UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
SBO PICTURES, INC.,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 11-1962 (JDB/JMF)
DOES 1-87,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This case was referred to me for full case management. Currently pending and ready for
resolution is plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to Take Discovery Prior to Rule 26(f) Conference [#3].
Plaintiff, SBO Pictures, Inc., is the owner of the copyright for the motion picture “XXX
Avengers”. Complaint for Copyright Infringement [#1] ¶8. According to plaintiff, numerous
individuals illegally downloaded and distributed its film over the Internet, in violation of the
Copyright Act of 1976, 17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq.1 Id. ¶¶1, 3. At the time the law suit was filed,
plaintiff did not know the identities of these individuals. Id. ¶7. Plaintiff did, however, know the
Internet Protocol (“IP”) address of the computers associated with the alleged infringers. Id.
In its current motion, plaintiff seeks to conduct expedited discovery prior to the Rule
26(f)2 conference so that it may learn the identity of these individuals. [#3-1] at 2. Specifically,
plaintiff seeks leave to serve Rule 45 subpoenas on the various Internet Service Providers
(“ISP”) associated with the previously identified IP addresses, in order to obtain “the true name,
address, telephone number, e-mail address and Media Access Control (“MAC”) address of the
1
All references to the United States Code or the Code of Federal Regulations are to the
electronic versions that appear in Westlaw or Lexis.
2
Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(f).
Defendant to whom the ISP issued an IP address.” Id. In addition, if the ISP identifies an
intermediary ISP as the entity providing online services, plaintiff seeks leave to serve the
subpoena on that ISP. Id.
Plaintiff therefore seeks what is in essence jurisdictional discovery. Pursuant to Rule 26
of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, although “[a] party may not seek discovery from any
source before the parties have conferred as required by Rule 26(f),” they may do so “when
authorized . . . by court order.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(f). Such authorization, however, must be
based on a showing of “good cause”. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(d)(1). “[I]n order to get jurisdictional
discovery[,] a plaintiff must have at least a good faith belief that such discovery will enable it to
show that the court has personal jurisdiction over the defendant.” Caribbean Broad. Sys. Ltd. v.
Cable & Wireless PLC, 148 F.3d 1080, 1090 (D.C. Cir. 1998). Furthermore, it is well within the
court’s purview under Rule 26 to impose reasonable limitations on discovery when “the burden
or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit”. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(2)(c).
See also Linder v. Dep’t of Def., 133 F.3d 17, 24 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (“Whether a burdensome
subpoena is reasonable ‘must be determined according to the facts of the case,’ such as the
party’s need for the documents and the nature and importance of the litigation.”) (internal
citation omitted); In re Micron Tech., Inc. Sec. Litig., 264 F.R.D. 7, 9 (D.D.C. 2010) (“The
‘undue burden’ test requires district courts to be ‘generally sensitive’ to the costs imposed on
third parties . . . .”) (internal quotations omitted); N.C. Right to Life, Inc. v. Leake, 231 F.R.D.
49, 51 (D.D.C. 2005) (“While quashing a subpoena goes against courts’ general preference for a
broad scope of discovery . . . limiting discovery is appropriate when the burden of providing the
documents outweighs the need for it.”).
2
Plaintiff’s cause of action, tortious copyright infringement,3 is brought under a federal
statute, the Copyright Act. The Copyright Act does not provide for the exercise of personal
jurisdiction over alleged infringers on a nationwide or other basis. Plaintiff must therefore
predicate the court’s jurisdiction over the infringers on the reach of District of Columbia law. It
first provides for the exercise of personal jurisdiction over a person domiciled in the District of
Columbia as to “any claim for relief.” D.C. Code § 13-422 (2001). The so-called “long arm”
provision of the personal jurisdiction statute provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
(a) A District of Columbia court may exercise personal
jurisdiction over a person, who acts directly or by an agent,
as to a claim for relief arising from the person’s - -
***
(3) causing tortious injury in the District of Columbia
by an act or omission in the District of Columbia;
D.C. Code § 13-423 (2001).
Thus, unless the infringer is domiciled in the District of Columbia, the question presented
is where the infringement occurred and whether it occurred in the District of Columbia.
In Nu Image, Judge Wilkins considered this very question and followed the approach
taken by the D.C. Circuit in Helmer v. Dolestskaya, 393 F.3d. 201 (D.C. Cir. 2004). Nu Image,
2011 WL 3240562, at *3. In Helmer, plaintiff, a U.S. citizen, brought suit against his former
girlfriend, a Russian citizen, for fraud and breach of contract. Helmer, 393 F.3d. at 203.
