UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
ANDREA CANNON, on behalf of herself
and all other similarly situated
Plaintiff,
Civil Action No. 12-465 (CKK)
v.
WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A., et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
(December 10, 2012)
Plaintiff Andrea Cannon filed a purported class action against Defendants Wells Fargo
Bank, N.A., Wells Fargo Insurance, Inc., QBE Specialty Insurance Co., and QBE FIRST
Insurance Agency, Inc. (formerly known as Sterling National Insurance Agency, Inc.), in the
Superior Court for the District of Columbia, asserting a number of claims concerning lender-
placed mortgage insurance. The QBE Defendants subsequently removed the case to this Court
pursuant to the Class Action Fairness Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d), and the Court’s federal question
jurisdiction, 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Presently before the Court is the Plaintiff’s motion to remand.
Upon consideration of the parties’ pleadings,1 the relevant legal authorities, and the record before
the Court, the Court has subject matter jurisdiction in this action pursuant to both the Class
Action Fairness Act and federal question jurisdiction. Accordingly, the Plaintiff’s [9] Motion to
Remand is DENIED.
1
See Pl.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Remand (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No. [9-1]; Wells Fargo
Bank, N.A. & Wells Fargo Ins., Inc.’s Opp’n (Wells Fargo Opp’n), ECF No. [16]; QBE
Specialty Ins. Co. & QBE FIRST Ins. Agency, Inc.’s Opp’n (QBE Opp’n), ECF No. [17].
I. BACKGROUND
The Court briefly recounts only those facts necessary to the disposition of the Plaintiff’s
motion. In December 2007 the Plaintiff took out a mortgage on her real property located at 1235
Queen Street, NE, Washington, D.C., in the amount of $307,665.50. Compl., ECF No. 1, at 3-4.
The mortgage is currently owned and serviced by Defendant Wells Fargo Bank. Id. at 4.
According to the Complaint, Wells Fargo Bank requires mortgagees to maintain insurance on the
real property subject to mortgages owned and/or serviced by the Bank. Id. at 7, ¶ 12. The deeds
of trusts issued by Wells Fargo Bank purportedly contain a clause indicating that if the
mortgagee fails to maintain a sufficient level of insurance coverage or allows the insurance
policy to laps, the Bank may “forcefully place insurance on the property.” Id. The Plaintiff
asserts that at all times relevant to the Complaint she maintained the necessary insurance on her
property subject to the mortgage owned and serviced by Wells Fargo Bank. Id. at 7-8, ¶ 14;
On or about August 31, 2011, Wells Fargo Bank informed the Plaintiff that despite
previous correspondence on the issue, the Bank still did not have evidence of
homeowners/hazard insurance for the property in question. Compl., Ex. 6 at 1. The letter
indicated the Bank had secured temporary insurance coverage effective July 16, 2011, which
would be cancelled upon receipt of proof of other insurance. Id. The letter further indicated that
“[t]here is no charge to you if there has been no lapse in coverage,” but “[y]ou will be charged
for any gap between the expiration of your last policy and the effective date of the new policy.”
Id. The Bank advised the Plaintiff that she had the right to independently obtain insurance and
urged her to do so, noting “[i]n nearly all instances, coverage we obtain may be more expensive
than a policy you could obtain from an agent or insurance company of your choice.” Id. at 2.
On February 9, 2012, the Plaintiff received a nearly identical letter, with the same temporary
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insurance effective date as the August 31, 2011 letter. Compl., Ex. 7 at 1.
The thrust of Plaintiff’s Complaint is that despite maintaining continuous insurance
coverage on her property, Wells Fargo Bank obtained “unnecessary, unauthorized [sic]
duplicative insurance,” and charged Plaintiff the full amount of the premium although “a
substantial portion of the premiums are refunded to Wells Fargo through various kickbacks
and/or commissions or kickbacks disguised as commissions.” Compl. at 11, ¶ 26. The Plaintiff
specifically alleges that Wells Fargo Bank “entered into an exclusive arrangement with QBE
FIRST to be the sole insurance provider for all forced placed policies,” and charged premiums in
excess of what could have been obtained for similar policies “in the open market.” Id. at 11,
¶ 28. As to putative class member-mortgagees whose insurance policies in fact lapsed, the
Plaintiff alleges the Defendants obtained policies with “excessive premium[s],” instead of
renewing the lapsed policy with the mortgagees’ previous carrier(s). Compl. at 12, ¶ 29. The
Plaintiff filed this suit in the Superior Court for the District of Columbia as a purported class
action on behalf of what is now believed to be 738 putative class members, Pl.’s Mot. at 13,
alleging a number of violations of the common law, the Truth in Lending Act, 15 U.S.C. 1601
note, and the District of Columbia Consumer Protection Procedures Act (“CPPA”), D.C. Code
§ 28-3901 et seq. Compl. at 25-49. The QBE Defendants removed the action to this Court on
the grounds the Complaint stated a federal question, and satisfied the requirements of the Class
Action Fairness Act.
