UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
)
TRINETTA McCLAM and N.M., )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 11-381 (RMC)
)
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, )
)
Defendant. )
)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
After prevailing in an administrative action under the Individuals with Disabilities
in Education Act and the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Improvement Act
(collectively “IDEA”), 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq., Trinetta McClam and her son, N.M., brought
this suit seeking attorney’s fees and costs. Plaintiffs have now filed a motion for summary
judgment; the District of Columbia opposes and seeks entry of judgment, arguing, inter alia, that
the attorney’s billing rate is excessive. As explained below, the motion for summary judgment
will be granted in part and denied in part.
I. FACTS
Ms. McClam is the parent of a minor child, N.M. As provided for by the IDEA,
she pursued a free appropriate education for her disabled child. On October 27 and 28 and
November 12, 2009, an administrative due process hearing was held concerning N.M.’s special
education needs. The District concedes that Ms. McClam and N.M. were the prevailing parties
in that proceeding. See Opp’n [Dkt. # 9] at 1.
Under 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(B), a court may award attorney’s fees to a parent
who prevails in an IDEA proceeding. Thus, Plaintiffs submitted a petition for attorney’s fees and
costs to the District in the amount of $44,038.32. Pls.’ Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 8] (“Pls.’
Mot.”), Ex. 2 [Dkt. # 8-6] (invoice dated Dec. 30, 2009). On April 27, 2010, the District paid
$31,333.65 on this first invoice. Then, Plaintiffs submitted a invoice for fees and costs in the
amount of $3,170.47. Pls.’ Mot., Ex. 4 [Dkt. # 8-8] (invoice dated Dec. 27, 2010). The District
made a supplemental payment in the amount of $2,724.78 on May 13, 2011.
The District did not pay the full amount of the invoices because it deleted amounts
attributable to the period before the underlying August 13, 2009 due process complaint filing and
after the November 22, 2009 Hearing Officer’s Determination (“HOD”). The District reduced
the amounts further by discounting the attorney’s hourly rate from $400 and $450 per hour to
$300 per hour through December 9, 2009 and to $400 per hour thereafter and by discounting the
photocopying charge from $0.25 per page to $0.15 per page. The District also refused to pay
mileage and fax charges.
Because the District did not pay the full amount of attorney’s fees and costs
submitted, Plaintiff brought suit seeking the remainder of the amounts invoiced, i.e., $13,150.36.
Plaintiffs now move for summary judgment. The District filed an opposition, asking that
Plaintiffs’ motion be denied and seeking entry of judgment for defendant. See Opp’n at 2, 12.
Because the District seeks entry of judgment, the Court treats the Opposition as a cross motion
for summary judgment. The cross motions for summary judgment will be granted in part and
denied in part.
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II. LEGAL STANDARD
Under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, summary judgment shall
be granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgement as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); accord Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986). Moreover, summary judgment is properly granted
against a party who “after adequate time for discovery and upon motion . . . fails to make a
showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on
which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,
322 (1986).
In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all justifiable
inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor and accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as true.
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. A nonmoving party, however, must establish more than “the mere
existence of a scintilla of evidence” in support of its position. Id. at 252. In addition, the
nonmoving party may not rely solely on allegations or conclusory statements. Greene v. Dalton,
164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Rather, the nonmoving party must present specific facts that
would enable a reasonable jury to find in its favor. Id. at 675. If the evidence “is merely
colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Anderson, 477
U.S. at 249-50 (citations omitted).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Rates
The IDEA authorizes an award of attorney’s fees to a prevailing party who is the
parent of a child with a disability. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(3)(B). Attorney’s fees “shall be based on
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rates prevailing in the community in which the action or proceeding arose for the kind and
quality of services furnished.” Id. § 1415(i)(3)(C). Thus, to recover attorney’s fees, a party must
demonstrate that she is the prevailing party and that the fees sought are reasonable. Rooths v.
