Gon v. Sloane

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
)
ZHENLI YE GON, )
)
Petitioner, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 11-0860 (ABJ)
)
DC OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY )
GENERAL, )
)
Interested Party, )
)
EDWIN D. SLOANE, U.S. Marshal )
for the District of Columbia, et al., )
)
Defendants. )
____________________________________)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Petitioner Zhenli Ye Gon has filed two separate habeas petitions under 28 U.S.C. § 2241

challenging his confinement at the Central Virginia Regional Jail in Orange, Virginia. See Gon

v. Holder et al., No. 11-969, and Gon v. Sloane et al., No. 11-860. 1 The first petition, Gon v.

Holder et al., was originally filed in the Western District of Virginia as Case No. 11-060, and the

court sua sponte transferred the case to this district, where it was re-docketed as D.D.C. Case No.

11-969. Petitioner filed the second petition, Gon v. Sloane, et al., No. 11-860, in this district.

The issue the Court must resolve in both of the pending cases is whether it has jurisdiction to

hear the habeas petitions or whether jurisdiction is proper in the Western District of Virginia.

The Court concludes that it does not have jurisdiction over petitioner’s habeas claims because

petitioner’s immediate physical custodian is not found within this district. Accordingly, the

1 An identical memorandum opinion has been filed in Gon v. Holder, et al., 11-969.
Court will transfer Gon v. Holder et al., No. 11-969, back to the Western District of Virginia

where jurisdiction is proper and dismiss Gon v. Sloane et al., No. 11-860, for lack of jurisdiction.

I. BACKGROUND

Petitioner is a Chinese national with Mexican citizenship who is in the custody of the

United States pending a final decision from the Secretary of State whether to extradite him to

Mexico. Gon v. Holder, 11-969, [Dkt. #1] at 1–2. He is currently detained at the Central

Virginia Regional Jail in Orange, Virginia under a commitment order issued by the Hon. John M.

Facciola, Magistrate Judge for the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. In re

Extradition of Zhenli Ye Gon, No. 08-MC-596 (D.D.C. Feb. 9, 2011) Certificate of

Extraditability and Commitment Order, [Dkt. # 176]. The commitment order stated that

petitioner would “remain committed to the custody of the United States pending final disposition

of this matter by the Secretary of State and [his] surrender to Mexican authorities.” Id.

A. Gon v. Holder et al., 11-969

On February 10, 2011, petitioner filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the

Western District of Virginia pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 2241 and 2243. Gon v. Holder et al., No.

11-969 [Dkt. # 1]. He named as respondents in that action: Floyd Aylor, the warden of the state

facility where he is confined; Gerald S. Holt, the U.S. Marshal for the Western District of

Virginia; Eric Holder, Jr., the Attorney General of the United States; and Hillary Rodham

Clinton, Secretary of State. Id. On April 26, 2011, the government moved to dismiss the

Attorney General and Secretary of State on the grounds that they were not proper respondents

because they did not have immediate physical control over the petitioner. Gon v. Holder et al.,

No. 11-060 [Dkt. # 11] at 15–18 (W.D.V.A.). The government acknowledged that the first

habeas petition was correctly filed in the Western District of Virginia because it named the

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proper respondent – the warden of the Virginia jail who has day-to-day control over petitioner –

and because the warden was found in that district. Id. at 15–17, citing Rumsfield v. Padilla, 542

U.S. 426, 434–35, 443 (2004). 2

On May 24, 2011, the District Court for the Western District of Virginia sua sponte

added the U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia as a respondent and transferred the petition

to this Court, where it was opened as Case No. 11-969. Gon v. Holder, 11-969 [Dkt. # 15]. The

court based its decision on its determination that the U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia

“remain[ed] the officer responsible for petitioner’s custody as ordered by the D.C. District

Court.” Id. at 6. The court found that concurrent jurisdiction existed between the Western

District of Virginia and the District of Columbia over the matter, and because of factors related

to the convenience of the parties, venue “was best placed with the United States District Court

for the District of Columbia.” Id. at 1.

B. Gon v. Sloan, et al., 11-860

On May 6, 2011, petitioner filed another habeas petition in this Court, Gon v. Sloan et al.,

No. 11-860. Petitioner asserts that he filed the second petition before this Court because two

developments in his case had led him to believe that he might be extradited to Mexico before a

court heard his habeas petition on the merits. First, his counsel received a letter from the U.S.

Marshal for the Western District of Virginia, stating that “[his] client [was] currently in the

custody of the U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia, not in the custody of this district.” Gon

v. Holder, 11-969 [Dkt. #10-1]. Second, the government filed its motion to dismiss in the

Western District of Virginia requesting dismissal of the Attorney General and Secretary of State

as respondents. Petr.’s Opp., Gon v. Sloane, et al., 11-860 [Dkt. #12] at 2.

