United States v. Moore

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

__________________________
)
CURTIS ALLEN MOORE, JR., )
)
Petitioner, )
)
)
v. ) Criminal Action No. 01-238 (RWR)
) Related to: Civil Action No.
) 03-1320 (RWR)
UNITED STATES, )
)
Respondent. )
__________________________)

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Petitioner Curtis Allen Moore, Jr., filed a motion to vacate

his sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 or, in the alternative, to

conduct an evidentiary hearing, arguing that his counsel provided

ineffective assistance, the court misunderstood its discretion to

depart from the criminal history category calculation, and the

sentencing was unconstitutional in light of United States v.

Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005). The government opposes Moore’s

motion to vacate his sentence, but requests an evidentiary

hearing on whether Moore’s attorney failed to appeal when

requested. Moore has failed to substantiate most of his claims,

and they warrant no hearing or relief. However, because Moore

has alleged facts that may entitle him to relief on the issue of

whether his attorney failed to file an appeal despite Moore’s

requests, Moore is entitled to an evidentiary hearing on that

issue. In addition, because the court materially misperceived
 - 2 -

its sentencing discretion, Moore’s sentence will be vacated and

he will be resentenced.

BACKGROUND

Moore sold cocaine base (“crack”) to undercover police

officers on four occasions before his arrest. (Presentence

Investigation Report (“PSR”) ¶¶ 6-9.) Law enforcement agents

also searched Moore’s residence and vehicle and recovered

additional crack, a loaded revolver, and drug paraphernalia.

(Id. ¶¶ 11, 12, 14.) The weight of all of the crack totaled

267.3 grams. (Id. ¶ 15.) Moore was indicted on five counts.

The first three counts each charged unlawful distribution of five

grams or more of cocaine base. Count 4 charged unlawful

distribution of 50 grams or more of cocaine base, and Count 5

charged unlawful distribution of 50 grams or more of cocaine base

within 1000 feet of Takoma1 Elementary School.

Moore entered a plea agreement with the government. (Gov’t

Opp’n at 3.) In the plea agreement, Moore agreed to plead guilty

to Count 5, acknowledged that he would be treated as a career

offender with an enhanced offense level of 37 and a criminal

history category of VI under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, and

agreed not to seek any downward departures from the guidelines.

(Pet’r Mem. in Support of § 2255 (“Pet’r Mem.”), Ex. 10 (“Plea

Agreement”) ¶¶ 1, 3, 22.) The government agreed to dismiss the

1
The government’s charging papers misspelled the name of the
school as “Tacoma.”
 - 3 -

remaining four counts, to file a downward departure motion under

§ 5K1.1 of the sentencing guidelines if Moore provided

substantial assistance in investigating or prosecuting other

offenders, to not file papers that would double Count 5’s

mandatory minimum sentence under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A), to not

file any charges pertaining to the recovered firearm, and to

consent to a three-level reduction of Moore’s offense level for

pleading guilty. (Id. ¶¶ 15, 16, 19, 22.) Moore pled guilty to

Count 5 at a plea hearing in which the court conducted an

extensive colloquy as required by Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of

Criminal Procedure. The court found Moore’s guilty plea

voluntary and accepted the plea. (Pet’r Mem., Ex. 2 (“Plea Hrg.

Tr.”) at 31.) Moore was detained pending sentencing.

The PSR did classify Moore as a career offender under the

sentencing guidelines. (PSR ¶ 27.) That resulted in a total

offense level of 34 after a three-point reduction for pleading

guilty and a criminal history category of VI, yielding a

sentencing guidelines range of 262 to 327 months in prison. (Id.

¶¶ 27-28, 36, 59.) The government did not file a motion to

depart under § 5K1.1 because the petitioner, while not at fault,

did not provide substantial assistance. (Pet’r Mem., Ex. 1

(“Sent. Tr.”) at 8.) Moore was sentenced in 2002 to 262 months

of imprisonment. (Id. at 23.) Moore claims that after

sentencing, he instructed his attorney, William Gregory Spencer,

to file an appeal immediately and that his mother also made this
 - 4 -

request at a later meeting. (Pet’r Grounds & Supporting Facts

for § 2255 Habeas Review (“Pet’r Grounds”) at 1.) However,

Spencer denies that Moore asked him to appeal. (Gov’t Opp’n at

15.) Spencer says he did later speak with Moore’s mother,

advised her that there was no appealable issue, and said that

Moore should contact Spencer if Moore wanted to appeal. (Id.)

