UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_________________________________________
:
In re: :
MARTHA A. AKERS, : Adversary Proceeding No. 10-10006
Debtor. :
:
MARTHA A. AKERS, :
:
Appellant, :
v. : Civil Action No. 11-674 (JEB)
:
WINDWARD CAPITAL CORPORATION, et al., :
:
Appellees. :
_________________________________________ :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In the latest of her many pro se actions, Appellant Martha Akers has filed a Notice of
Appeal from adversary proceeding no. 10-10006 in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of
Columbia. She specifically appeals the Bankruptcy Court’s decisions 1) granting summary
judgment to Appellees Windward Capital Corporation and Mooring Financial Corporation; 2)
dismissing her motion to reconsider rulings related to her motion to void the foreclosure sale;
and 3) dismissing her motion to reconsider rulings relating to her motion for preliminary
injunction. See Notice of Appeal at 1. Because none of her challenges passes muster, the Court
will affirm the Bankruptcy Court and dismiss the case.
I. Background
Appellant filed several complaints in the adversary proceeding in the Bankruptcy Court,
each of which is entitled “Amended Complaint.” See Adversary Proceeding No. 10-10006, ECF
Nos. 1, 21, 22. Like all of her pleadings, none of these is easy to follow; fortunately, they are all
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quite brief, none exceeding three pages. The first one alleges that, apparently in connection with
property she owned, Appellant “executed a Deed of Trust and Promissory Note in the amount of
$63,750.00 with the Lender, Windward Capital Corporation, a subsidiary of Mooring Financial
Corporation, who is the server [sic] of the loan.” See ECF No. 1 at 1. She further alleges that on
January 10, 2009, an electrical fire at an adjoining property damaged her property located on H
St., N.E. See id. at 2. Appellees – who are never alleged to be insurers – were allegedly
negligent in handling her damage claim and thereby breached their contract with her. Id.
Plaintiff’s subsequent “Amended Complaints” recite the same allegations with even greater
brevity. See ECF Nos. 21 & 22.
The only claim in this adversary proceeding, therefore, is that Appellees somehow
breached a contract with Appellant by failing to pay for fire damages to her property. Although
Appellees subsequently foreclosed on the property, see In re Akers, 2012 WL 5419318 (D.D.C.
Nov. 7, 2012), such foreclosure is not the subject of her suit in this case.
Appellees moved for summary judgment on this contract claim, but the Bankruptcy Court
did not believe they had adequately addressed the points at issue. See In re Akers, 445 B.R. 1, 3
(Bankr. D.D.C. 2011). The court thus permitted them to file a supplemental motion for summary
judgment, which was ultimately successful. See id. In a fairly lengthy opinion – particularly
when juxtaposed with the cursory Complaint – Judge S. Martin Teel, Jr. granted summary
judgment. He summarized his holding thus:
Akers contends that the force-placed insurance obtained by
Mooring in accordance with the deed of trust was obtained for her
benefit, and that Windward and Mooring had an obligation to
mitigate Akers' losses by more zealously pursuing the true value of
the insurance claim for her benefit. Windward and Mooring, in
turn, argue that the insurance was obtained for their benefit and
their benefit alone, and that they owed no duties to Akers with
respect to the force-placed insurance under which Akers was not a
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named insured. Although the court concludes that the policy was
obtained for the mutual benefit of the lender and Akers, and that
the Windward and Mooring did take on certain duties when they
exercised their option to insure the property, the court also
concludes that they did not breach those limited duties, and that the
fact that the insurance was taken out for the mutual benefit of the
parties does not entitle Akers to pursue policy-related damages
from Windward and Mooring. The court further concludes that
Windward and Mooring had no affirmative duty to pursue and
maximize recovery of the claim under the force-placed insurance
policy on Akers' behalf. Rather, if Akers was not satisfied with
their handling of the claim, her remedy, to the extent one exists,
was limited to an independent right to seek recovery, as a possible
third-party beneficiary of the policy, against Proctor [the insurer].
