Att. 1 (Declaration (Third) of Ryan Law); see also ECF

No. 12 (Motion for Summary Judgment), Exh. 1 (Declaration of Ryan Law); ECF No. 17 (Reply

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to Opposition to Motion for Summary Judgment), Att. 1 (Supplemental Declaration of Ryan

Law). The latest Law Declaration recounts ICE’s prosecution of its search as follows: the ICE

FOIA Office reviewed AIC’s request and instructed three ICE program offices to search for

records that would be responsive to that request: the Office of Detention and Removal (ERO),

the Office of Investigations (HSI), and the Office of the Principal Legal Advisor (OPLA). See

3d Law Decl., ¶ 22. Later, the ICE FOIA Office instructed a fourth program office to search as

well – the Office of Detention Policy and Planning (ODPP). See id., ¶ 23. ICE ERO searched

within its Custody Management Division, ICE OPLA searched within its Homeland Security

Investigations Law Division and District Court Litigation Division, and ICE ODPP searched

within its Network Shared Drive and the ICE Policy Manual. See id., ¶¶ 24-32, 36-51. ICE HSI

determined that it would not likely have documents responsive to AIC’s request. See id., ¶¶ 33-

35. These searches turned up a total of 6,906 pages of potentially responsive records. See id., ¶

20.

The Court’s first decision denying Defendants summary judgment made very clear what

was necessary for them to prevail on the adequacy issue: “In order for [ICE’s search]

methodology to be sufficient, ICE would, at a minimum, have to aver that it has searched all files

likely to contain relevant documents.” Am. Immigration Council, 950 F. Supp. 2d at 230

(emphasis added). That standard came from the D.C. Circuit’s decision in Oglesby v. Dept. of

Army, 920 F.2d 57 (D.C. Cir. 1990), which held that a search is inadequate if it includes only

those records “most likely to contain the information which had been requested” because an

“agency cannot limit its search to only one record system if there are others that are likely to turn

up the information requested.” Id. at 68 (emphasis added). According to the Oglesby court, an

agency must “aver[] that all files likely to contain responsive materials (if such records exist)

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were searched,” since that “is necessary to afford a FOIA requester an opportunity to challenge

the adequacy of the search and to allow the district court to determine if the search was adequate

in order to grant summary judgment.” Id. (emphasis added). Indeed, as this Court observed in

its prior decision denying Defendants summary judgment, “Agencies regularly make such

attestations when they use similar methods of selecting which departments and files to search.”

Am. Immigration Council, 950 F. Supp. 2d at 230 (citing Brehm v. Dept. of Def., 593 F. Supp.

2d 49 (D.D.C. 2009), and Nation Magazine v. U.S. Customs Service, 71 F.3d 885 (D.C. Cir.

1995)). “Where the government has not made such an attestation, courts have typically found

that an issue of material fact exists as to the adequacy of the search.” Id. (citing Jefferson v.

Bureau of Prisons, No. 05-848, 2006 WL 3208666 (D.D.C. Nov. 7, 2006), Bonaparte v. DOJ,

531 F. Supp. 2d 118 (D.D.C. 2008), and Maydak v. DOJ, 362 F. Supp. 2d 316 (D.D.C. 2005)).

Remarkably, despite the many hours that Defendants have apparently invested in

responding to AIC’s FOIA request, they have still not followed the Court’s instructions on this

point. When the Court denied Defendants’ last Motion, it divided its analysis into two

components: first, the selection of offices and files to search, and second, the search of those

selected locations. See id. at 230-231. In that decision, the Court found that ICE’s search was

inadequate on both counts. Once again, the Court finds that ICE’s selection of offices and files

to search is insufficient. Although it need not decide the issue, the Court also notes that AIC has

raised several important concerns about ICE’s search of the offices that it did select.

The first Law Declaration that Defendants submitted with their initial Motion for

Summary Judgment stated that ICE had searched those offices “most likely to possess records

responsive to [Plaintiff’s] request.” Id. (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted).

The Court rejected that Motion because “Defendants ha[d] not indicated that all those offices and

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records systems likely to contain responsive records ha[d] been searched.” Id. at 230 (emphasis

added). Yet the third Law Declaration that Defendants have submitted in this case commits the

same exact sin, stating that the ICE FOIA Office reviewed AIC’s request and “determined that

ICE ERO, HSI, and OPLA would be the ICE program offices that would likely maintain records

that would be responsive to Plaintiff’s FOIA request.” See 3d Law Decl., ¶ 22. That statement

once again fails to indicate whether Defendants searched “all files likely to contain relevant

documents.” Am. Immigration Council, 950 F. Supp. 2d at 230 (emphasis added).

A charitable reading of the declaration, moreover, which might infer that Law intended to

suggest that ERO, HSI, and OPLA were the only offices likely to contain responsive records, is

foreclosed by its very next section. There, Law adds that “the ICE FOIA Office [later] instructed

ICE ODPP [Office of Detention Policy and Planning] to conduct a search for records that would

be responsive to Plaintiff’s FOIA request.” 3d Law Decl., ¶ 23. Apparently, then, ICE itself did

not believe that a search of ERO, HSI, and OPLA would have been enough. Indeed, as this

Court specifically noted in denying Defendants’ last Motion for Summary Judgment, an

attestation that the agency searched filing systems “likely to contain responsive records” also

requires an accompanying averment that “it is unlikely that other . . . directorates would possess

records responsive to Plaintiff’s request.” Am. Immigration Council, 950 F. Supp. 2d at 230

(quoting Brehm, 593 F. Supp. 2d at 49-50) (internal quotation marks omitted). The affidavits

Defendants have submitted contain no such assurance.