Spencer reports he did not receive any further contact from Moore

and did not file an appeal. (Id.)

Moore asserts that Spencer was ineffective for failing to

request or alert the court to certain downward departures at

sentencing; for advising Moore to plead guilty while

misrepresenting the quantity of the drug evidence and despite

Moore’s exculpatory claims, resulting in a plea that was not

knowing and voluntary; for failing to claim that the government

violated the plea agreement by not filing a substantial

assistance motion under § 5K1.1; and for failing to file a timely

notice of appeal. (Pet’r Grounds at 1-3, 5-17.) Additionally,

Moore argues that the court committed error by not recognizing

its own discretion to depart downward from his criminal history

category (id. at 3-4), and that his sentence was unconstitutional

following Booker.2 (Pet’r Mem. in Support of Mot. for Leave to

Amend § 2255 Mot. at 2.) The government consents to a hearing on

2
This broadly summarizes Moore’s first § 2255 motion, which
contained ten grounds for relief, and his later motion for leave
to amend his first § 2255 motion, which contained four additional
grounds.
 - 5 -

whether Spencer failed to appeal, but opposes the remainder of

Moore’s motion to vacate his sentence by asserting that his plea

was knowing and voluntary, that Spencer was not ineffective, and

that Moore failed to show any prejudice from Spencer’s alleged

errors.3 (Gov’t Opp’n at 3, 14, 16-17.)

DISCUSSION

In a § 2255 motion, the petitioner can move the sentencing

court to “vacate, set aside, or correct the sentence” if the

sentence was “imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of

the United States, or that the court was without jurisdiction to

impose such sentence, or that the sentence was in excess of the

maximum authorized by law. . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a). The

petitioner bears the burden by a preponderance of the evidence.

United States v. Pollard, 602 F. Supp. 2d 165, 168 (D.D.C. 2009).

An evidentiary hearing need not be held when the “motion and the

files and the records of the case conclusively show the prisoner

is entitled to no relief.” United States v. Horne, No. 99-3080,

2000 WL 60246, at *2 (D.C. Cir. Jan. 4, 2000) (per curiam)

(noting that it is within the court’s discretion whether to hold

a hearing when it is the same court that presided over the

petitioner’s criminal proceedings) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

3
The government did not file an opposition to Moore’s motion
for leave to amend his § 2255 motion.
 - 6 -

I. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

In order to prove ineffective assistance of counsel, Moore

must show (1) that counsel’s representation fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) that there is a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result

of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 694 (1984). Counsel’s

performance is evaluated on the basis of how counsel would have

viewed it at the time without the benefit of hindsight. Id.

at 689. To satisfy the first prong, the petitioner must show

that counsel did not provide reasonable service under the

“prevailing professional norms” given the circumstances. Id.

at 688. Courts will look to “an attorney’s ethical duties,

including those which require counsel to bring skill and

knowledge to the case and to provide zealous representation.”

Best v. Drew, Civil Action No. 01-262 (RWR), 2006 WL 2035652, at

*3 (D.D.C. July 18, 2006).

As for the second prong, a reasonable probability is a

“probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. The two-part Strickland test also

applies where a petitioner has pled guilty. Hill v. Lockhart,

474 U.S. 52, 58 (1985). To satisfy the prejudice requirement, a

petitioner who has pled guilty “must show that there is a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he would

not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to
 - 7 -

trial.” Id. at 59; see also Missouri v. Frye, 132 S. Ct. 1399,

1409 (2012) (affirming that the Hill standard continues to govern

“cases where a defendant complains that ineffective assistance

led him to accept a plea offer as opposed to proceeding to

trial”). When the evidence supports a petitioner’s assertion

that he would not have accepted the plea agreement, but for

counsel’s erroneous advice, a petitioner has been prejudiced.