II. LEGAL STANDARDS AND DISCUSSION
A. Federal Question Jurisdiction
This Court has original jurisdiction over all civil actions “arising under the Constitution,
laws, or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1331. “[A] suit arises under the Constitution
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and laws of the United States only when the plaintiff's statement of his own cause of action
shows that it is based upon those laws or that Constitution.” Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co. v.
Mottley, 211 U.S. 149, 152 (1908). The initial Complaint in this matter facially seeks relief for
violations of the Truth in Lending Act. E.g., Compl. at 2 (“Defendants’ [sic] violation
Regulation Z and other provisions of the Truth In Lending Act. “); id. at 17 (describing certain
conduct as “a violation of the Truth In Lending Act’s (TILC) [sic] disclosure requirement”); id.
at 39. The Plaintiff asserts that her citation to the Truth in Lending Act “only brings clarity to
the disclosure requirements of both DC Code and (TILA) [sic].” Pl.’s Mot. at 7. The plain text
of the Complaint indicates otherwise.
The Complaint specifically includes an unnumbered count titled “VIOLATION OF THE
TRUTH IN LENDING ACT,” seeking damages in the amount of $20,000,000 for the Plaintiff
and each class member. Id. at 39, ¶¶ 81-83. At the end of her motion, the Plaintiff explains that
D.C. Code § 28-3904(dd) states that any violation of title 16 of the D.C. Municipal Regulations
is to be considered a violation of the CPPA, and that title 16 “incorporates by reference twelve
section of the federal TILA.” Pl.’s Mot. at 17; see D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 16 § 101.1. However,
the Complaint does not allege that the Defendants violated section 28-3904(dd) or the municipal
regulations, but rather violated the federal statute itself, and the Plaintiff cannot simply amend
her Complaint in her pleadings in support of her motion. Arbitraje Casa de Cambio, S.A. de
C.V. v. U.S. Postal Serv., 297 F.Supp.2d 165, 170 (D.D.C. 2003). The Plaintiff’s Complaint
states a federal claim, therefore the Court has jurisdiction under section 1331. Cf. Beneficial
Nat’l Bank v. Anderson, 539 U.S. 1, 7 (2003).
In response to the Defendants’ notice of removal, the Plaintiff filed the instant motion
disclaiming any request for relief under federal law, and attached a proposed Amended
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Complaint purporting to remove any cause of action under the Truth in Lending Act. See Am.
Compl., ECF No. [9-3]. “[P]laintiff’s change in legal theory cannot defeat jurisdiction if a
federal question appeared on the face of the complaint.” Herero People’s Reparations Corp. v.
Deutsche Bank, A.G., 370 F.3d 1192, 1195 (D.C. Cir. 2004). The Court has federal question
jurisdiction over the initial Complaint, which the Plaintiff cannot defeat by eliminating the Truth
in Lending Act claim from her Amended Complaint. The Plaintiff may proceed with the claims
stated in her Amended Complaint, but it is the initial Complaint that controls for purposes of
determining this Court’s subject matter jurisdiction.
B. Class Action Fairness Act
Even if the Court were to consider only the claims stated in the Amended Complaint, the
Court still has subject matter jurisdiction. The Class Action Fairness Act (“CAFA”) provides that
federal district courts have subject matter jurisdiction over any class action in which (1) the
amount in controversy exceeds $5,000,000; (2) “any member of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen
of a State different from any defendant”; (3) the aggregate number of proposed class members is
100 or more; and (4) the primary defendants are not states or governmental entities. 28 U.S.C.
§ 1332(d)(2), (5). The Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint satisfies each of these requirements. The
Plaintiff does not contest the fact that the third and fourth requirements are met in this case.
Rather, the Plaintiff’s motion focuses entirely on the first two elements: the amount in
controversy and minimal diversity.
