UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
__________________________________
)
D.K., a minor, by his parents, )
PAUL and MELISSA KLEIN, )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 13-110 (RMC)
)
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, )
)
Defendant. )
_________________________________ )
OPINION
Plaintiffs Paul and Melissa Klein, in their own right and on behalf of their minor
son D.K., seek a preliminary injunction compelling the District of Columbia to maintain D.K.’s
placement at the McLean School of Maryland pursuant to the “stay put” provision, 20 U.S.C.
§ 1415(j) of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, 20 U.S.C.
§§ 1400 et seq. Because the “stay put” provision does not apply, the motion will be denied.
I. FACTS
A. Statutory Framework
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (“IDEA”)
ensures that “all children with disabilities have available to them a free appropriate public
education that emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique
needs and prepare them for further education, employment, and independent living.” 20 U.S.C.
§ 1400(d)(1)(A). In designing a free appropriate public education (“FAPE”) for students with
disabilities, the child’s parents, teachers, school officials, and other professionals collaborate in a
“multi-disciplinary team” to develop an individualized educational program (“IEP”) to meet the
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child’s unique needs. See id. § 1414(d)(1)(B). Local school officials utilize the IEP to assess
the student’s needs and assign a commensurate learning environment. See id. § 1414(d)(1)(A).
While the District of Columbia is required to provide disabled students a FAPE, it
is not required to, and does not, guarantee any particular outcome or any particular level of
academic success. See Bd. of Educ. of Hendrick Hudson Central Sch. Dist. v. Rowley, 458 U.S.
176, 192 (1982); Dorros v. District of Columbia, 510 F. Supp. 2d 97, 100 (D.D.C. 2007). If a
parent objects to the identification, evaluation, or educational placement of a disabled child, or
whether he is receiving a FAPE, see 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(6), the parent may seek an “impartial
due process hearing” before a D.C. Hearing Officer, who issues a determination. Id.
§ 1415(f)(1)(A). If the parent is dissatisfied with the determination, he may appeal to a state
court or a federal district court. See id. § 1415(i)(2)(A).
B. Background
D.K. is a fifteen-year-old student who has been diagnosed with disabilities
including Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder, Learning Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, and
stuttering. AR 1 at 10, 12. When he was ready to begin third grade at the beginning of the 2006-
2007 school year, D.K.’s parents, Paul and Melissa Klein (Plaintiffs), unilaterally removed him
from his neighborhood elementary school and enrolled him in the McLean School of Maryland
(McLean), a private school. AR at 11, 61-62.
Plaintiffs then sought a due process hearing and an order requiring the District to
pay for D.K.’s tuition at McLean. On May 9, 2007 a Hearing Officer found: D.K. was a student
with special education needs; the District had denied D.K. a FAPE; and D.K. was making
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Pages 1-455 of the Administrative Record are filed at Docket 5, and pages 456-473 are
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progress at McLean. AR at 59-69. Accordingly, the Hearing Officer determined that McLean
was a proper placement since it offered “full-time special education in a modified general
education environment,” and ordered the District to fund D.K.’s education at McLean. AR at
67-68. D.K.’s placement setting was designated as “out of general education;” his parents did
not object. AR at 11. The District complied and maintained D.K.’s placement at McLean
through the end of the 2011-2012 school year.
The District did not monitor D.K.’s progress at McLean from 2007-2010. A.R. at
7. Then, in the spring of 2010, the District told Plaintiffs that D.K.’s IEP had expired and that
updated evaluations were needed for a new IEP. AR at 7. Plaintiffs hired Dr. William Stixrud to
evaluate D.K. He confirmed that D.K. is very bright with significant cognitive, academic, social,
and emotional challenges. AR at 90. Dr. Stixrud recommended continued placement at McLean
because D.K. would be in a small structured classroom and he would be exposed to a demanding
academic curriculum and other bright students, while receiving necessary support. Id.
Plaintiffs forwarded the report and recommendation to the District in February
2011, but the District took no action. AR at 106, 121-24. In September 2011, Plaintiffs
submitted a proposed IEP, developed by their educational consultant and staff at McLean. AR at
126-30. The District determined that it needed additional evaluations and it needed to speak to
Dr. Stixrud about his evaluation. AR at 134-40.