Specifically, plaintiff claimed that the defendant failed to reimburse him for real and personal
3
“It is well settled in this jurisdiction [the District of Columbia Circuit] that a claim for
copyright infringement sounds in tort.” Nu Image, Inc. v. Does 1-23,322, — F. Supp. 2d —,
2011 WL 3240562, at *8, n.3 (D.D.C. 2011) (citing Stabilisierungsfonds Fur Wein v. Kaiser,
647 F.2d 200, 207 (D.C. Cir. 1981)).
3
property acquired while they were living together in Moscow. Id. The court of appeals upheld
the lower court’s finding that the injury occurred outside of the District of Columbia:
The district court ruled that although [defendant] fraudulently
concealed her personal background during her visit to the District
of Columbia, the fraud did not cause injury here because [plaintiff]
was not “physically present” in the District of Columbia when
[defendant] incurred the credit card charges, when [plaintiff] paid
the credit card charges, when [plaintiff] purchased the apartment,
or when [defendant] registered the apartment in her own name.
Id. at 208.
As a result, the court of appeals held that, because plaintiff failed to demonstrate that
defendant’s fraud caused him injury in the District of Columbia, the court could not exercise
personal jurisdiction over her as to that count. Id. at 209.
In Nu Image, Judge Wilkins ultimately concluded that it was difficult to see how
defendants living outside of the District of Columbia could have caused plaintiff tortious injury
within the District of Columbia when they downloaded plaintiff’s film. Nu Image, 2011 WL
3240562, at *4. To that end, Judge Wilkins therefore held that discovery prior to the Rule 26(f)
conference was warranted if “the Court finds that the Plaintiff has a good faith basis to believe a
putative defendant may be a District of Columbia resident if a geolocation service places his/her
IP address within the District of Columbia, or within a city located within 30 miles of the
District of Columbia.” Id. Thus, Judge Wilkins denied the plaintiff’s motion for expedited
discovery as to all defendants and indicated instead that he would only entertain a motion for
expedited discovery on the ISPs to “obtain identifying information only for IP addresses that
Plaintiff has a good faith basis to believe are reasonably likely to correspond to internet accounts
located in the District of Columbia.” Id. at *6.
4
In the case at bar, the issue is where the situs of the injury is with respect to the
simultaneous uploading and downloading of copyrighted material from the Internet. According
to plaintiff, the illegal infringement took place as follows:
The torrent protocol makes home computers with low bandwidth
capable of participating in large data transfers across so-called
“Peer-to-Peer” (P2P) networks. The first file-provider decides to
share a file (“seed”) with a torrent network. Then other users
(“peers”) within the network connect to the seed file for
downloading. As additional peers request the same file, they
become part of the same network. Unlike a traditional P2P
network, each new peer receives a different piece of the data from
each peer who has already downloaded the file. This system of
multiple pieces of data coming from peers is called a “swarm.” As
a result, every downloader is also an uploader of the illegally
transferred file and is simultaneously taking copyrighted material
through many ISPs in numerous jurisdictions around the country.
[#1] ¶9.
Irrespective of whether the injury is viewed to be the uploading of the movie, the
downloading of the movie, or both, the focus would be on the physical location of the computers
bearing the unique IP addresses plaintiff claims were involved in the unauthorized distribution of
its film. For non-resident defendants, that would most likely be outside of the District of
Columbia, unless it were shown that they were visiting the District of Columbia at the time of
the alleged infringement.
In this case, plaintiff claims that “[b]y using geo-location techonology, [it] has attempted
to assure that the IP addresses are likely within the geographic location of the Court.” [#1] ¶14.
Although plaintiff supports this claim with a Verification4 from plaintiff’s counsel and a
4
[#1] at 12-14.
5
Declaration5 from Jon Nicolini, the Vice President of Technology for Copyright Enforcement
Group, LLC (“CEG”), plaintiff fails to state with specificity what it believes to be the
“geographic location of the Court” nor does it provide any information as to the geographic
regions served by the various ISPs (Verizon Internet Services, Comcast Cable, and Cox
Communications) identified in its pleadings as having provided service to the alleged infringers.
The Court, therefore, will order plaintiff to briefly supplement its showing regarding its good
faith belief that the IP addresses identified by plaintiff belong to persons who are domiciled in
the District of Columbia and that the ISPs identified by plaintiff serve the District of Columbia.
Finally, the statutory requirements as to venue under the Copyright Act provide
additional and equally insurmountable obstacles to this lawsuit remaining in this Court. Venue
is governed exclusively by 28 U.S.C. § 1400, which states the following: “Civil actions, suits, or
proceedings arising under any Act of Congress relating to copyrights or exclusive rights in mask
works or designs may be instituted in the district in which the defendant or his agent resides or
may be found.” 28 U.S.C. § 1400(a). Thus, plaintiff will also have to convince me that venue
would be proper in this Court.
An Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
SO ORDERED. Digitally signed by John M. Facciola
DN: c=US, st=DC, ou=District of
Columbia,
email=John_M._Facciola@dcd.uscou
rts.gov, o=U.S. District Court, District
of Columbia, cn=John M. Facciola
Date: 2012.01.19 10:19:05 -05'00'
_____________________________
JOHN M. FACCIOLA
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
5
[#1-2].
6