Id. at 5.
II. Standard of Review
On appeal from a Bankruptcy Court decision, see 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1) (conferring
jurisdiction on federal district courts “to hear appeals . . . from final judgments, orders, and
decrees” of bankruptcy judges), the district court “may affirm, modify, or reverse a bankruptcy
judge’s judgment, order, or decree or remand with instructions for further proceedings.” Fed. R.
Bankr. P. 8013. “Findings of fact . . . shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous.” Id.
Questions of law are reviewed de novo, see Advantage Healthplan, Inc. v. Potter, 391 B.R. 521,
537 (D.D.C. 2008), as are decisions on summary judgment. See In re Capitol Hill Group, 447
B.R. 387, 393 (D.D.C. 2011).
The party seeking to reverse the Bankruptcy Court’s findings bears the burden of proof,
and she “must show that the court’s holding was clearly erroneous as to the assessment of the
facts . . . and not simply that another conclusion could have been reached.” Advantage
Healthplan, 391 B.R. at 537 (quoting In re Johnson, 236 B.R. 510, 518 (D.D.C. 1999)) (internal
quotation marks omitted). “[A] finding of fact is clearly erroneous when, although there is
evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm
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conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Foskey v. Plus Properties, LLC, 437 B.R. 1, 9
(D.D.C. 2010) (citations and quotations marks omitted). In other words, the “decision
must . . . strike [the court] as wrong with the force of a five-week-old, unrefrigerated dead fish.”
Parts & Elec. Motors, Inc. v. Sterling Elec., Inc., 866 F.2d 228, 233 (7th Cir. 1988).
III. Analysis
In appealing the Bankruptcy Court’s grant of summary judgment, Appellant raises
several issues. She initially characterizes her opening brief as a “Complaint for the Judicial
Council of the District of Columbia Circuit” regarding Judge Teel’s “personal bias or prejudice.”
Appellant Br. at ECF p. 4. She also raised therein a number of odd claims about, e.g., violations
of the Sixth and Fifth Amendments. Id. She then filed an “Amended Answer of Appellant.”
See ECF No. 8. In this pleading, she set forth a “Statement of Issues Presented for Review.” Id.
at ECF p. 3. These, as best the Court can discern, are: 1) not permitting a jury trial; 2) permitting
supplemental briefing by Appellees; 3) foreclosing Appellant’s ability to seek damages from the
insurer; 4) considering unsworn and unauthenticated documents; and 5) permitting foreclosure.
Id. at ECF pp. 3-5. The Court will address them sequentially.
A. Jury Trial
Appellant contends that she “submitted a proper Complaint for a jury trial,” id. at ECF p.
5, yet the Bankruptcy Court “abused its discretion by not transferring the Jury trial demand
case.” Id. at ECF p. 3. She claims that, notwithstanding its knowledge of the appellant’s
“mental, financial and physical damages as well as being forced to represent herself with
edification disadvantages,” the Bankruptcy Court “calculatedly denied [her] of the 7th . . . and
5th Constitutional Rights and due process . . . without even one hearing for rebuttal on the
accurateness of the competing inferences.” Id. at ECF p. 5.
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Insofar as Appellant argues that the resolution of her case on summary judgment deprives
her of her Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial, see U.S. Const. amend. VII (“In Suits at
common law . . . the right of trial by jury shall be preserved . . . .”), she is mistaken. “The
Seventh Amendment is not violated by proper entry of summary judgment, because such a ruling
means that no triable issue exists to be submitted to a jury.” Shannon v. Graves, 257 F.3d 1164,
1167 (10th Cir. 2001) (citing Fidelity & Deposit Co. v. United States, 187 U.S. 315, 319-20
(1902)); see Harris v. Interstate Brands Corp., 348 F.3d 761, 762 (8th Cir. 2003) (“A grant of
summary judgment does in itself not violate the Seventh Amendment.”); see also Manaia v.