See United States v. Streater, 70 F.3d 1314, 1322-23 (D.C. Cir.

1995) (stating that the defendant’s affidavit asserting his

innocence and intention to argue a defense, his rejection of plea

offers until counsel’s error, and the judge’s sending for a jury

panel support an intent to proceed to trial). To satisfy the

required showing of prejudice, a “defendant must make more than a

bare allegation that he ‘would have pleaded differently and gone

to trial[.]’” United States v. Horne, 987 F.2d 833, 836 (D.C.

Cir. 1993) (quoting Key v. United States, 806 F.2d 133, 139 (7th

Cir. 1986)); see also United States v. Tolson, 372 F. Supp. 2d 1,

19 (D.D.C. 2005) (stating that the Strickland test requires not

“some” probability, but “reasonable” probability, a threshold

that bare allegations fail to satisfy). The prejudice inquiry

determination is “closely related to the objective prediction of

whether the defense could succeed if the case went to trial.”

United States v. Del Rosario, 902 F.2d 55, 58 (D.C. Cir. 1990),

abrogated on other grounds by Padilla v. Kentucky, 130 S. Ct.

1473, 1480-81 (2010) (noting that whether there is a colorable
 - 8 -

claim of innocence is relevant to determining a motion to vacate

a plea due to ineffective assistance of counsel). A petitioner’s

representations “at the plea hearing as to the adequacy of

counsel and the knowing and voluntary nature of his plea . . .

may ‘constitute a formidable barrier’ to his later refutations.”

United States v. Taylor, 139 F.3d 924, 933 (D.C. Cir. 1998)

(quoting Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 73-74 (1977)).

A. Plea not knowing and voluntary

Moore contends that Spencer advised him to plead guilty

after Spencer mischaracterized the government’s evidence and even

after Moore asserted exculpatory facts. Specifically, Moore

asserts that Spencer misstated the weight of the drugs recovered

as 50.1 grams when the lab report indicated a weight of 48.2

grams. (Pet’r Grounds at 10-11.)4 In addition, Spencer allegedly

advised Moore to plead guilty despite Moore’s contentions that

the transaction occurred beyond 1000 feet of a school (id. at 6-

7), and that he was not in possession of crack, but another form

of cocaine base that does not carry an enhanced sentence (id. at

12). Moore claims therefore that the plea was not knowing and

voluntary.

Moore’s plea hearing began with a request that Moore let the

court know if at any time Moore did not understand what was

4
The Drug Enforcement Administration drug analysis report
reflected a net weight of the drugs submitted for analysis as
50.1 grams, and the reserve weight of the drugs after a sample
was tested as 48.2 grams. (Pet’r Mem., Ex. 9.)
 - 9 -

happening or what was being explained. Moore promised to do so.

(Plea Hrg. Tr. at 4-5, 8.)5 Moore confirmed that he had taken no

substances or medicine in the prior 48 hours that could affect

his ability to understand (id. at 5); that he understood the

charge against him and had fully discussed it and the case in

general with his lawyer (id. at 6); that he had had enough time

to discuss with his lawyer whether to accept the government’s

plea offer and was completely satisfied with the services of his

lawyer (id. at 6-7); that he understood that by pleading guilty,

he would give up his right to a jury trial, all the rights

attending a jury trial, and most of his rights to appeal (id. at

11); that he understood that his sentence could be much higher

than the 262-month term his lawyer estimated under the sentencing

guidelines (id. at 19-20); and that he was pleading guilty

because he was guilty and was doing so voluntarily (id. at 30).

In entering his guilty plea to Count 5, Moore admitted under oath

that he made a sale of more than 50 grams of what he knew to be

crack cocaine withing 1000 feet of a school. (Id. at 4, 27-28.)