In December 2011, a speech-language pathologist evaluated D.K. She
determined that D.K. needed speech-language services in order to assist him with
communication deficiencies and behavior support to help him with his anxiety and frustration
over his inability to express himself easily. AR at 159-178. D.K.’s out of school therapist
believes that D.K. has fluctuating anxiety related to auditory sensing and processing. AR at 16.
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An IEP meeting was convened on March 1, 2012, and a multi-disciplinary team
found that D.K. was eligible for services as a student with Multiple Disabilities. AR at 213-37.
On March 15, 2012, another IEP meeting was held to review a draft IEP. At this meeting, the
District informed D.K.’s parents that the school system would not be able to continue D.K.’s
placement at McLean because it lacked the necessary Certificate of Approval from the Office of
the State Superintendent of Education. AR at 14, 261. The District referred Plaintiffs to
Kingsbury Day School and Harbour School, both private schools that provide full-time self-
contained special education services to students with special education needs. AR at 276. The
team agreed to reconvene several weeks later in order to permit Plaintiffs time to review the draft
IEP.
Plaintiffs visited both Kingsbury and Harbour and concluded that their programs
were not desirable because they served only disabled students and their curricula were not
sufficiently rigorous. AR at 276. D.K. feared leaving his social relationships at McLean and
was concerned about the noise level at Kingsbury. AR at 16, 536-37. In August 2012, the IEP
team reconvened to finalize the IEP and placement for the 2012-2013 school year. AR at 292-
93. The new IEP required D.K. to receive specialized instruction for 27.5 hours per week,
speech and language services for one hour per week, and behavioral support services for 1 hour
per week; each was required to be provided outside a general education setting. AR at 343.
Despite Plaintiffs’ insistence that these services be implemented at McLean, the IEP team issued
a formal notice proposing to transfer D.K. to Kingsbury. AR at 298-99. D.K.’s parents rejected
the proposed move and kept D.K. in school at McLean. AR at 302.
Plaintiffs requested a due process hearing, alleging that the District failed to
propose a proper IEP and placement for D.K. AR at 8, 309-17. They contended that McLean is
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an appropriate placement for D.K. because it offers a rigorous program and contact with
nondisabled peers and that Kingsbury is an inappropriate placement because its academic
programming is insufficiently rigorous and it offers contact only with peers who are disabled.
AR at 8; see also AR at 535-39, 619-21.
A hearing was held on December 6 and 12, 2012. Evidence was presented
showing that McLean is a general education school that provides special education to D.K. while
giving him access to non-disabled peers. AR at 609-11. At McLean, class size is generally ten
students. AR at 613. There is adult support on interaction with peers and students can leave the
room when needed due to anxiety. AR at 611. Students are provided advanced class units to
provide academic rigor, while providing modifications. Id. D.K. has made progress at McLean.
AR at 820-21.
However, McLean is not a special education school, it does not implement IEP’s,
and it does not ensure compliance with the IEP process. AR at 19, 789. Instead, in the case of
D.K., McLean uses a “learning profile” to address D.K.’s needs. AR at 819-20. 2 Further,
McLean does not possess a Certificate of Approval from the Office of the State Superintendent
of Education and it has not applied for one. AR at 798.
Kingsbury, in contrast, can implement D.K.’s IEP and has a Certificate of
Approval. AR at 741-42. All teachers at Kingsbury are content certified or are certified in
special education. AR at 19, 757. Class size is six to ten students, with one teacher and one aide
per class room, and other service providers “push in” to the classroom to assist students during
class time. AR at 722. The upper school has a special program for students who are
academically and cognitively gifted, and advanced placement courses are being added. AR at
2
The District employee who monitors placement of students in private schools testified that he
was surprised to discover that McLean does not implement IEP’s. AR at 789.
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737, 762-71. Kingsbury uses various strategies to assist students with high levels of anxiety
and/or sensitivity to sound, including headsets, earplugs, preferential seating, and designated
“go-to” spaces. AR at 773-74.
On December 22, 2012, the Hearing Officer rendered a decision (1) finding that
Plaintiffs failed to meet their burden of showing that the District denied D.K. a FAPE;
(2) dismissing Plaintiffs’ administrative complaint; and (3) denying Plaintiffs’ request to
continue D.K.’s placement at McLean. AR at 6-35. The Hearing Officer noted that the IEP
called for full-time specialized education outside of the general education setting, and McLean is
unwilling or unable to implement D.K.’s IEP. AR at 26. The Hearing Officer reasoned that
because McLean had not implemented D.K.’s IEP, would not ensure that it would implement the
IEP, and did not hold a current Certificate of Approval from the Office of the State
Superintendent of Education, it was not an appropriate placement. AR at 26. The Hearing
Officer concluded that the move from McLean to Kingsbury was merely a change in location
and did not constitute a change in “educational placement” under the IDEA. AR at 26.