Defendants dispute this characterization of Law’s latest declaration, thrice claiming that it

establishes that ICE searched “the only offices reasonably calculated to maintain records

responsive to Plaintiff’s request.” Mot. at 11; Reply at 9, 10; see also Reply at 9 (“[T]he updated

Law Declaration . . . affirmatively avers that . . . the searches conducted swept up all responsive

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documents as required.”). While Defendants may wish this were so, the language of the

declaration speaks for itself. Nowhere does it affirm that ICE searched “the only” offices likely

to have responsive records. Although, as Defendants note, the adequacy of a search does not

depend on “whether additional potentially responsive documents exist,” Lardner v. FBI, 875 F.

Supp. 2d 49, 55 (D.D.C. 2012), the problem here is that Defendants have failed to confirm that

they searched “all files likely to contain responsive materials,” Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68, not that

other potentially responsive records may exist elsewhere.

As the Court noted in its prior decision on this matter, the necessity that ICE aver it

searched “all files likely to contain relevant documents” may appear a mere “technical

requirement, [but] the facts of this case demonstrate its importance.” Am. Immigration Council,

950 F. Supp. 2d at 231. In that round of the litigation, AIC had argued “that certain offices, sub-

offices, and filing systems should have been searched, [and] the Court [could not] begin to

analyze such a contention until it kn[ew] ICE’s position on whether any of those locations have

potentially responsive documents.” Id. (citations omitted). Here again, AIC has alleged that ICE

should have searched for responsive records in certain additional offices and sub-offices – for

example, ICE field offices and local Offices of Chief Counsel – as specified in its initial FOIA

request. See Opp. at 10; Am. Immigration Council, 950 F. Supp. 2d at 227. As with the last

Motion, the Court cannot judge the merits of AIC’s contention without knowing Defendants’

position on whether any of those locations are likely to have responsive documents. In the

absence of an affidavit containing the specific assertion that ICE searched all files likely to

contain responsive documents – or, the contrapositive, that the files ICE did not search were not

likely to contain responsive documents – the Court cannot conclude that Defendants’ search was

adequate.

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 Because Defendants have failed to establish that they searched all the ICE program

offices likely to maintain records responsive to AIC’s FOIA request, the Court need not reach the

question of whether Defendants’ searches within those offices were also sufficiently

comprehensive. That said, a few of the arguments raised in AIC’s Opposition do give cause for

concern. Although Law’s declaration uses the right language in averring that each of ICE’s

search for records within ERO, HSI, OPLA, and ODPP was “reasonably calculated to locate all

records that would be responsive to the Plaintiff’s FOIA request,” 3d Law Decl., ¶¶ 32, 40, 46,

51; see also id., ¶¶ 34-35 (explaining that a search of HSI’s investigative case-management

system “would not have been reasonably calculated to uncover records responsive to the

Plaintiff’s FOIA request”), AIC observes that it includes no explanation of how ICE decided

where to search within each office, nor why certain sub-offices were not searched – for instance,

the Field Legal Operations division, the Training division, and the Detention and Removal Law

section of OPLA. See Opp. at 12 (citing DHS ICE Office of the Principal Legal Advisor

Organizational Chart, available at http://goo.gl/svnnYr); see also id. at 9-11. Defendants would

do well to consider these points when preparing the declaration for their next Motion.

The Court is sympathetic to the many hours Defendants have already invested in this case

and appreciates that the extremely broad nature of AIC’s request may have made it particularly

difficult to fulfill. See CREW v. DOJ, 955 F. Supp. 2d 4, 16 (D.D.C. 2013) (FOIA’s evidentiary

burden likely to create significant costs for government agencies, but congressional policy

requires costs be borne). Defendants have not claimed, however, that AIC required “an

unreasonably burdensome search,” Am. Fed’n of Gov’t Emps., Local 2782 v. Dep’t of

Commerce, 907 F.2d 203, 209 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (quoting Goland v. CIA, 607 F.2d 339, 353

(D.C. Cir. 1978)) (internal quotation marks omitted), such that “a professional employee of

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[ICE] familiar with the subject matter” could not “locate the records with a ‘reasonable amount

of effort.’” Armstrong v. Bush, 139 F.R.D. 547, 553 (D.D.C. 1991) (quoting Am. Fed’n of

Gov’t Emps., Local 2782 v. Dep’t of Commerce, 632 F. Supp. 1272, 1278 (D.D.C. 1986)).

Instead, Defendants have set out to respond to AIC’s request, which is a task they must complete

in accordance with their obligations under FOIA. Because they have not provided a declaration

averring that ICE searched “all files likely to contain responsive materials” to AIC’s FOIA

request, Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68, the Court must deny summary judgment on this point. As the

Court now makes clear for a second time, Defendants “must, in the future, aver that all

departments and files likely to contain responsive records were searched and must describe its

search procedures in sufficient detail for the Court to determine whether the search was

reasonable.” Am. Immigration Council, 950 F. Supp. 2d at 234.