Moore’s own sworn admissions at his guilty plea pose a

“formidable barrier” for him to overcome. Taylor, 139 F.3d at

933.6 He provides no objective evidence reflecting any deficient

5
He kept his promise, as he did more than once seek
clarification (see Plea Hrg. Tr. at 7:14-19; 18:7-11; 21:11-14;
29:4-8), and receive it.
6
In addition, in light of the Supreme Court’s recent
decision in DePierre v. United States, 131 S. Ct. 2225 (2011),
Moore’s contention that he possessed not crack but another form
 - 10 -

conduct by Spencer that rendered the guilty plea not knowing and

voluntary. Furthermore, the petitioner fails to show objective

evidence that he would have pled differently at the time and gone

to trial. Several factors render compelling Spencer’s advice for

Moore to plead guilty and avoid trial. The direct evidence that

the government could have introduced against Moore at trial

included eyewitness testimony from law enforcement agents who

made or saw four purchases of crack cocaine from Moore; the 267.3

grams of crack cocaine obtained from Moore, his vehicle, and his

residence; video and audio tapes of the undercover transactions;

and a firearm and drug paraphernalia including two scales, a

cutter, and ziplock bags recovered in the searches. The

government would have indicted Moore under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) for

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and under 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c) for possession of a firearm during and in relation to

the commission of a drug trafficking crime (Plea Agreement ¶ 16),

which carries a mandatory consecutive minimum five-year sentence.

Moore would have been subject to double the five-year mandatory

minimum terms of imprisonment on Counts 1 through 3, and double

the ten-year mandatory minimum terms of imprisonment on Counts 4

and 5, due to two qualifying prior felony convictions. See 21

of cocaine base, even if proven, would not affect Moore’s
sentence. DePierre held that “the term ‘cocaine base’ as used in
§ 841(b)(1) means not just ‘crack cocaine,’ but cocaine in its
chemically basic form.” Id. at 2237. Congress thus was found to
have intended enhanced penalties to apply to offenses involving
forms of cocaine base other than crack.
 - 11 -

U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(A) and (B), 851, 860(a). By going to trial,

Moore would have jeopardized his chances to earn a 3-point

offense level reduction at sentencing for accepting

responsibility, and a substantial assistance downward departure

under § 5K1.1.

Additionally, it is unlikely that Moore would have gone to

trial even if the government had been unable to prove that the

crack cocaine weighed at least 50 grams, as charged in Counts 4

and 5, or that distribution occurred within 1000 feet of a

school, as charged in Count 5. Conviction on any of the five

counts still would have been sufficient to trigger the

application of the career offender provision, raising his offense

level and criminal history. Moore still faced three counts of

unlawful distribution of five grams or more of cocaine base,

which he concedes that he committed.7 (Pet’r Grounds at 9.) If

convicted at trial of violating 18 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and

841(b)(1)(B)(iii) -- the offense charged in Counts 1 through 3 --

Moore likely would have had a total offense level of 37 with no

three-point reduction for pleading guilty, and a criminal history

category of VI due to his status as a career offender.8 U.S.

7
Unlike his approach to Count 5, Moore did not discuss the
issue of whether the drugs he distributed relating to Counts 1
through 3 were crack or some other form of cocaine base.
However, Moore admitted that he “was predisposed to commit the
lesser offense of distribution, because he had already done so
three previous times.” (Pet’r Grounds at 9.)
8
Moore was a career offender because he was at least 18
years old at the time of the offenses charged in the indictment,
 - 12 -

Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 4B1.1 (2001). An offense level of

37 and a criminal history category of VI results in a guideline

range of 360 months to life imprisonment, which is a

substantially higher guideline range than Moore was subject to by

pleading guilty with the possibility of a § 5K1.1 downward

departure. These factors do not establish an objective,

reasonable probability that Moore, but for counsel’s alleged

errors, would have not pleaded guilty.

B. Failure to seek downward departures

Moore argues that Spencer was ineffective by not seeking

downward departures on three bases: (1) criminal history category

VI overstated Moore’s criminal history, see United States v.