2 The government did not move to dismiss the Gerald S. Holt, U.S. Marshal for the
Western District of Virginia, as a respondent.
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 The second habeas petition challenged petitioner’s confinement under the commitment

order on the same grounds as the first petition but named different respondents – Eric Holder, Jr.,

the U.S. Attorney General; Hillary Rodham Clinton, U.S. Secretary of State; and Edwin D.

Sloane, U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia. Gon v. Sloane, et al., 11-860 [Dkt. # 1] at 1.

On June 22, 2011, the government moved to dismiss the second petition for lack of jurisdiction.

[Dkt. # 10].

II. ANALYSIS

The federal habeas statute plainly states that an application for a writ of habeas corpus

“shall allege . . . the name of the person who has custody over” the prisoner. 28 U.S.C. § 2242;

see also 22 U.S.C. § 2243 (“The writ, or order to show cause, shall be directed to the person

having custody of the person detained.”) To the extent there is a question as to how the statute

should be applied under the circumstances here, this case is governed, as both parties agree, by

the opinion of the Supreme Court in Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S. at 426.

The government argues that petitioner’s habeas petitions should be transferred and/or

dismissed because this Court lacks jurisdiction over petitioner’s immediate physical custodian –

the warden of the Central Virginia Regional Jail. Gon v. Sloan, et al., 11-860 [Dkt. # 10] at 6.

Petitioner agrees that Padilla applies but contends that the U.S. Marshal for District of Columbia

is his immediate custodian because he is the person “with the ability to produce the prisoner’s

body before the habeas court.” Petr.’s Opp., Gon v. Sloan, et al., 11-860 [Dkt. # 12] at 3.

Although petitioner is physically confined in the Western District of Virginia, he argues that the

U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia holds legal custody over him and that he is only being

held in Virginia pursuant to a contract with the U.S. Marshal for this Court. Id. According to

petitioner:

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 [The U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia] has the ability and responsibility
to bring Mr. Ye Gon both as he is transported to and from this Court, while he is
held in lockup under the exclusive authority of the U.S. Marshal for the District of
Columbia downstairs in the courthouse, and during all times when his body is
before this habeas court.

Id. The government acknowledges that the U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia retains

administrative responsibility for petitioner because the certification and commitment order which

led to his confinement was issued from this Court. Respondents’ Reply, Gon v. Sloane et al., 11-

860, [Dkt. # 14] at 3 n.1. Despite these facts, the government argues that Padilla still dictates

that the proper respondent in this case is the warden of the Virginia jail because he is the

petitioner’s “immediate physical custodian” and the person who exercises “day-to-day” control

over the facility and the prisoner. Id., citing Padilla, 542 U.S. at 438; Stokes v. U.S. Parole

Comm’, 374 F.3d 1235 (D.C. Cir. 2004).

A. The Supreme Court’s Decision in Rumsfeld v. Padilla

Padilla, a citizen of the United States, was originally apprehended in connection with a

material witness warrant issued by the United States District Court for the Southern District of

New York. Id. at 430. He was being held in federal criminal custody there when the President

of the United States issued an order designating him an “enemy combatant” and directed the

Secretary of Defense to take him into military custody. Id. at 431. After he was moved to a

naval brig in Charleston, SC, he filed a habeas petition in the Southern District of New York and

named as respondents President George W. Bush, Secretary of Defense Donald M. Rumsfeld,

and the Commander of the Consolidated Naval Brig in Charleston, SC. Id. at 432.

The government moved to dismiss the petition on the grounds that the commander of the

brig was the only proper respondent, and that the Southern District lacked jurisdiction over the

matter. Id. at 432. The Southern District of New York held that the Secretary’s personal

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involvement in Padilla’s military custody made him a proper respondent to the habeas petition,

and it asserted jurisdiction over him under the state’s long-arm statute. Padilla ex rel. Newman

v. Bush, 233 F. Supp. 2d 564 (S.D.N.Y. 2004). The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second

Circuit upheld that determination, stating that when a prisoner is being held for charges “other

than federal criminal violations, the Supreme Court has recognized exceptions to the general

practice of naming the immediate physical custodian as respondent.” Padilla v. Rumsfeld, 352

F.3d 695, 708 (2d Cir. 2003). The court of appeals characterized Secretary Rumsfeld as

Padilla’s custodian for purposes of the habeas statute because he exercised “the legal reality of

control” over the petitioner, and it supported the District Court’s application of the long-arm

statute as well. Id. at 707–10.

But the Supreme Court flatly rejected the notion that either the statute or its own

precedent countenanced the establishment of a separate rule for prisoners being held for reasons

other than a federal criminal offense. It ruled unequivocally that in any challenge to present

physical confinement, “the immediate custodian, not a supervisory official who exercises legal

control, is the proper respondent.” Padilla, 542 U.S. at 439 (“We have never intimated that a

habeas petitioner could name someone other than his immediate physical custodian as

respondent simply because the challenged physical custody does not arise out of a criminal

conviction.”) The Court also confirmed that “for core habeas petitions challenging present

physical confinement, jurisdiction lies in only one district: the district of confinement.” Id. at

443.