Potomac Elec. Power Co., 268 F.2d 793, 799 (4th Cir. 1959) (rejecting Seventh Amendment
argument with respect to grant of judgment notwithstanding the jury verdict, noting that parties
“seem to recognize that no constitutional question arises when the court withdraws from the jury
a case in which there is no issue of fact requiring the jury's determination”).
B. Permitting Supplemental Briefing
Appellant next argues that the Bankruptcy Court “advocated” for Appellees, presumably
by allowing them to supplement their motion for summary judgment. In Appellant’s view, the
grant of leave to supplement the motion amounted to the “creation” of an issue that neither she
nor Appellees had raised. This is incorrect. A fair reading of Appellant’s complaint indicates
that she believed herself entitled to damages for harm allegedly sustained as a result of the fire in
the adjacent building and to the proceeds of any insurance claim. In other words, the complaint
raised two issues: what duty, if any, did Appellees owe her with regard to the force-placed
insurance policy, and, if any duty were owed, did Appellees breach it? It was reasonable for the
Bankruptcy Court to require the moving parties to brief these issues, and it was within its
discretion to permit Appellees to supplement the record. Cf. Lujan v. National Wildlife Fed’n,
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497 U.S. 871, 894-98 (1990) (discussing with approval district court’s rejection of supplemental
affidavits as untimely and in violation of its briefing order); Hynes v. Squillace, 143 F.3d 653,
656 (2d Cir. 1998) (concluding that district court did not abuse its discretion in considering
defendants’ supplemental evidence which had not been submitted to magistrate judge to whom
matter had been referred for a report and recommendation).
As part of this argument, Appellant contends that the Bankruptcy Judge “ha[d] a personal
bias or prejudice,” that his rulings were in some way intended for “coercion,” or otherwise
demonstrated a bias against her. Appellant’s Br. at ECF p. 4. Ordinarily, a judge shall
disqualify himself “in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned,”
28 U.S.C. § 455(a), or “[w]here he has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party.” Id. §
455(b)(1). The standard for disqualification under Section 455 is an objective one: “whether a
reasonable and informed observer would question the judge’s impartiality.” See In re Brooks,
383 F.3d 1036, 1043 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (citing United States v. Microsoft Corp., 253 F.3d 34, 114
(D.C. Cir. 2001)) (internal quotation marks omitted). There is a presumption against
disqualification, and the moving party must demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that
disqualification is required by Section 455(a). Cobell v. Norton, 237 F. Supp. 2d 71, 78 (D.D.C.
2003).
Plaintiff offers no evidence – clear, convincing, or otherwise – of judicial bias or
evidence showing that Judge Teel should have recused himself. Her objections pertain to the
substance of his rulings, and a judge’s legal decisions generally are not sufficient grounds to
substantiate a claim of bias. See Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994); Cotton v.
Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 264 F. Supp. 2d 39, 42 (D.D.C. 2003) (denying motion
for recusal where “claim of bias is predicated entirely upon the [magistrate judge’s] rulings with
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respect to the conduct of discovery in the instant action, and rulings regarding discovery and
other issues in three other actions filed by Plaintiffs’ counsel”).
C. Damages From Insurer
Appellant also asserts that “the [order on summary judgment] does not create a[n] option
for the Appellant to pursue damages independently.” Amended Br. at ECF p. 3. The Court
trusts this means that Appellant believes her ability to proceed against Proctor, the insurer, is
foreclosed by the Bankruptcy Court’s ruling. This is not so. Judge Teel clearly stated: “[I]f
Akers was not satisfied with [Appellees’] handling of the claim, her remedy, to the extent one
exists, was limited to an independent right to seek recovery, as a possible third-party beneficiary
of the policy, against Proctor.” 445 B.R. at 5. His ruling in no way precluded her right to
enforce the force-placed insurance policy, even though she had not been a named insured. See
also id. at 9.