Johnson, 98 F. App’x 5, 7 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (referring to the

Strickland test to evaluate whether counsel was deficient in not

seeking a downward departure from the defendant’s classification

as a career criminal); (2) the drug transaction did not occur

those offenses are felonies involving a controlled substance, and
he had at least two prior felony convictions involving a crime of
violence or a controlled substance offense. U.S. Sentencing
Guidelines Manual § 4B1.1 (2001). Moore’s past convictions were
for possession and distribution of cocaine, armed robbery (while
on parole for the cocaine convictions), and assault with intent
to kill. (PSR ¶¶ 31, 32.) The career offender guideline
enhanced Moore’s offense level due to the maximum prison terms he
faced. Under § 841(b)(1)(B)(iii), “if any person commits such a
violation after a prior conviction for a felony drug offense has
become final, such person shall be sentenced to a term of
imprisonment which may not be less than 10 years and not more
than life imprisonment.” 18 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)(iii). Moore
has a prior conviction for a felony drug offense. (PSR ¶ 31.)
With a statutory maximum of life imprisonment, Moore’s offense
level is raised to 37 under the career offender provision. U.S.
Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 4B1.1 (2001).
 - 13 -

within 1000 feet of a school; and (3) the government engaged in

“sentence factor manipulation,” or entrapment.

A downward departure request by Spencer would have violated

the plea agreement and jeopardized the benefits in it that Moore

bargained for. Moore agreed in his plea agreement that the

career offender provisions would apply and that he would not

“seek a downward departure for any reason from the otherwise

applicable guideline range established by the Sentencing

Guidelines.” (Plea Agreement ¶¶ 3, 22.) He also agreed under

oath at his plea hearing that he sold crack within 1000 feet of

the Takoma Elementary School. Spencer’s failure to request a

downward departure was not deficient and did not prejudice Moore

when the plea agreement limited such requests. See United States

v. Calderon, 163 F.3d 644, 646 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (finding the

defendant’s claim was barred because she had “agreed as part of a

valid plea bargain not to seek any other downward adjustments to

her sentence”); Douglas v. United States, 306 F. Supp. 2d 16, 18

n.1 (D.D.C. 2004) (noting that the defendant’s express waiver in

his plea agreement of his right to request a downward departure

could be a basis for denying his post-sentencing motion for a

departure); United States v. Eli, 227 F. Supp. 2d 90, 96 (D.D.C.

2002), aff’d, 379 F.3d 1016 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (stating that once

the defendant pled guilty, the attorney’s decision not to contest

the drug evidence at sentencing “was not ineffective assistance
 - 14 -

of counsel[,] but the only reasonable decision he could have

reached”).

Moreover, sentencing entrapment requires a showing of both

inducement by law enforcement and a lack of predisposition.

United States v. Law, 528 F.3d 888, 905 (D.C. Cir. 2008). The

D.C. Circuit has rejected the sentencing factor manipulation or

entrapment argument when its subject is the “unwary criminal” who

has “readily availed himself of the opportunity to perpetrate the

crime” and is not the “unwary innocent.” United States v. Hinds,

329 F.3d 184, 188-89 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (stating that people

“ready, willing and able to deal in drugs . . . can hardly be

described as innocents” and therefore cannot argue entrapment)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

Moore has not established that law enforcement entrapped him

or “‘orchestrated’ the crime[] to occur within 1000 feet of a

school.” United States v. Glover, 153 F.3d 749, 756 (D.C. Cir.

1998). The attachments to Moore’s petition reflect that Moore

willingly met and entered the undercover officer’s car,

instructed the officer to drive north on Piney Branch Road, which

is toward the school,9 sold him crack cocaine, and got out nearby

on Dahlia Street. (Def.’s Mem., Ex. 5(a) at 1.) Moore was not

an “unwary innocent.” He has conceded that he was “predisposed

9
Takoma Elementary School was located at 7010 Piney Branch
Road. See Verizon White Pages for Northern Virginia, January
2001-February 2002, District of Columbia Government listings, at
29.
 - 15 -

to commit the lessor offense of distribution” as he had done

three previous times. (Pet’r Grounds at 9.) Moore has not shown

any evidence that he was not predisposed to commit the crime;

rather, the record reflects that he “readily agreed to the drug

transaction, and showed no hesitation about conducting it[.]”