B. Under Padilla, the Court Lacks Jurisdiction over the Habeas Petitions

This Court finds that Padilla is controlling here, and therefore, Gon v. Holder et al., 11-

969, must be transferred back to the Western District of Virginia, and Gon v. Sloane et al., 11-

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860, must be dismissed. The Court recognizes that the court in the Western District of Virginia

has already entered an order transferring one of the pending cases here. See Gon v. Holder et al.,

11-969 [Dkt. # 15], and that transfer orders are ordinarily subject to the law-of-the-case doctrine.

See Christianson v. Colt Indus. Operating Corp., 486 U.S. 800, 818–19 (1988). This Court

certainly does not take the step of returning the case lightly. The transfer decision was based

upon the Western District of Virginia’s careful balancing of the considerations set forth in 28

U.S.C. §1404(a), and neither the government nor this Court takes issue with the court’s analysis

of the factors related to the convenience of the parties. Gon v. Holder et al., 11-969 [Dkt. # 15]

at 6–7. So this Court is not undertaking to substitute its evaluation of the grounds for transfer for

the assessment of the transferring court. Rather, this opinion is based solely on the fact that a

necessary predicate for transfer is the existence of jurisdiction in the transferee court, and the

application of Supreme Court precedent indicates that there is no concurrent jurisdiction in this

case. 3 The Court notes that the Western District did not have the benefit of the parties’ briefing

on the narrow question of this Court’s jurisdiction when it entered its order, and that the transfer

order was premised primarily on the Supreme Court’s opinion in Braden v. 30th Judicial Circuit

Court of Ky., 410 U.S. 484 (1973).

But Braden must be read in conjunction with the Supreme Court’s subsequent opinion in

Padilla, which the Western District of Virginia did not have occasion to address. While the

Court did not reject or overturn the Braden decision, it discussed the limits of the opinion, and

distinguished it from the situation presented in Padilla:

3 Moreover, as the government points out, there is no federal correctional facility within
the District of Columbia. If this Court were to recognize the availability of concurrent
jurisdiction in habeas proceedings based on the source of the original order of detention rather
than solely upon the location of the immediate custodian, it would fundamentally alter the
landscape of habeas litigation and facilitate unprecedented and unseemly forum shopping by
D.C. prisoners housed in institutions all over the country.
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 In Braden . . . an Alabama prisoner filed a habeas petition in the Western District
of Kentucky. He did not contest the validity of the Alabama conviction for which
he was confined, but instead challenged a detainer lodged against him in
Kentucky state court. Noting that petitioner sought to challenge a “confinement
that would be imposed in the future,” we held that petitioner was “in custody” in
Kentucky by virtue of the detainer . . . . In these circumstances, the Court held
that the proper respondent was not the prisoner’s immediate physical custodian
(the Alabama warden), but was instead the Kentucky court in which the detainer
was lodged. This made sense because the Alabama warden was not “the person
who [held] him in what [was] alleged to be unlawful custody.” . . . Under Braden,
then, a habeas petitioner who challenges a form of “custody” other than present
physical confinement may name as respondent the entity or person who exercises
legal control with respect to the challenged “custody.” But nothing in Braden
supports departing from the immediate custodian rule in the traditional context of
challenges to present physical confinement.

***
In Braden . . . the immediate custodian rule did not apply because there was no
immediate custodian with respect to the “custody” being challenged. That is not
the case here.

Padilla, 542 U.S. at 438–39 (citations omitted).

So, the question before this Court is whether the instant petition challenges present

custody as in Padilla, or whether it is more like the petition in Braden which did not question the

validity of the prisoner’s current confinement but focused on the future confinement. Petitioner

attempts to characterize his petitions as fitting within the exception to the immediate custodian

rule described in Braden by claiming that he is not challenging his present physical custody so

much as he is “trying to prevent the possibility of future extradition.” Petr.’s Opp. at 8. This

argument has little force. Petitioner’s applications specifically challenge the order under which

he is presently confined – the February 9, 2011 Certificate of Extraditability and Commitment

Order. And since there is an immediate custodian with respect to the custody being challenged,

the warden of the Virginia jail is the appropriate respondent, see Padilla, 542 U.S. at 435 (“the

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proper respondent is the warden of the facility where the prisoner is being held”), and the

Western District of Virginia is the court with jurisdiction. 4 As the Supreme Court stated in

Padilla:

In habeas challenges to present physical confinement . . . the district of
confinement is synonymous with the district court that has territorial jurisdiction
over the proper respondent.
***
Braden does not derogate from the traditional district of confinement rule for core
habeas petitions challenging present physical custody.