D. Unsworn/Unauthenticated Documents
Appellant also contends that, in rendering its decision on summary judgment, the
Bankruptcy Court relied on evidence presented by Appellees “that [was] in large part
inadmissible.” Amended Br. at ECF p. 4. She mentions “conflicting, unsworn and
unauthenticated documents,” id. at ECF p. 3, but the Court is at a loss to determine which
materials she deems objectionable. The only one she mentions is “defendants version of
insurance policy provisions [sic].” Id. She also refers to “Def.’s Mot. Exs.D1-10 [sic],” id., but
neither Appellees’ initial motion for summary judgment nor their supplemental one contained
numbered exhibits, see No. 10-10006, ECF Nos. 74, 102 – they used letter designations – so the
Court does not know to which exhibits she refers.
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As to the “insurance policy provisions” she complains about, the Court can only conclude
that this refers to insurance-related provisions in the deed of trust, since no insurance policy was
attached to Appellees’ Motions. The deed of trust, which appears as Exhibit B to their initial
motion for summary judgment and to their supplemental motion, was indeed authenticated by
Liz Schalow in two sworn affidavits. See ECF No. 74 (Motion for Summary Judgment), Exh. G
(Affidavit of Liz Schalow), ¶ 2 (“A true and correct copy of said Deed of Trust is attached to the
Motion as Exhibit B . . . .”) (underlining deleted); ECF No. 102 (Supplemental Motion), Attach.
7. Appellant is just plain wrong.
Even if the Court were able to identify the challenged materials beyond the insurance
policy, Appellant would still not prevail. To the extent documents “conflict,” it is the
Bankruptcy Court’s role to determine if a material dispute of fact exists. Judge Teel found none,
and that determination is never challenged. As for “unsworn and unauthenticated documents,”
Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which are incorporated in the Bankruptcy
Rules, see Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7056, does not require such authentication. Recent amendments to
Rule 56 “eliminate[] the unequivocal requirement that documents submitted in support of a
summary judgment motion must be authenticated.” Akers v. Beal Bank, 845 F. Supp. 2d 238,
243 (D.D.C. 2012) (citation omitted), aff’d, No. 12-7045, 2012 WL 4774676 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 2,
2012) (per curiam). As the advisory notes make clear, “The requirement that a sworn or
certified copy of a paper referred to in an affidavit or declaration be attached to the affidavit or
declaration is omitted as unnecessary . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) advisory committee’s note on
2010 Amendments. Appellant’s authentication argument about unknown documents, therefore,
is groundless.
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To the extent Appellant is challenging any substantive component of Judge Teel’s
decision regarding insurance and claims – which she at no point actually does in any
comprehensible way – the Court’s review has yielded no reason to believe that the Bankruptcy
Court’s detailed and thorough opinion erred on these issues.
E. Foreclosure
Appellant also appeals the Bankruptcy Court’s decision not to address her foreclosure
claim in connection with Appellees’ motion for summary judgment. As Judge Teel correctly
explained, “The complaint and the amended complaint did not raise this claim. Indeed, this
claim is based on events arising after the filing of the amended complaint, and, accordingly,
could only be asserted via a supplemental complaint.” 445 B.R. at 9. In any event, he added that
she “remains free to pursue, outside of this adversary proceeding, the issue of whether the
foreclosure sale was void for lack of proper notice.” Id. As the claim was not a part of her suit,
it surely was not error for the Bankruptcy Court not to address it.
F. Preliminary Injunction
Plaintiff’s Notice of Appeal also mentions that she is appealing the dismissal of her
motion to reconsider rulings relating to her motion for preliminary injunction. See Notice of
Appeal at 1. This Court in a previous decision several weeks ago has already affirmed the
Bankruptcy Court on this issue. See In re Akers, 2012 WL 5419318 (D.D.C. Nov. 7, 2012).
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IV. Conclusion
The Court, therefore, will affirm the decisions of the Bankruptcy Court, and this case will
be dismissed. An Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
/s/ James E. Boasberg
JAMES E. BOASBERG
Date: November 30, 2012
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