Glover, 153 F.3d at 757. Under Strickland, Moore cannot

establish that Spencer’s failure to request any downward

departure was objectively unreasonable or that Moore would have

received a more favorable sentence had Spencer sought one in

violation of the plea agreement and exposed Moore to the risk of

the additional charges and higher sentencing exposure explained

above.10 See Johnson, 98 F. App’x at 7 (stating that counsel’s

strategic decision not to make a risky request for a departure

from the career criminal history category was not deficient).

C. Failure to raise a bad faith claim

Moore asserts that his attorney was ineffective for not

arguing that the government breached the plea agreement when it

failed to file a § 5K1.1 motion. He states that his ability to

cooperate was hindered by the government’s bad faith.

10
Nor was it deficient for Spencer to not raise with the
court that § 4A1.3 of the sentencing guidelines allowed the court
to depart downward if the career offender criminal history
category significantly over-represented the seriousness of
Moore’s criminal history. Such an initiative posed a perilous
risk of appearing to seek a downward departure in violation of
the plea agreement and forfeiting the benefits the agreement
provided to Moore.
 - 16 -

A decision about whether to file a § 5K1.1 motion is

committed to the discretion of the government. United States v.

Motley, 587 F.3d 1153, 1159 (D.C. Cir. 2009). Courts can review

the government’s decision to not “‘file a substantial-assistance

motion and [can] grant a remedy if they find that the refusal was

based on an unconstitutional motive.’” Id. (quoting Wade v.

United States, 504 U.S. 181, 185-86 (1992) (stating, for example,

that refusal due to race or religion would entitle the defendant

to relief)). In addition, “a court may grant a remedy if it

finds that the government’s refusal to file a [downward departure

motion] violates due process because it is ‘not rationally

related to any legitimate government end.’” Id. (quoting Wade,

504 U.S. at 186).

Finally, “[a] district court may . . . grant relief if the

government’s refusal [to file a downward departure motion]

breaches its agreement to file such a motion.” Id. (citing In re

Sealed Case No. 97-3112, 181 F.3d 128, 142 (D.C. Cir. 1999)).

When a plea agreement provides for it, the government has a

contingent obligation to file a § 5K1.1 motion for substantial

assistance if it finds that substantial assistance was provided.

United States v. Jones, 58 F.3d 688, 691 (D.C. Cir. 1995). Fair

dealing obligates the prosecutor to evaluate accurate information

about the extent and nature of the defendant’s cooperation. Id.

at 692. If the contingency is not met, though, the government

does not have an obligation to file the motion. Id. at 691.
 - 17 -

A defendant carries the burden of proving bad faith. The

court does not need to inquire into the government’s decision

“‘unless the defendant makes a substantial threshold showing that

the government acted in bad faith,’” United States v. Shah, 263

F. Supp. 2d 10, 33 (D.D.C. 2003), aff’d, 453 F.3d 520 (D.C. Cir.

2006) (quoting United States v. Alegria, 192 F.3d 179, 187 (1st

Cir. 1999)), and once that showing is made, “the defendant would

at least have ‘to demonstrate that he provided the degree of

assistance contemplated by the agreement,’” id. at 33 n.9

(quoting United States v. Conner, 930 F.2d 1073, 1076 (4th Cir.

1991)); see also United States v. Burch, 156 F.3d 1315, 1327

(D.C. Cir. 1998) (stating that because the government complied

with the terms of the plea agreement, the defendant’s counsel

could not have requested the court to compel a § 5K1.1 motion).

Moore’s claim that the government acted in bad faith by

removing agents from the matter in which he was cooperating and

transferring him to a facility in Virginia falls short. Moore

has not shown anything in the record that imposed upon the

government obligations to staff any investigation in any

particular way or to house him in any particular venue. Nor does

anything in the plea agreement impose such obligations. Moore

agreed in the plea agreement that he would not be released

pending sentencing and that any cooperation efforts would occur
 - 18 -

while he was in custody. (Sent. Tr. at 7.)11 Moore still chose

to plead guilty despite the potential difficulty in cooperating.

The government acknowledged the difficulty at sentencing but

concluded that Moore’s cooperation did not rise to the level of

substantial assistance, a judgment committed to the discretion of

the government to make.