Id. at 444–45. See also Stokes, 374 F.3d at 1235 (applying Padilla to require the dismissal of a

habeas petition filed by a prisoner convicted in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia

but housed in Ohio). 5 The Court agrees with the government that “[c]hallenges to present

physical custody, even if supplemented by vague allegations of future custody, still qualify as

core challenges subject to the immediate-custodian and territorial-jurisdiction rules.”

Respondants’ Reply, Gon v. Sloane, et al., 11-860, [Dkt. # 14] at 9, citing Nken v. Napolitano,

607 F. Supp. 2d 149 (D.D.C. 2009).

4 Petitioner’s description of the role to be played by the U.S. Marshal does not change this
analysis. Petitioner is in custody in Virginia and the warden is his immediate custodian; he
claims only that the U.S. Marshal is involved in his transportation to and from the District of
Columbia and his detention for the limited time when he is held in the court’s lockup
immediately before and after court appearances.

5 The Court notes that neither party undertook to grapple with footnote 8 in Padilla, in
which the Supreme Court left open the question of whether the Attorney General would be a
proper respondent to a habeas petition filed by an alien detained pending deportation, but noted
that the majority of lower courts that have considered the question have applied the immediate
custodian rule and found that the Attorney General is not a proper respondent. 542 U.S. 435 n. 8.
Since the Supreme Court did not resolve the issue, this Court is left without the benefit of a
ruling that might be analogous to this case. But it is somewhat notable that the Supreme Court
did not take the opportunity to disagree with the majority approach, and therefore, footnote 8 is
not inconsistent with this Court’s ruling that it is the immediate custodian, and not the Attorney
General or U.S. Marshal who is the proper respondent in this case.
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 Petitioner alternatively argues that even if the challenge to this Court’s jurisdiction was

valid, it has been waived because the government did not object to leaving the U.S. Marshal for

the Western District of Virginia (Marshal Holt) as a respondent in the original habeas action

before it was transferred to D.C. Petr.’s Opp., Gon v. Sloane et al., 11-860 [Dkt. # 12] at 9–11.

The Court is not persuaded by this argument. The government has taken the consistent position

throughout this litigation that the only proper respondent for the habeas petition is the warden of

the Virginia jail where petitioner is confined. The fact that the government moved to dismiss

only the Attorney General and the Secretary of State as respondents in the original habeas

petition and did not include the Marshal for the Western District of Virginia does not waive its

ability to challenge this Court’s jurisdiction now. At the time the motion to dismiss was filed,

the government had no reason to believe that the court in Virginia would sua sponte transfer the

habeas petition to this Court or that petitioner “would belatedly contend that jurisdiction

belonged in the District of Columbia and not in the district in which he originally chose to file

his habeas petition.” Respondents’ Reply, Gon v. Sloane, et al., 11-860 [Dkt. #14] at 12.

Finally, petitioner asks the Court to issue a temporary stay of extradition until the

Western District of Virginia rules on the habeas petition. The record in this case reflects that the

government has already taken steps to suspend any action on the extradition order pending the

resolution of petitioner’s habeas petition. In his memorandum opinion on the extradition request,

Magistrate Judge Facciola denied a request for a motion to stay because “[t]he United States

assures me that the Secretary of State . . . will not remand the defendant to Mexico [if there is

pending habeas petition.]” Mem. Op., In re Extradition of Chenli Ye Gon, No. 08-MC-596 [Dkt.

# 174] (D.D.C. Feb. 9, 2011). The filings in the cases presently before the Court demonstrate

that the government continues to stand by that promise. See, e.g., Respondents’ Reply, Gon v.

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Sloane, et al., 11-860 [Dkt. # 14] at 16 (“[T]he United States assures the Court that it has

suspended action on the extradition request until a district court rules on the merits of the habeas

petition.”) In light of the assurances the government has already made to petitioner and this

Court, petitioner’s request is moot.

CONCLUSION

Counsel for petitioner has made one good faith effort after another to lodge this action in

the appropriate court and to name the proper respondents. But since at bottom, the instant

petitions challenge petitioner’s present custody, it appears to this Court that Supreme Court and

D.C. Circuit precedent call for the matter to be heard in the Western District of Virginia where

petitioner began. Accordingly, the Court will grant the motion to transfer 6 [Dkt. # 25] in Gon v.

Holder et al., 11-969, and will grant the motion to dismiss [Dkt. # 10] in Gon v. Sloane et al., 11-

860. All other pending motions will be dismissed as moot.

A separate order will issue.

AMY BERMAN JACKSON
United States District Judge

DATE: November 22, 2011

6 Because the Court lacks jurisdiction, it declines to dismiss the U.S. Attorney General, the
Secretary of State, and the U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia as respondents.
11