Dist. of Columbia, No. 09-492, 2011 WL 3529292, at * 3 (D.D.C. Aug. 9, 2011). Courts
determine whether a fee is reasonable by by calculating the “lodestar fee,” i.e. the number of
hours reasonably expended multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461
U.S. 424, 437 (1983).1 The fee applicant bears the burden of establishing all elements of the
requested fee award, including entitlement to the award, documentation of appropriate hours, and
justification for the reasonableness of the rates. Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 897 (1984);
Covington v. Dist. of Columbia, 57 F.3d 1101, 1107 (D.C. Cir. 1995).2
The determination of a market rate is “inherently difficult” and is decided by the
court in its discretion. Blum, 465 U.S. at 896 n.11. “To inform and assist the court in the
exercise of its discretion, the burden is on the fee applicant to produce satisfactory evidence — in
addition to the attorney’s own affidavits — that the requested rates are in line with those
prevailing in the community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill,
experience and reputation.” Id. “[A]n attorney’s usual billing rate is presumptively the
reasonable rate, provided that this rate is in line with those prevailing in the community for
1
Reasonable attorney’s fees include charges for legal assistants and law clerks. Missouri v.
Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 285 (1989).
2
Fee applications must “include contemporaneous time records of hours worked and rates
claimed, plus a detailed description of the subject matter of the work with supporting documents,
if any.” In re Donovan, 877 F.2d 982, 994 (D.C. Cir. 1989). The billing descriptions can be read
in context, with clarification coming from surrounding billing entries as well as the docket. Heard
v. Dist. of Columbia, Civ. No. 02-296, 2006 WL 2568013, at *14-15 (D.D.C. Sept. 5, 2006).
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similar services . . . .” Kattan by Thomas v. District of Columbia, 995 F.2d 274, 278 (D.C. Cir.
1993).
Here, Plaintiffs seek reimbursement from the District of Columbia for legal
services rendered by the law firm of Jester and Williams, as set forth in two invoices. See Pls.’
Mot., Exs. 2 & 4. The attorney assigned to this case was Elizabeth Jester, who has more than 20
years experience in litigating IDEA cases. See Pl.’s Mot., Decl. of Elizabeth Jester (“Jester
Decl.”) [Dkt. # 8-3]. Her billing rate was $400 per hour for work performed in 2008 and 2009
and $450 per hour thereafter. Id. ¶ 9.
Plaintiffs contend that the rates of $400 and $450 per hour for the services of Ms.
Jester are reasonable because they are below the rate set forth on the Laffey Matrix.3 The Laffey
Matrix was developed by the United States Attorney’s Office for the District of Columbia to
track prevailing attorney’s hourly rates for complex federal litigation in the District of Columbia.
Covington, 57 F.3d at 1109. It “creates one axis for a lawyer’s years of experience in
complicated federal litigation and a second [axis] for rates of compensation.” Griffin v. Wash.
Convention Ctr., 172 F. Supp. 2d 193, 197 (D.D.C. 2001). The rates contained in the Laffey
Matrix are typically treated as the maximum rates that will be presumed to be reasonable when a
court reviews a petition for statutory attorney’s fees. Rooths, 2011 WL 3529292 at *4. For the
years 2008-2010, the Laffey rate for attorneys who have more than 20 years of experience was
$465. See Pls.’ Mot., Ex. 6 [Dkt. # 8-10] (Laffey Matrix 2003-2010).
The District objects to the application of Laffey rates because this IDEA litigation
3
See Laffey v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 572 F. Supp. 354 (D.D.C. 1983), aff’d in part, rev’d
in part on other grounds, 74 F.2d 4 (D.C. Cir. 1984), as modified by Save Our Cumberland
Mountains, Inc. v. Hodel, 857 F.2d 1516, 1524 (D.C. Cir. 1988).