B. Exemptions Claimed by Defendants

Search issues now resolved, the remainder of the dispute concerns the propriety of

Defendants’ claimed FOIA Exemptions for twelve particular documents and whether Defendants

properly segregated and released all non-exempt material within those documents. After

considering AIC’s threshold complaint regarding the Vaughn Index entries for three of the

withheld documents, the Court examines Defendants’ invocations of Exemptions 5 and 7, as well

as their segregation of the non-exempt portions of the withheld materials.

1. Index Documents 5, 6, and 12

At the outset, AIC notes that three withheld documents – numbered 5, 6, and 12 in AIC’s

Opposition brief, see Opp. at 15-16 – do not appear in Defendants’ Vaughn Index. AIC further

observes that Documents 5 and 6 were withheld without citation to any FOIA Exemption and

instead were simply marked as “non-responsive duplicate” and “refer to DOJ.” Id. at 17-18.

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AIC highlighted the same problem in the last round of this litigation, leading the Court to warn

then that “[u]nless Defendants indicate the applicable exemption(s) . . . and provide a description

of the contents sufficient to satisfy FOIA’s evidentiary requirements, this Court will have no

choice but to compel disclosure.” Am. Immigration Council, 950 F. Supp. 2d at 248. Once

again, it seems, Defendants have not gotten the message.

Defendants’ Reply brief, fortunately, offers a belated acknowledgement of the error with

respect to Documents 5 and 6 and also includes redacted copies of both records, along with a

supplemental Vaughn Index that describes their contents and the applicable FOIA Exemption.

See Reply at 20-21 & Att. 1 (Documents 5 and 6 Materials). This appears to address AIC’s

concerns as to these two records, and since AIC has not sought leave to file a Sur-Reply in order

to raise new objections on the matter, the Court will deem the issue conceded.

As for Document 12, Defendants offer no response, let alone explanation, for why the

record does not appear in their Vaughn Index. Without a Vaughn entry describing the contents

of the document or the applicability of the claimed exemptions, the government has not carried

its burden to show the appropriateness of its decision to withhold it. The Court must therefore

deny Defendants summary judgment as to Document 12 and order them to produce the record in

full to AIC.

2. Exemption 5

Defendants invoked Exemption 5 to withhold nine of the records at issue here:

Documents 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. See Opp. at 14-16; Response to Order of the Court,

Exh. C (Vaughn Index). Exemption 5 protects “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or

letters which would not be available by law to a party . . . in litigation with the agency.” 5

U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). It incorporates three traditional civil-discovery privileges: (1) the

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deliberative-process privilege; (2) the attorney-client privilege; and (3) the attorney work-product

privilege. See Cuban v. SEC, 744 F. Supp. 2d 60, 75 (D.D.C. 2010). The Court will separately

address the parties’ arguments as to each privilege below. Because Defendants have failed to

specify which of these three privileges they intended to invoke in order to justify their redaction

of Document 10, see Vaughn Index at 7, however, the Court cannot evaluate the appropriateness

of that withholding and will not regard that record as eligible for redaction under Exemption 5.

Instead, Document 10 will be analyzed in relation to Exemption 7(E). See Section III.B.3, infra.

a. Deliberative-Process Privilege

Defendants have invoked the deliberative-process privilege to justify their withholdings

of Documents 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, and 9. See Opp. at 14-16; Vaughn Index. Because the Court finds

that Document 7 is protected from disclosure under the attorney-client privilege, as explained

below, it need only address AIC’s objections as to Documents 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 9.

The deliberative-process privilege exempts from disclosure “documents reflecting

advisory opinions, recommendations, and deliberations comprising part of a process by which

governmental decisions and policies are formulated.” NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S.

132, 150 (1975). It is intended “to enhance the quality of agency decisions by protecting open

and frank discussion among those who make them within the Government.” Dep’t of Interior v.

Klamath Water Users Protective Ass’n, 532 U.S. 1, 9 (2001) (internal quotation marks omitted).

The privilege “rests on the obvious realization that officials will not communicate candidly

among themselves if each remark is a potential item of discovery and front page news.” Id.; see

also Dow Jones & Co. v. DOJ, 917 F.2d 571, 573-74 (D.C. Cir. 1990). To fall under the

protection of the deliberative-process privilege, withheld material must be both “predecisional”

and “deliberative.” Mapother v. DOJ, 3 F.3d 1533, 1537 (D.C. Cir. 1993). Material is

14
“predecisional” if it was “generated before the adoption of an agency policy.” Coastal States

Gas Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy, 617 F.2d 854, 866 (D.C. Cir. 1980). It is “deliberative” if it

“reflects the give-and-take of the consultative process.” Id.

AIC first challenges the “predecisional” nature of several documents withheld under the

deliberative-process privilege. Specifically, it complains that Defendants have not established

that Documents 2, 3, and 9 were created prior to the adoption of an agency policy.

As to Documents 2 and 3, AIC notes that the records “contributed to the creation of a set

of talking points,” and it argues that if those talking points related to policies that had already

been finalized, then they could not be considered “predecisional.” Opp. at 21-22. But AIC’s

characterization of the records is hardly complete. As Defendants explain in their Vaughn Index,

Documents 2 and 3 contain:

[D]iscussions between counsel and between counsel and agency
client [sic] on possible ways to respond to NGO inquiries. These
materials were proposing various ways to respond to questions on
when an alien is entitled to an attorney during an I-213 interview,
and extending the status of F-1 students. . . . These materials were
discussions between agency counsel and its client and deliberated
between different circumstances and scenarios and what possible
responses would be under those circumstances.