Moore has shown no unconstitutional motive, violation of due

process, or breach of the plea agreement by the government in

reaching that conclusion. The record reflects that the United

States Marshal transferred Moore due to space considerations and

that the agent was taken off the case due to events surrounding

the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. (Sent. Tr. at 7,

9.) The government concurred with Spencer’s recitation of

Moore’s limited cooperation and explained that despite Moore’s

efforts, the information provided did not result in any further

investigations or could not be used. (Sent. Tr. at 17.) Moore

has not established that Spencer’s failure to allege bad faith by

the government was objectively unreasonable or prejudiced Moore.

D. Failure to file notice of appeal

Moore complains that he received ineffective assistance of

counsel because Spencer did not comply with Moore’s request to

file an appeal. A lawyer who disregards specific instructions

11
The government was unwilling to risk releasing Moore in
part because he committed the charged offenses while he was on
parole for a South Carolina robbery conviction. (Sent. Tr. at 7,
15-17.)
 - 19 -

from the petitioner to file a notice of appeal acts in a

professionally unreasonable manner. United States v. Taylor, 339

F.3d 973, 977 (D.C. Cir. 2003). Counsel’s failure to file an

appeal requested by the client “cannot be considered a strategic

decision.” Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 477 (2000). A

petitioner is entitled to resentencing and to an appeal without

having to show that it would likely have had merit when his

counsel does not file a requested appeal. See Peguero v. United

States, 526 U.S. 23, 28 (1999) (citing Rodriquez v. United

States, 395 U.S. 327, 329-30 (1969)). If a petitioner’s attorney

does not comply with a request to file an appeal, the sentence

will be vacated and the petitioner will be resentenced to allow

him to appeal. See United States v. Ramos, 807 F. Supp. 1, 3

(D.D.C. 1992).

The court must grant a hearing under § 2255 unless “‘the

motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show

that the prisoner is entitled to no relief.’” United States v.

Pollard, 959 F.2d 1011, 1030 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (quoting 28 U.S.C.

§ 2255). The court has discretion to make this determination and

“[o]nly where the § 2255 motion raises detailed and specific

factual allegations whose resolution requires information outside

of the record or the judge’s personal knowledge or recollection

must a hearing be held.” Id. at 1031 (internal quotation marks

omitted) (noting that “[e]ven if the files and records of the

case do not clearly rebut the allegations of the prisoner, no
 - 20 -

hearing is required where his claims are vague, conclusory, or

palpably incredible”).

The parties present conflicting factual accounts. Moore

asserts that he immediately asked Spencer to file an appeal after

his sentencing and that his mother repeated that request for

Moore in a later meeting with Spencer. According to the

government, Spencer discussed the issue of an appeal with Moore’s

mother, but was not told by Moore or his mother to file an

appeal. The government concedes that a hearing should be held on

this issue. (Gov’t Opp’n at 15.) Moore would be entitled to

relief if his version of the events were found true. Therefore,

Moore is entitled to an evidentiary hearing to resolve the

factual dispute.

II. DISCRETION TO DEPART FROM CRIMINAL HISTORY CALCULATION

Moore argues that the court erred by concluding that it was

bound to impose a sentence within the guideline range produced by

the career offender provision of § 4B1.1. Under the sentencing

guidelines in effect when Moore was sentenced, a court was

authorized to depart downward where “a defendant’s criminal

history category significantly over-represent[ed] the seriousness

of a defendant’s criminal history[.]” U.S. Sentencing Guidelines

Manual § 4A1.3 (2001). The Sentencing Commission did not exclude

from the coverage of this authority career offenders or other

offenders in criminal history category VI. United States v.

Beckham, 968 F.2d 47, 54 (D.C. Cir. 1992). An appellate court
 - 21 -

may review and remand for resentencing a case where a sentencing

court was unaware that it could depart under § 4A1.3. Id. at 53,

55; In re Sealed Case No. 98-3116, 199 F.3d 488, 490 (D.C. Cir.

1999).