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was not complex federal litigation and was, therefore, not the type of litigation addressed by
Laffey. The District discounted Plaintiffs’ request for fees at the rate of $400 per hour for work
performed in 2008 and 2009 and $450 per hour thereafter; instead, the District paid an hourly
rate of $300 per hour through December 9, 2009 and $400 per hour thereafter.
Federal district courts in this circuit disagree whether Laffey rates should be
applied in IDEA cases. Some district courts have awarded fees in IDEA cases at Laffey rates.
See, e.g., Jackson v. Dist. of Columbia, 696 F Supp. 2d 97, 102 (D.D.C. 2010) (collecting cases
awarding fees at Laffey rates); Cox v. Dist. of Columbia, 754 F. Supp. 2d 66, 75-76 (D.D.C.
2010) (same). In Cox, the court found that the administrative proceeding was complex, noting
that it involved the admission of sixty-five exhibits, the testimony of four witnesses, and written
closing statements. Id. at 76.
In contrast, other courts have declined to award the maximum rates set forth in the
Laffey Matrix. In these cases, the courts have found that the IDEA case in question was not
complex. In Agapito v. Dist. of Columbia, 525 F. Supp. 2d 150 (D.D.C. 2007), this Court
declined to apply Laffey rates to relatively simple and straightforward IDEA cases, describing the
type of straightforward preparation ordinarily required for an IDEA due process hearing:
Preparation for a due process hearing requires (1) the filing of a
hearing request form; (2) participation in a resolution/mediation
session prior to the hearing; (3) submission of all documents and
witnesses to be introduced at the hearing; and (4) representation of
the student and parent at the hearing itself, which involves putting
on witnesses, cross-examining witnesses, and introducing evidence.
Legal argument may also be made. While an [IDEA] case may be
more complicated, the invoices and Hearing Officer Decision
(HOD) in the record shows that these particular matters were not.
525 F. Supp. 2d at 152. In Rooths, the district court similarly noted that most IDEA litigation is
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not complicated:
[IDEA] litigation does not much resemble the sort of complicated
cases in which a plaintiff’s counsel is appropriately awarded fees at
the maximum allowable rate. Like most IDEA cases, the claim on
which the plaintiff prevailed in this action involved very simple
facts, little evidence, and no novel or complicated questions of law.
It was presented in a reasonably informal setting to an
administrative Hearing Officer in a two-hour hearing.
Rooths, 2011 WL 3529292 at *6; accord Wilson v. Dist. of Columbia, Civ. No. 09-2258, 2011
WL 1428090, at *3 (D.D.C. Apr. 14, 2011) (Laffey rates are not generally applicable to IDEA
cases because they are not usually complex); see Muldrow v. Re-Direct, Inc., 397 F. Supp. 2d 1, 4-
5 (D.D.C. 2005) (refusing to apply high-end fees of Laffey to a straightforward negligence suit).
The District has established its own guidelines for hourly rates for IDEA lawyers in
the District of Columbia. Under those guidelines, attorneys with more than twenty years of
experience were paid at the rate of $300 per hour for work done in 2009. See Opp’n [Dkt. # 9] at
9 & Ex. 4 (Harris-Lindsey Decl., filed in Ward v. Dist. of Columbia, No. 09-1874 (D.D.C.) [Dkt.
# 31-1] (Apr. 14, 2011) ¶ 6.4 Some courts have applied rates similar to these. For example, in
Rooths, the court awarded fees at an hourly rate equal to three-quarters of the Laffey rate, rates
almost identical to the District’s guideline rates. See Rooths, 2011 WL 3529292 at *6.
Here, Plaintiffs argue that this particular IDEA case was, in fact, complex. The
due process hearing took three days. In preparation for the hearing, Plaintiffs listed 36 exhibits
4
The Harris-Lindsey Declaration states that the District has been paying Ms. Jester at the rate
of $300 per hour for IDEA cases and implies that this is Ms. Jester’s market rate. The argument is
unconvincing as Ms. Jester responds that she is “fighting” this rate, sometimes successfully. Reply
at 7.