Vaughn Index at 3.

AIC’s characterization of the law is shaky as well. This Court recently had occasion to

note that the deliberative-process privilege covers “agency deliberations about how to respond to

media inquiries regarding prior agency actions, as well as discussions about press coverage of

existing agency policies and suggested talking points about how to answer questions regarding

the duties assigned to agency employees.” Competitive Enter. Inst. v. EPA, No. 12-1617, 2014

WL 308093, at *10 (D.D.C. January 29, 1014) (citations omitted). Such deliberations are

regarded as “predecisional” so long as they were “generated as part of a continuous process of

15
agency decision making, viz., how to respond to on-going inquiries.” Judicial Watch v. Dep’t of

Homeland Sec., 736 F. Supp. 2d 202, 208 (D.D.C. 2010); see also Judicial Watch v. Dep’t of the

Treasury, 796 F.Supp.2d 13, 31 (D.D.C. 2011) (“Post-decisional documents properly fall under

the deliberative[-]process privilege when they recount or reflect pre-decisional deliberations.”).

If the deliberative-process privilege protects agency deliberations about how to respond to media

inquiries regarding prior agency actions, the Court sees no reason why it should also not protect

agency deliberations about how to respond to NGO inquiries regarding prior agency actions.

Documents 2 and 3, therefore, are predecisional.

As for Document 9, AIC notes that the Vaughn Index entry describes only “a draft legal

opinion as to the right to remain silent and the right to counsel,” Vaughn Index at 6, and

complains that Defendants do not explain “whether a more final policy document exists, how

[Document 9] contributed to any such policy, and whether all or part of [Document 9] was

expressly adopted in any final decision.” Opp. at 22. AIC cites no authority, however, that

requires Defendants to provide such detailed information. The fact that Document 9 is a draft

legal opinion, which “contains ‘red-lined’ edits within the text as well as comments provided by

an ICE attorney discussing his/her opinion of a legal holding and its implications,” is enough for

the Court to conclude that it is “predecisional” with respect to the agency’s decision on a final

legal opinion. As the Supreme Court has explained, the deliberative-process privilege “calls for

disclosure of all opinions and interpretations which embody the agency’s effective law and

policy, and the withholding of all papers which reflect the agency’s group thinking in the process

of working out its policy and determining what its law shall be.” Sears, 421 U.S. at 153. A draft

legal opinion such as Document 9 falls into the latter camp.

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 Next, AIC challenges the “deliberative” nature of several redacted documents, noting that

such records must be “a direct part of the deliberative process in that [they] make[]

recommendations or express[] opinions on legal or policy matters . . . [rather] than explain an

existing policy.” Public Citizen, Inc. v. OMB, 598 F.3d 865, 876 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (internal

quotation marks omitted). According to AIC, Defendants have not established that the records

withheld in this case reflect deliberations over new policies rather than explanations of current

ones. All AIC has done in support of that argument, however, is to cut out bits and pieces from

the Vaughn entries for each document in order to claim that Defendants’ descriptions are

inadequate. As AIC must know, the Court has reviewed the full Vaughn Index, and the entries

simply speak for themselves. For instance, while AIC says that “Defendants do little more than”

describe Document 1 as “contain[ing] draft operation plans . . . [and] draft investigation

summaries,” Opp. at 22, the Vaughn entry for that record provides a much fuller description,

which makes clear the document’s deliberative nature:

[Document 1] contains draft operational plans that contain
proposed personnel assignments, comments by ICE personnel on
the premises description, operational procedures, and summary of
investigation, ‘red-lined’ corrections and modifications of a
substantive and grammatical nature of investigation summaries,
operational objectives, and operational procedures, and proposed
personnel assignments. . . . The comments and corrections made by
ICE personnel in reviewing the draft operational plans reflect the
agency decision[-]making process and are deliberative nature. The
document contained intra-agency discussions prior to a final
decision being made by the agency, namely, the final Operation
Plan for SAC Chicago.

Vaughn Index at 2. The same is true for the rest of AIC’s descriptions – over and over, it cherry-

picks a short phrase from the Vaughn entry for each document and uses it to impugn the whole.

The Court need not fill space detailing the remainder.

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 Moving on, AIC argues that Defendants have not shown whether Documents 2 and 3

“were seeking suggestions (and as such would be deliberative) or were simply providing answers

(and would not be deliberative).” Opp. at 23. Specifically, AIC complains that the Vaughn

Index “provides no further information that clarifies whether the authors of the final emails in

each . . . Document were final decision-makers” and that “[b]ased on the current information, [it]

cannot determine whether the final email in each . . . Document is seeking suggestions or

feedback or simply providing answers.” Id. Without endorsing the legal binary that AIC has

drawn on this issue, of which the Court is deeply skeptical, the Vaughn Index and the Court’s

own in camera review of the materials at issue make clear that AIC’s concern is unfounded. The

Vaughn Index, in fact, provides much of the detail that AIC claims is missing:

The emails involve ICE attorneys of a supervisory level (Riah
Ramlogan, as well as various deputies whose names have been
redacted), ICE attorneys of a non-supervisory level (associate legal
advisors whose names have been redacted), and an ICE employee
in a non-attorney capacity (Dan Ragsdale [Assistant to the
Secretary]). The emails specifically discuss a request for legal
advice from Dan Ragsdale (03/18/09 at 3:51 pm and 03/18/09 at
3:20 pm), guidance to a legal question by a supervisory attorney
(03/18/09 at 3:50), recommendation by [a] supervisory attorney to
Dan Ragsdale on how to answer [a] legal question related to
conference (03/18/09 at 2:53 pm), a draft response from a
supervisory attorney regarding a question about I-213 interviews
(03/18/09 at 2:53 pm), discussion between [a] supervisory attorney
and [a] non-supervisory attorney regarding [a] request for legal
advice from Dan Ragsdale (03/18/09 at 8:02 pm), discussion
between supervisory attorneys regarding 8 CFR 287.3 and advice
to ICE officers (03/18/09 at 3:56 pm; at 4:37 pm; at 4:45 pm; at
5:01 pm).

Vaughn Index at 3. This impressively detailed account, combined with the Court’s own

examination of the records, is sufficient to establish the deliberative character of Documents 2

and 3.

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 Finally, AIC argues that Defendants “have failed to establish that they have withheld only

the ‘portions’ of the records ‘reflect[ing] the give and take of the deliberative process.’” Opp. at

23 (quoting Public Citizen, 598 F.3d at 876). As to Document 1, for example, which contains a

draft operational plan, AIC contends that “[t]o the extent parts of these pages merely describe

finalized ICE policies incorporated into the operations plan, those pages should not be withheld

under this privilege as they do not reflect any give and take among those at the agency.” Id. at

24. Similarly, as to Documents 4 and 8, which contain a draft answer to a question about the

right to counsel, AIC contends that “to the extent these withheld portions include statements

about Defendants’ already existing and final policies, Defendants should not be permitted to

withhold those portions.” Id. These arguments effectively claim that Defendants failed to

properly segregate and release the non-exempt portions of Documents 1, 4, and 8, and the Court

will address them in the segregability section of its analysis. See Section III.B.4, infra. Insofar

as redacted portions of Document 1 may reflect finalized ICE policies not subject to exemption

under the deliberative-process privilege, Defendants have also claimed protection for those

sections under FOIA Exemption 7. As the Court will explain later on, Document 1 is entitled to

withholding under that exemption as well. See Section III.B.3, infra.

In sum, the Court finds that Defendants properly redacted Documents 2, 3, 4, 8, and 9

and portions of Document 1 under the deliberative-process privilege. The Court will therefore

grant Defendants summary judgment on those points.

b. Attorney Work-Product Privilege

Defendants invoked the attorney work-product prong of Exemption 5 to justify their

redaction of Document 11. See Opp. at 14-16; Vaughn Index at 7. This privilege extends to

“documents and tangible things that are prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial” by an

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attorney. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(3)(A). As this Court has noted in the past, the privilege is

relatively broad, encompassing documents prepared for litigation that is “foreseeable,” if not

necessarily imminent. Am. Immigration Council v. Dept. of Homeland Sec., 905 F. Supp. 2d

206, 221 (D.D.C. 2012). The privilege is not endless, however:

While it may be true that the prospect of future litigation touches
virtually any object of a [law-enforcement agency] attorney’s
attention, if the agency were allowed “to withhold any document
prepared by any person in the Government with a law degree
simply because litigation might someday occur, the policies of the
FOIA would be largely defeated.”

Senate of the Commonwealth of P.R. on Behalf of Judiciary Comm. v. DOJ, 823 F.2d 574, 586-

87 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (quoting Coastal States Gas Corp. v. DOE, 617 F.2d 854, 865 (D.C. Cir.

1980)).

When reviewing a withholding under the work-product prong of (b)(5), the “‘testing

question’ . . . is ‘whether, in light of the nature of the document and the factual situation in the

particular case, the document can fairly be said to have been prepared or obtained because of the

prospect of litigation.’” In re Sealed Case, 146 F.3d 881, 884 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (quoting Senate

of the Commonwealth of P.R., 823 F.2d at 586 n.42). At a minimum, the government must

demonstrate that the lawyer who prepared the document possessed the “subjective belief that

litigation was a real possibility, and that belief must have been objectively reasonable.” Id. As

this Court explained in its last decision in this matter, in order for the government to discharge its

evidentiary burden, it must (1) provide a description of the nature and contents of the withheld

document, (2) identify the document’s author or origin (by job title or otherwise), (3) describe

the factual circumstances that surround the document’s creation, and (4) provide some indication

of the type of litigation for which the document's use is at least foreseeable. See Am.

Immigration Council, 950 F. Supp. 2d at 241-42.