Moore’s plea agreement barred him from seeking any downward

departure. Spencer therefore did not raise the availability of a

§ 4A1.3 departure either before sentencing in a sentencing

memorandum or during sentencing. Not surprisingly, the

government did not advance grounds for any downward departure,

much less a departure under § 4A1.3. Lastly, in the portion of

the presentence report captioned “Factors That May Warrant

Departure,” the Probation Office reported that it had no

information which would warrant a departure from the guidelines.

See PSR ¶ 73. Thus, the court’s authority to depart under

§ 4A1.3 was not brought to the court’s attention and indeed, the

court’s expressed belief that it was bound to impose a sentence

within the range of 262 to 327 months (Sent. Tr. at 21-22)

(stating “I am bound by it” and “my hands are tied”) was

mistaken. It is equally clear from the court’s expressions at

sentencing that “given the circumstances of [Moore’s] past,” the

court found the guidelines range to be “grossly excessive” (id.

at 21) and had considered lowered alternatives that might have

been warranted had the court not felt bound. (Id. at 21-22.)
 - 22 -

Thus, granting Moore resentencing relief on this ground is

warranted.12

III. APPLICATION OF BOOKER

Moore sought leave to amend his § 2255 petition to challenge

his sentence on the ground that it is unconstitutional under

Booker because a sentence was imposed based on enhancements not

found by a jury and that the guideline provisions are advisory.13

See United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005) (concluding that

the federal sentencing guidelines were unconstitutional as

mandatory and rendering them advisory). However, Booker does not

apply retroactively to cases on collateral review. In re

Zambrano, 433 F.3d 886, 889 (D.C. Cir. 2006). Moore was

sentenced before Booker was decided. Because Booker is not

applied retroactively, the then-mandatory guidelines applied to

Moore and he is not entitled to Booker relief under § 2255.

However, as Moore is otherwise entitled to resentencing as is

discussed above, and “resentencing occurs under the version of

12
The government in its opposition neither commented upon
nor disputed Moore’s claim that the court erred, thus waiving any
contrary argument it may have had or any argument that Moore has
defaulted this claim by not raising it at sentencing and not
taking a direct appeal. See Pollard, 959 F.2d at 1018-20 (noting
that the government may itself waive an argument that a defendant
has waived a ground for § 2255 relief); United States v. Hicks,
945 F.2d 107, 108 (5th Cir. 1991) (finding where “the government
ha[d] not . . . raised a procedural bar to [an issue’s]
consideration,” it “thus waived its interest in asserting the
finality of the judgment to this extent”).
13
In his motion for leave to amend his complaint, Moore also
repeats some of his earlier claims.
 - 23 -

the Guidelines in effect at the time of resentencing unless such

an application would violate the ex post facto clause,” United

States v. Clark, 8 F.3d 839, 844 (D.C. Cir. 1993), the advisory

guidelines will apply to him.

CONCLUSION AND ORDER

Moore failed to substantiate most of his claims regarding

ineffective assistance of counsel and the application of Booker.

However, a factual dispute exists about whether Moore asked

Spencer to file an appeal, and that dispute must be resolved in a

hearing. In any event, Moore is entitled to a resentencing

hearing since the court misperceived its sentencing discretion.

Therefore, it is hereby

ORDERED that Moore’s § 2255 motion [21] be, and hereby is,

GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. It is further

ORDERED that the Clerk direct the Criminal Justice Act

coordinator to appoint counsel to represent Moore going forward.

It is further

ORDERED that the government confer with Moore’s new counsel

and file a joint status report within 60 days reflecting their

proposal for how the case should proceed in light of the relief

awarded and reflecting three mutually agreeable dates on which to

schedule further proceedings. It is further

ORDERED that the petitioner’s motion [31] for leave to amend

his § 2255 motion be, and hereby is, GRANTED. It is further
 - 24 -

ORDERED that the United States Attorney promptly process all

writs necessary to bring defendant Curtis Allen Moore, Jr. to the

District of Columbia timely for resentencing.

SIGNED this 8th day of August, 2012.

/s/
RICHARD W. ROBERTS
United States District Judge