1. Amount in Controversy
The Plaintiff alleges that the amount in controversy requirement for removal under the
CAFA is not satisfied. Initially, the Court notes that the Plaintiff cannot credibly argue that the
original Complaint fails to meet the amount in controversy requirement; Count Six of the initial
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Complaint by itself seeks $5,000,000 in compensatory damages for each class member. Compl.
at 46, ¶ 1001. In terms of the Amended Complaint, the Plaintiff alleges that the amount in
controversy requirement for removal under the CAFA is not satisfied because the CPPA limits
individual recovery to $1,500, which would lead to an aggregate total of $1,107,000 in damages
for the 738 class members. Pl.’s Mot. at 9, 12. The Plaintiff’s argument misconstrues the
limitations provided in the CPPA. The statute provides that damages shall be $1,500 per
violation or treble damages, whichever is greater. D.C. Code § 28-3905(k)(1)(A) (emphasis
added). The Plaintiff asserts that she “is restricting her prayer for damages and for similar [sic]
situated class members to the D.C., statutory limits.” Pl.’s Mot. ¶ 17. The ambiguity in this
disclaimer renders it meaningless; the “statutory limit” could far exceed $1,500 per class member
by trebling each class member’s actual damages.
To the extent the Plaintiff intended to say that she (and each class member) will seek only
$1,500 per violation, there are several issues with this contention. First, the Plaintiff’s Amended
Complaint does not purport to limit recovery for violations of the CPPA to $1,500. Am. Compl.
¶ 83 (requesting “monetary damages permissible by the laws of the District of Columbia as to
compensatory damages and reasonable attorney fees and cost”) (errors in original). The Plaintiff
cannot amend her Amended Complaint to limit her request for damages through an assertion in
her motion. Arbitraje Casa de Cambio, 297 F.Supp.2d at 170. Second, the unnumbered count of
the Amended Complaint relating to the CPPA (beginning with paragraph 75) lists ten separate
violations of the CPPA. Am. Compl. ¶ 75 (alleging violations of D.C. Code § 28-3904(e), (h),
(i), (j), (k), (l), (q), (r), (t), and (u)). Ten violations of the statute with damages of $1,500 per
violation for each of the 738 members of the class amounts to a total of $11,070,000—more than
double the amount in controversy necessary under the CAFA. Third, the Plaintiff’s argument
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assumes that the amount in controversy for purposes of the CAFA would be based only on the
CPPA claims, and not all class claims asserted in the Complaint. In fact, the only count of the
Amended Complaint that does not purport to seek relief on behalf of all class members is Count
Eight. Am. Compl. at 51-52, ¶¶ 113-116. Taking into consideration the other class counts, the
amount in controversy far exceeds the necessary amount. Count Four of the Amended
Complaint, which asserts fraudulent misrepresentation and concealment against Wells Fargo,
explicitly demands $5,000,000 in punitive damages. Am. Compl. ¶ 91; see also id. (seeking
“Compensatory damages and reasonable attorney fees and cost and compensation for Class
Members to the extent permissible by lay, statute and equity”) (errors in original). Even utilizing
the Plaintiff’s proposed maximum damages under the CPPA claim---that is, $1,107,000---the
Complaint in aggregate requests more than $6,107,000 in damages, plainly meeting the
requirements of the Class Action Fairness Act.
2. Minimal Diversity of Citizenship
The Plaintiff further argues that the diversity requirement of the CAFA is not satisfied
here. Initially, the Court notes that the Plaintiff offers no authority for the assertion that she is
“deemed a citizen of her principal place of business.” Pl.’s Mem. at 10. The Amended
Complaint explicitly states that the Plaintiff brings this suit “as an individual,” and not in some
corporate capacity representing her business. Am. Compl. at 2. In terms of natural persons that
are citizens of the United States, the relevant inquiry regarding citizenship for diversity purposes
is where the person is domiciled. See Newman-Green, Inc. v. Alfonzo-Larrain, 490 U.S. 826,
828 (1989). The Plaintiff does not dispute the Defendants’ contention that she is domiciled in
the state of Maryland. Wells Fargo Opp’n at 2-4. Having failed to refute this argument, the
Plaintiff is considered a citizen of Maryland for purposes of this action. Hopkins v. Women's
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Div., Gen. Bd. of Global Ministries, 284 F.Supp.2d 15, 25 (D.D.C. 2003) (“It is well understood
in this Circuit that when a plaintiff files an opposition to a dispositive motion and addresses only
certain arguments raised by the defendant, a court may treat those arguments that the plaintiff
failed to address as conceded.”).
The Plaintiff alleges that the Defendants are all citizens of the District of Columbia
because “there is insurance claims involved,” citing 28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1). Pl.’s Mem. at 10.