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 AIC argues that Defendants have failed to follow this Court’s previous directions with

respect to Document 11 – namely, to identify “the document’s author or origin (by job title or

otherwise)” and “the factual circumstances that surround the document’s creation.” Opp. at 27-

28 (quoting Am. Immigration Council, 950 F. Supp. 2d at 241-42). The Court disagrees. The

Vaughn entry for Document 11 explains that the record “consists of hand written notes by an

ICE attorney that discusses the particulars of specific cases involving aliens,” Vaughn Index at 7,

and Defendants’ brief adds that the notes “analyz[e] specific cases involving aliens and the

attorney’s legal conclusions.” Mot. at 19. Although this description is thin enough to give the

Court pause, it does identify the document’s author by job title and provides some explanation

about the document’s creation. Coupled with the Court’s own in camera review of the record,

this is just enough to convince the Court that Document 11 was properly withheld under the

attorney work-product privilege. The Court will therefore grant Defendants’ Motion for

Summary Judgment as to this document.

c. Attorney-Client Privilege

Defendants invoked the attorney-client privilege to justify their redactions of Documents

2, 3, 7, and 9. See Opp. at 14-16; Vaughn Index at 3, 5-6. Because the Court has already found

that Documents 2, 3, and 9 were properly redacted under the deliberative-process privilege, it

need only address the parties’ arguments as to Document 7.

The attorney-client privilege protects confidential communications from clients to their

attorneys, as well as communications from attorneys to their clients containing confidential

information supplied by the client. See Tax Analysts v. IRS, 117 F.3d 607, 618 (D.C. Cir. 1997).

“In the governmental context, the ‘client’ may be the agency and the attorney may be an agency

lawyer.” Tax Analysts, 117 F.3d at 618. Where an agency lawyer serves in a mixed capacity

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that involves responsibilities both within and “outside the lawyer’s sphere,” however, the agency

employee’s communications will only be protected to the extent that they involve his or her

professional, legal capacity. In re Sealed Case, 737 F.2d 94, 99 (D.C. Cir. 1984).

Like the other prongs of (b)(5), it falls to the government to prove, through “detailed and

specific information,” that the withheld information falls within the domain of the attorney-client

privilege. See Campbell, 164 F.3d at 30. As the Court explained in its last Opinion denying

Defendants summary judgment, the government must substantiate five essential elements in its

supporting documentation in order to prevail on a motion for summary judgment in this area:

(1) [T]he holder of the privilege is, or sought to be, a client; (2) the
person to whom the communication is made is a member of the bar
or his subordinate and, in connection with the communication at
issue, is acting in his or her capacity as a lawyer; (3) the
communication relates to a fact of which the attorney was
informed by his client, outside the presence of strangers, for the
purpose of securing legal advice; and (4) the privilege has been
claimed by the client. Additionally, [(5)] a “fundamental
prerequisite to the assertion of the privilege” is “confidentiality
both at the time of the communication and maintained since.”

Am. Immigration Council, 950 F. Supp. 2d at 243 (quoting Judicial Watch v. Dep’t of Homeland

Sec., 841 F. Supp. 2d 142, 153–54 (D.D.C. 2012)); see also Coastal States, 617 F.2d at 863);

Fed. Trade Comm’n v. GlaxoSmithKline, 294 F.3d 141, 146 (D.C. Cir. 2002).

AIC claims that Defendants have failed to show that Document 7 contains confidential

information, emphasizing that the D.C. Circuit has refused to apply the attorney-client privilege

to “neutral, objective analyses of agency regulations,” rather than “private information

concerning the agency . . . [e.g.,] ‘counseling[]’ intended to assist the agency in protecting its

interests.” Coastal States, 617 F.2d at 863. The description Defendants provide in their Vaughn

Index and the Court’s own in camera review of the record, however, put Document 7 firmly on

the “counseling” side of the line. The Vaughn Index describes Document 7 as follows: “[A]n

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ICE employee was seeking guidance from ICE attorneys regarding the processing of aliens

during a worksite enforcement action . . . and an ICE attorney was providing a legal opinion to

[sic] the question about the processing of aliens.” Vaughn Index at 5. Defendants’ briefs repeat

this description practically word for word. See Mot. at 18; Reply at 15. While the records at

issue in Coastal States consisted of legal memoranda interpreting agency regulations based on

specific factual circumstances, which the panel compared to “question and answer guidelines

which might be found in an agency manual,” Coastal States, 617 F.2d at 858-59, 863, here the

material reflects legal advice and recommendations regarding agency action. This kind of

information is entitled to protection under the attorney-client privilege.

AIC further contends that Defendants have not established the confidentiality of

Document 7 at the time of the communication. As the Court noted in its last decision in this

matter, “The confidentiality of a communication is not something this Court is at liberty to

assume,” and documents must be disclosed unless the government can reasonably demonstrate

that the information was “’supplied by [the agency] [to agency counsel] with the expectation of

secrecy and was not known by or disclosed to any third party.’” Am. Immigration Council, 950

F. Supp. 2d at 244 (quoting Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. Dept. of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 254 (D.C.

Cir. 1977)). Defendants have met that burden with respect to Document 7. The Court’s in

camera review of the record reveals a confidentiality notice at the bottom of the email in

question that clearly reflects the parties’ expectation that the discussion would remain

confidential. The Vaughn entry for Document 7, moreover, states that the communications

exclusively involved ICE employees. See Vaughn Index at 5 (“The emails involve ICE

attorneys of a supervisory level[,] . . . ICE attorneys of a non-supervisory level[,] . . . and ICE

employees in a non-attorney capacity.”).

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 In sum, then, based on Defendants’ descriptions and the Court’s own examination of the

record, Document 7 is protected by the attorney-client privilege. The Court will therefore grant

Defendants’ Motion with regard to it.