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and 10 witnesses, and the District listed 20 exhibits and 10 witnesses.5 The Hearing Officer
required closing arguments to be written. But all due process hearings have exhibits and
witnesses, and IDEA cases are generally not complex. Plaintiffs have pointed to no novel issue or
other complexity that turned this particular IDEA case into a complicated piece of litigation.
Accordingly, Laffey high-end rates cannot be awarded here. Instead, the rates proposed by the
District — $300 per hour through December 9, 2010 and $400 thereafter— are reasonable.
B. Charges Alleged to be Remote in Time
The District also subtracted charges for work dated before the filing of the due
process complaint on August 13, 2009, and charges for work dated after the filing of the HOD on
November 22, 2009. Plaintiffs have demonstrated that all such charges are related to the
underlying litigation and are chargeable to the District. The first entry on the first invoice is dated
April 2, 2009, and involved Ms. Jester’s contact with an expert, A. Booker, Ph.D. See Pls.’ Mot.,
Ex. 2 [Dkt. # 8-6] (invoice dated Dec. 30, 2009) at 2. Ms. Jester asked Dr. Booker to review the
file in anticipation of his testimony at the due process hearing. Thereafter, Dr. Booker reviewed
the records and observed N.M. at Prospect Learning Center, his educational placement at the time.
Ms. Jester consulted with Dr. Booker several times and then decided to file the due process
complaint. Dr. Booker later testified at the administrative hearing. The charges after November
22, 2009 reflect time Ms. Jester spent ensuring that the District complied with the HOD. Ms.
Jester followed up with the District to make sure that N.M.’s placement at the non-public school
took place and that transportation was provided. Ms. Jester also coordinated and attended the IEP
5
At the hearing, 24 of Plaintiffs’ exhibits and 17 of Respondent’s exhibits were admitted
into evidence. See Pls.’ Mot., Ex. 1 [Dkt. # 8-5] (HOD) at 5. Eleven witnesses testified. HOD at
19.
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meeting ordered by the Hearing Officer to ensure that the District complied with the HOD
requirement for assistive technology. For these reasons, the District will be required to pay
attorney’s fees for the entries on the invoices that are before August 13, 2009 and after November
22, 2009.
C. Costs of Copying, Faxing, and Mileage
The District discounted the per page rate for copying to $0.15 per page and refused
to pay mileage and fax charges. Costs for copying, faxing, and postage are customarily included
in fee awards in IDEA litigation. Kaseman v. Dist. of Columbia, 329 F. Supp. 2d 20, 28 n.7
(D.D.C. 2004). See Johnson v. Holway, 522 F. Supp. 2d 12, 20-22 (D.D.C. 2007) (courts
consider photocopying of exhibits attached to pleadings, filed with the court, introduced into
evidence, or used for impeachment purposes to be “necessarily obtained for use in the case” and
thus taxable as costs under 28 U.S.C. 1920(4) and LCvR 54.1(d)(8)). Further, mileage charges
may be included if they are routinely billed by an attorney to her client. New York v. Microsoft
Corp., 297 F. Supp. 2d 15, 47-48 (D.D.C. 2003) (citing Northcross v. Bd. of Ed. of Memphis, 611
F.2d 624, 639 (6th Cir. 1979)). Thus, the District should be required to pay the costs of copying,
faxing, and mileage.
Even so, Ms. McClam seeks recovery for copying and faxing at an excessive rate
— $0.25 per page. In Holway, the defendant sought reimbursement for copying costs at the rate
of $0.25 per page. Holway, 522 F. Supp. 2d at 20. The plaintiff objected, asserting that Kinko’s
rate in the District of Columbia was $0.10 per page. The defendant then agreed that $0.25 per
page was excessive and instead sought $0.12 per page for copies that it made at its law firm. Id.