Shortly after the Hearing Officer rendered his decision, the District asked
Plaintiffs if they would accept the proposed placement at Kingsbury. Mot. for Prelim. Inj. [Dkt.
8], Ex. A (12/27/12 email). Plaintiffs did not accept and instead maintained D.K.’s enrollment at
McLean and filed this suit appealing the Hearing Officer’s decision. The Complaint alleges (1)
the District of Columbia denied D.K. a FAPE in violation of IDEA; (2) by refusing to continue
D.K.’s placement at the McLean School of Maryland and recommending transfer to Kingsbury
Day School, the Hearing Officer failed to order an appropriate educational placement; and (3)
the Hearing Officer erred by dismissing Plaintiff’s administrative claim with prejudice and
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denying continued funding for D.K.’s attendance at McLean. The parties are currently briefing
cross motions for summary judgment.
On June 6, 2013, the District sent a letter to Plaintiffs, noting that Plaintiffs had
rejected the proposed FAPE by failing to enroll D.K. at Kingsbury and thus the school system
planned to discharge D.K. and cease paying his tuition at McLean. Id., Ex. B (6/6/13 letter).
Plaintiffs have now filed a motion for preliminary injunction, seeking an order requiring the
District to maintain D.K.’s placement at McLean pending a decision on the merits. 3
II. LEGAL STANDARD
The “stay put” section of the IDEA provides that “during the pendency of
[administrative due process hearings under § 1415], the child shall remain in the then-current
educational placement of the child.” 20 U.S.C. § 1415(j). If the current educational placement is
not available, the school system must place the child in a similar program. Knight v. District of
Columbia, 877 F.2d 1025, 1029 (D.C. Cir. 1989). A parent may invoke the “stay put” provision
when the school system proposes “a fundamental change in, or elimination of, a basic element of
the education program.” Lunceford v. District of Columbia Bd. of Educ., 745 F.2d 1577, 1582
(D.C. Cir. 1984).
Because the “stay put” provision imposes an automatic statutory injunction, the
traditional four-part test for an injunction does not apply. Casey K. ex rel. Norman K. v St. Anne
Cmty. High Sch. Dist., 400 F.3d 508, 511 (7th Cir. 2005); Alston v District of Columbia, 439 F.
Supp. 2d 86, 91 (D.D.C. 2006); see also Andersen by Andersen v. District of Columbia, 877 F.2d
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Although the parties have filed cross motions for summary judgment, the motions will not be
ripe for decision until after the school year begins. Accordingly, the preliminary injunction
motion will be decided now.
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1018, 1024 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (noting that “stay put” motions before the district court do not need
to meet the four-prong test, while “stay put” motions before the Circuit do).
III. ANALYSIS
The parties hotly dispute whether the proposed change in location––from McLean
to Kingsbury––constitutes a change in “educational placement.” Plaintiffs assert that the
location is a critical component of D.K.’s educational program; the District counters that the
services provided under D.K.’s IEP have not fundamentally changed and the location where such
service are delivered is not relevant.
The IDEA does not define “educational placement” and the interpretation of the
phrase has been left to the courts. Courts have defined the term “educational placement” as
meaning something “between the physical school attended by a child and the abstract goals of a
child’s IEP.” Laster v. District of Columbia, 394 F. Supp. 2d 60, 64-65 (D.D.C. 2005) (citing
Bd. of Educ. of Cmty. High Sch. Dist. No. 218 v. Ill. State Bd. of Educ., 103 F.3d 545, 548 (7th
Cir. 1996)). The term means more than the physical school building that a child attends. The
Fifth Circuit defined “educational placement” as a term of art meaning “educational program—
not the particular institution where that program is implemented.” White v. Ascension Parish
Sch. Bd., 343 F.3d 373, 379 (5th Cir. 2003). The Second Circuit agreed, noting that educational
placement refers to “the classes, individualized attention and additional services a child will
receive—rather than the ‘bricks and mortar’ of the specific school.” T.Y. v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of
Educ., 584 F.3d 412, 419 (2d Cir. 2009). The D.C. Circuit has explained that if a parent cannot
identify a fundamental change in, or elimination of, a basic element of the education program,
there has been no change in “educational placement” and the stay put provision does not apply.