3. Exemption 7(E)

Defendants invoked Exemption 7(E) to redact portions of two of the documents at issue

here: Document 1 and Document 10. See Opp. at 14-16; Vaughn Index. Exemption 7 authorizes

the Government to withhold “records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes, but

only to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records or information” meets one

of six requirements. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7); see also Keys v. DOJ, 830 F.2d 337, 340 (D.C. Cir.

1987) (“[Exemption 7] exempts such documents from disclosure only to the extent that

production of the information might be expected to produce one of six specified harms.”). The

fifth subparagraph – 7(E) – permits withholding where production “would disclose techniques

and procedures for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines

for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be

expected to risk circumvention of the law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E). The agency must thus

satisfy two requirements: First, the record must be compiled for law-enforcement purposes; and

second, production must disclose either techniques and procedures for law-enforcement

investigations or guidelines for law enforcement investigations that would risk circumvention of

the law.

ICE is an investigative arm of DHS “tasked with preventing any activities that threaten

national security and public safety by investigating the people, money, and materials that support

illegal enterprises.” 3d Law Decl., ¶ 66. AIC acknowledges ICE’s “status as a law enforcement

agency” and the deference the agency is due in invoking Exemption 7, see Opp. at 32, but it also

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notes that “[agency] records are not law enforcement records [under FOIA] simply by virtue of

the function that the [agency] serves.” King v. DOJ, 830 F.2d 210, 229 (D.D.C. 1987). “[A]

law-enforcement agency must still make a showing of ‘law enforcement purposes’ by providing

a sufficient explanation that ‘establish[es] a rational nexus between [the withholding] and one of

the agency’s law enforcement duties,’ as well as a ‘connection between an individual or incident

and a possible security risk or violation of federal law.’” Am. Immigration Council, 950 F.

Supp. 2d at 245 (quoting Campbell v. DOJ, 164 F.3d 20, 32 (D.C. Cir. 1998)).

While AIC concedes that most of Documents 1 and 10 were collected for law-

enforcement purposes, it questions certain parts of both documents. For Document 1, AIC

challenges those sections “relating to administrative processing of individuals [in contrast to] the

portions related to investigation or arrest of noncitizens.” Opp. at 32. AIC offers no argument

for why the movement and control of persons detained in federal custody as the result of a law-

enforcement operation should not be considered a law-enforcement activity, and the Court sees

no reason to treat such procedures any differently from those related to investigations or arrests.

Cf. Anderson v. Federal Bureau of Prisons, 806 F. Supp. 2d 121, 127 (D.D.C. 2011) (finding that

Exemption 7 covered information withheld by Federal Bureau of Prisons regarding decisions on

inmate transfers intended to prevent future violence). For Document 10, AIC says that “[p]arts

of [the record] are less clearly marked, and, as a result, AIC challenges a larger portion of those

redactions.” Opp. at 32. AIC does not explain the substance of those challenges, however, and

so the Court will treat their objection as abandoned. The Court therefore finds that both

Documents 1 and 10 were collected for law-enforcement purposes.

Moving on to Exemption 7(E)’s second requirement, AIC claims that Defendants have

failed to show that full release of Documents 1 and 10 “would disclose techniques and

25
procedures for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for

law enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected

to risk circumvention of the law.” Opp. at 33 (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(E)). As the Court

noted in its last decision on this matter, courts typically have found that the government carries

its evidentiary burden on this point when it provides:

(1) a description of the technique or procedure at issue in each
document, (2) a reasonably detailed explanation of the context in
which the technique is used, (3) an exploration of why the
technique or procedure is not generally known to the public, and
(4) an assessment of the way(s) in which individuals could
possibly circumvent the law if the information were disclosed.

Am. Immigration Council, 950 F. Supp. 2d at 247. AIC argues that Defendants have not carried

that burden on several fronts.

First, AIC contends that Defendants have neglected to categorize certain redacted

material as a technique, a procedure, or a guideline – for instance, the “premise descriptions” in

Document 1 and “the particulars of each phase of the operation” in Document 10. Vaughn Index

at 2, 7. AIC asks too much. Insofar as premise descriptions and operation phases are part and

parcel of the law-enforcement techniques, procedures, and guidelines at issue – and the Court’s

in camera review of the materials convinces it that, in this case, they are – a FOIA defendant

need not tag them with specific labels.

Next, AIC challenges the redaction of Document 1 on the ground that it does not reflect

law enforcement “investigations” or “prosecutions.” See Cowsen-El v. DOJ, 826 F. Supp. 532,

534 (D.D.C. 1992). AIC notes that the redacted section of Document 1 is titled “Administrative

Processing” and claims that “even if these records were compiled for a law enforcement function

and include agency procedures, techniques, or guidelines, they should not be withheld unless

Defendants also show that all of the procedures relate to investigations or prosecutions.” Opp. at

26
36. AIC infers too much from just two words. As explained in Defendants’ Vaughn Index and

pleadings – and confirmed by the Court’s in camera review – Document 1 is a “Draft ICE

Operation Plan for SAC Chicago,” Vaughn Index at 2, that “describes the usage or non-usage of

undercover agents and highly specific details related to, among other things, how law

enforcement will contact suspects, the composition of a mobile command center, codes used, and

how to divide law enforcement teams under specific circumstances.” Reply at 19. Clearly, the

enforcement of immigration laws relates to law-enforcement “investigations” and

“prosecutions,” as does the detention of those suspected of violating such laws. This attack on

Defendants’ withholding of Document 1 is therefore unavailing.