Even if true, since the Plaintiff is a citizen of a different state, namely Maryland, the minimal
diversity requirement of the Class Action Fairness Act would still be satisfied. Nevertheless,
because the Defendants’ citizenship is relevant to the Plaintiff’s argument regarding the Court’s
discretionary jurisdiction under the CAFA, the Court shall address the merits of the Plaintiff’s
contention. Section 1332(c)(1) provides, in relevant part, that
in any direct action against the insurer of a policy or contract of liability
insurance, whether incorporated or unincorporated, to which action the insured is
not joined as a party-defendant, such insurer shall be deemed a citizen of
(A) every State and foreign state of which the insured is a citizen;
(B) every State and foreign state by which the insurer has been
incorporated; and
(C) the State or foreign state where the insurer has its principal
place of business[.]
28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1)(A)-(C) (emphasis added). However,
Courts have uniformly defined the term “direct action” as used in this section as
those cases in which a party suffering injuries or damage for which another is
legally responsible is entitled to bring suit against the other’s liability insurer
without joining the insured or first obtaining a judgment against him.
Beckham v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 691 F.2d 898, 901-901 (9th Cir. 1982). In other words, this
case is not a “direct action” for purposes of section 1332(c)(1) because the Plaintiff is not
seeking payment from the Defendants under a policy insuring a third party who has not joined in
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the suit. Rather, the Plaintiff’s claims arise from procedural issues relating to the issuance of an
insurance policy to the Plaintiff. Thus the citizenship of the Defendants for purposes of the
CAFA analysis in this case is governed by the general rules of citizenship for corporations, not
the special provisions for direct actions against insurers.
Defendant Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., is a national banking association with its principal
place of business in South Dakota. Wells Fargo’s Opp’n at 4. For purposes of diversity
jurisdiction, Wells Fargo Bank is considered a citizen of South Dakota only. Wachovia Bank v.
Schmidt, 546 U.S. 303 (2006) (“[A] national bank . . . is a citizen of the State in which its main
office, as set forth in its articles of association, is located.”). Wells Fargo Insurance, Inc. is
incorporated in Minnesota with its principal place of business in St. Louis Park, Minnesota.
Wells Fargo’s Opp’n at 4; Am. Compl. ¶ 3. Pursuant to section 1332, Wells Fargo Insurance is a
citizen of Minnesota only. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1) (“[A] corporation shall be deemed to be a
citizen of every State . . . by which it has been incorporated and of the State . . . where it has its
principal place of business.”). QBE Specialty Insurance Co. is incorporated in North Dakota and
has its principal place of business in New York, while QBE FIRST Insurance Agency, Inc.
(formerly known as Sterling Insurance Agency, Inc.) is incorporated in California and maintains
its principal place of business in Georgia. Notice of Removal, ECF No. [1], ¶¶ 6-7. Therefore,
the QBE Defendants are considered citizens of North Dakota and New York, and California and
Georgia, respectively. The Plaintiff, as a citizen of Maryland, is a citizen of a different state than
each of the Defendants, which more than satisfies the minimum diversity requirements of the
CAFA. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2)(A).
The Plaintiff urges the Court to decline jurisdiction under CAFA pursuant to subsection
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(3),2 which provides that the Court
may, in the interests of justice and looking at the totality of the circumstances,
decline to exercise jurisdiction . . . over a class action in which greater than one-
third but less than two-thirds of the members of all proposed plaintiff classes in
the aggregate and the primary defendants are citizens of the State in which the
action was originally filed based on consideration of [certain factors.]
28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(3). Setting aside the question of the citizenship of the class members, none
of the Defendants are citizens of the state in which the action was originally filed, the District of
Columbia, therefore the Court has no discretion to decline jurisdiction over this matter.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds the QBE Defendants properly removed this
action to federal court. The Complaint on its face states a federal claim, establishing federal
question jurisdiction. The Plaintiff cannot defeat federal question jurisdiction by amending her
Complaint to remove the federal claim. Furthermore, the Complaint and Amended Complaint
each satisfy the requirements for federal subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to the Class Action
Fairness Act: the amount in controversy exceeds $5,000,000, there is minimal diversity between
the parties, the number of class members exceeds 100, and none of the Defendants are state or
governmental entities. Because the Court has subject matter jurisdiction over the Complaint, the
Plaintiff’s [9] Motion to Remand is DENIED. An appropriate Order accompanies this
Memorandum Opinion.
/s/
COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
2
The Plaintiff’s Motion incorrectly cites to subsection 4, which requires the Court to
decline to exercise jurisdiction in certain situations not applicable here.
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Cannon v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
Combined Opinion