Lunceford, 745 F.2d at 1582; see also A.W. ex rel. Wilson v. Fairfax Cnty. Sch. Bd., 372 F.3d
674, 682 (4th Cir. 2004) (“educational placement” under the IDEA refers to the general
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education program and environment, not to a location); Johnson v. Disrict of Columbia, 839 F.
Supp. 2d 173, 178 (D.D.C. 2012) (physical placement and educational placement are not
synonymous); Assistance to States for the Education of Children With Disabilities and Preschool
Grants for Children With Disabilities, 71 Fed. Reg. 46,540, 46,588-89 (Aug. 14, 2006) (codified
at 34 C.F.R. Pts. 300 and 301) (“[M]aintaining a child’s placement in an educational program
that is substantially and materially similar to the former placement is not a change in
placement.” (emphasis added)).
The 2007 IEP set forth D.K.’s placement as “out of general education,” AR at 11,
and the 2012 IEP renewed this out of general education designation. 4 AR at 335-46. Plaintiffs
have insisted that the services be implemented at McLean. They contend that placement of D.K.
at Kingsbury instead of McLean constitutes a fundamental change in D.K.’s educational program
because McLean offers general education in a mainstream high school while Kingsbury serves
only disabled students.
The physical school location alone does not constitute an “educational
placement.” The key difference between McLean and Kingsbury identified by Plaintiffs is that
McLean offers general education with access to non-disabled peers. However, this distinction is
not relevant to D.K.’s IEP, as it requires all instruction and services to be provided outside a
general education setting. As relevant to the requirements of D.K.’s IEP, Kingsbury and
McLean are the same. They both offer small classes outside the general setting with individual
instruction, strategies for dealing with noise, access to special services, and programs for
advanced instruction. Because Plaintiffs have not pointed to a fundamental change in, or
4
The “stay put” provision requires a child to remain in the “then-current educational placement.”
20 U.S.C. § 1415(j). While the parties disagree whether the 2007 or the 2012 IEP sets forth the
“then-current educational placement,” this dispute is not material because both IEP’s provide for
“outside of general” education.
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elimination of, any basic element of D.K.’s educational program as set forth in his IEP, a transfer
from McLean to Kingsbury does not constitute a change in “educational placement,” and the
“stay put” provision does not apply. See Lunceford, 745 F.2d at 1582.
It is critical in this case to note that D.K.’s IEP cannot be implemented at
McLean. The staff of McLean have indicated that the school is unable and/or unwilling to
implement D.K.’s IEP. See AR at 789, 819-20. D.K. is entitled to a FAPE, and for a disabled
student, a FAPE requires that services be provided in compliance with an IEP. See 20 U.S.C.
§ 1401(9). Because McLean cannot/will not implement D.K.’s IEP, McLean is not a proper
placement under the IDEA. 5 See Johnson, 839 F. Supp. 2d at 179 (student may not be placed at
a school that cannot provide the services required by the IEP; a school district may place a
student at any facility that can provide the services defined in the student’s IEP); D.C. Code
§ 38-2561.03(a) (a student with a disability may be placed only in a school that can implement
the student’s IEP). Further, the District may not agree to place D.K. at McLean because it lacks
a valid Certificate of Approval. D.C. Code § 38-2561.03 (no special education student may be
placed in a private school that lacks a valid Certificate of Approval in accordance with D.C.
Code § 38-2561.07, unless a court orders such placement); 5-A D.C. Mun. Regs. § 2844.1
(same). As a result, McLean is not “available” as a location for placement to fulfill D.K.’s IEP.
If the current educational placement is not available, the school system must place the child in a
similar program, see Knight, 877 F.2d at 1029, and Kingsbury is such a program. Kingsbury is
available, it can implement D.K.’s IEP, and it has a valid Certificate of Approval.
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It is unclear whether the staff at McLean are qualified to implement D.K.’s IEP. The District
asked to review the certificates and qualifications for McLean’s teachers, but McLean did not
provide them. AR at 793-94. District employees sought to observe students at McLean
(including D.K.) that are funded by the District, but McLean refused. AR at 18-19.
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IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the Court will deny Plaintiffs’ motion for
preliminary injunction [Dkt. 8]. A memorializing Order accompanies this Opinion.
Date: August 26, 2013 /s/
Rosemary M. Collyer
U.S. District Judge
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