Finally, AIC questions whether Defendants have shown that the redacted materials are

not generally known to the public. Although Defendants do not specifically address the issue in

their Vaughn Index or pleadings, their descriptions of Documents 1 and 10 as a “Draft ICE

Operation Plan for SAC Chicago” and an “Enforcement Operation Plan for SAC St. Paul,”

Vaughn Index at 2, 7, which “relate[] to either ICE enforcement actions against employers

violating federal law by employing unauthorized workers or [to] the manner and method in

which those detained for allegedly violating federal immigration law are housed, when they are

searched for contraband and weapons, and how specific enforcement actions are carried out by

ICE special agents,” Reply at 17, convinces the Court that, on their face, these records contain

information not generally known to the public. This inference is further bolstered by the Court’s

own in camera review of the materials.

In sum, then, the Court concludes that Defendants properly redacted Documents 1 and 10

under FOIA Exemption 7(E). It will therefore grant their Motion with regard to these two

documents.

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 4. Segregability

The last issue that the Court must address is segregability. FOIA requires that “[a]ny

reasonably segregable portion of a record . . . be provided to any person requesting such record

after deletion of the portions which are exempt.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). Accordingly, “non-exempt

portions of a document must be disclosed unless they are inextricably intertwined with exempt

portions.” Mead Data, 566 F.2d at 260. Still, an agency is not obligated to segregate non-exempt

material if “the excision of exempt information would impose significant costs on the agency and

produce an edited document with little informational value.” Neufeld v. IRS, 646 F.2d 661, 666

(D.C. Cir. 1981), overruled on other grounds by Church of Scientology of California v. IRS, 792

F.2d 153 (D.C. Cir. 1986).

While the Government is “entitled to a presumption that [it] complied with the obligation

to disclose reasonably segregable material,” Hodge v. FBI, 703 F.3d 575, 582 (D.C. Cir. 2013),

this presumption of compliance does not obviate its obligation to carry its evidentiary burden and

fully explain its decisions on segregability. See Mead Data Cent., 566 F.2d at 261. The agency

must provide “a detailed justification and not just conclusory statements to demonstrate that all

reasonably segregable information has been released.” Valfells v. CIA, 717 F. Supp. 2d 110,

120 (D.D.C. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Armstrong v. Exec. Office of the

President, 97 F.3d 575, 578 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (determining Government affidavits explained

nonsegregability of documents with “reasonable specificity”). “In making a determination as to

segregability . . . a district court judge ‘may examine the contents of . . . agency records in

camera’ . . . . This Circuit has interpreted this language to give district court judges broad

discretion in determining whether in camera review is appropriate.” Id. at 577-78 (citations

omitted).

28
 In the Court’s prior decision in this case, it did not reach the segregability issue, but “[t]o

aid in the preparation of Defendants’ further explanations of the withholdings,” it “made explicit

this Circuit’s precedent on segregability of nonexempt information.” Am. Immigration Council,

950 F. Supp. 2d at 248. The Court explained that “[o]nce Defendants have specifically identified

the exempted portions of their records and described them in accordance with the requirements

set out above . . . they must also provide descriptions of excerpts deemed to be non-segregable,

with explanations as to those decisions.” Id. It added that “Defendants’ current conclusory

assertion that ICE ‘has reviewed each record line-by-line to identify information exempt from

disclosure . . . [finding that] all information not exempted . . . was correctly segregated,’ . . . will

not suffice to discharge this burden.” Id.

As AIC notes, Defendants have again failed to follow the Court’s express instructions on

this matter. Their opening brief parrots almost exactly the same language that this Court

previously described as insufficient: “[ICE] reviewed each record line-by-line to identify

information exempt from disclosure . . . to ensure that all non-exempt information was released.”

Mot. at 22. The only new information that Defendants have provided is their rather meek

assertion that “as demonstrated by the Vaughn Index and the Law Declarations, ICE went to

great lengths to describe in detail the exact material which was withheld (including time stamps

of e-mails) to indicate what was withheld and the reasons the information was statutorily

exempt.” Reply at 20. The Court specifically stated in its last decision, however, that those

descriptions are not sufficient. Defendants must also “provide descriptions of excerpts deemed

to be non-segregable, with explanations as to those decisions.” Am. Immigration Council, 950

F. Supp. 2d at 248. Defendants’ Vaughn Index and declarations are devoid of such information.

29
 Fortunately for Defendants, however, the Court’s in camera review of the materials

suffices to persuade it that there are no segregability problems in this case. Documents 2, 3, 4, 7,

and 8 feature targeted redactions, with paragraphs and sentences clipped to remove exempt

information, which suggests that Defendants made the required effort to segregate and disclose

those portions that could be released. While Documents 1, 9, 10, and 11 present broader-brush

redactions, the Court’s examination of these records persuades it that all reasonably segregable

information within has been released. The non-exempt portions of these documents that have

been redacted “are inextricably intertwined with exempt portions” and they need not be further

segregated. Mead Data, 566 F.2d at 260.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant in part and deny in part Defendants’

Motion for Summary Judgment. Summary judgment will be entered in favor of Defendants on

their withholdings of Documents 1 through 11. A separate Order consistent with this Opinion

will be issued this day.

/s/ James E. Boasberg
JAMES E. BOASBERG
United States District Judge
Date: March 5, 2014

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