The district court found the $0.12 per page rate was reasonable. Id. at 20-21. The defendant also
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sought the copying cost of bound and tabbed trial exhibits at the rate of $0.14 per page. The trial
exhibits were copied by an outside vendor, who characterized the job as a “medium” handling job,
not a “light” handling job. The court also found the $0.14 rate to be reasonable. Id. at 21; see
Bryant v. CIA, 742 F. Supp. 2d 90, 92 n.1 (D.D.C. 2010) (in a FOIA case, the CIA charged $0.10
per page, after the first 100 pages); Interfaith Cmty, Org. v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 426 F.3d 694,
717 (3d Cir. 2005) (vacating an award of costs in part because the district court approved without
explanation copying costs of $0.20 per page; noting that the Fed Ex/Kinko’s rate was $0.07 per
page for bulk copying; and remanding for further consideration). The rate of $0.25 per page for
copying is excessive. The District of Columbia reimbursed Ms. McClam at the rate of $0.15 per
page, and the Court deems this rate to be reasonable. The District shall pay facimile costs at the
same rate, $0.15 per page.
D. Prejudgment Interest
Plaintiffs also seek prejudgment interest on the award of attorney’s fees. Plaintiffs
rely on D.C. Code § 15-108, which provides:
In an action in the United States District Court for the District of
Columbia or the Superior Court of the District of Columbia to
recover a liquidated debt on which interest is payable by contract or
by law or by usage the judgment for the plaintiff shall include
interest on the principal debt from the time when it was due and
payable, at the rate fixed by the contract, if any, until paid.
D.C. Code §15-108. This was not a suit to recover a “liquidated debt,” but instead was one to
establish liability for, and the amount of, attorney’s fees and costs. See Burke v. Groover,
Christie & Merritt, P.C., Civ. Nos. 07-1407 & 07-1420, 2011 WL 2899134, at *9 (D.C. July 21,
2011) (finding that D.C. Code § 15-108 did not apply to a suit to establish tort liability and
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determine damages); Am. Nat’l Red Cross v. Vinton Roofing Co., Inc., 697 F. Supp. 2d 71, 74
(D.D.C. 2010) (noting that a “liquidated debt” is “an easily ascertainable sum certain”).
The determination of whether prejudgment interest should be awarded is within the
discretion of the district court and is subject to equitable considerations. Kaseman, 329 F. Supp.
2d at 28. In Kaseman, the district court awarded prejudgment interest on attorney’s fees because
the District had unreasonably refused to settle plaintiffs’ request for attorney’s fees. Id. The
District had “completely stonewalled” plaintiffs for almost a year and had “presented reasons for
rejecting requests that often bordered on the absurd.” Id. at 28-29. After considering the equities,
the court awarded prejudgment interest on attorney’s fees.
The circumstances in Kaseman are vastly different than the circumstances here.
Here, the District paid the lion’s share of the attorney’s fees, reducing the amount on grounds that
the Court mostly has found to be reasonable. The request for prejudgment interest will be denied.
IV. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on attorney’s fees and costs
[Dkt. # 8] will be granted in part and denied in part. Defendant’s cross motion, as set forth in its
Opposition [Dkt. # 9], also will be granted in part and denied in part.
The District shall be required to pay attorney’s fees as set forth on the invoices at
the rate of $300 per hour for the period through December 9, 2009 and $400 per hour thereafter.
The District shall pay for invoice entries dated before August 13, 2009 and after November 22,
2009; it shall pay fees for facsimile and copying at the rate of $0.15 per page; and it shall pay for
mileage. Plaintiffs shall submit a supplemental invoice to the District, which shall set forth only
those amounts that remain unpaid and that the Court has required the District to pay pursuant to
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this Memorandum Opinion. The District shall pay the invoice promptly. A memorializing Order
accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: September 6, 2011 /s/
ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
United States District Judge
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