UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA )
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v. ) Criminal Action No. 10-320 (RMC)
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THOMAS ANDERSON BOWDOIN, JR., )
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Defendant. )
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MEMORANDUM OPINION
Defendant Thomas A. Bowdoin, Jr., moves to dismiss the criminal indictment against
him due to alleged statutory vagueness defining the alleged crime and because his company,
AdSurfDaily, Inc. (“ASD”), did not deal in “investment contract” securities, as defined in SEC v.
W.H. Howey Co., 328 U.S. 293 (1946). Because the motion is without merit, it will be denied.
I. FACTS
The Indictment charges Mr. Bowdoin with engaging in the unlawful sale of
unregistered securities and the use of fraud and material misrepresentations over interstate wire
communications, in the commission of: (1) Wire Fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1343; (2) Securities Fraud, 15
U.S.C. §§ 78j(b) and 78ff; (3) Aiding and Abetting and Causing An Act to Be Done, 18 U.S.C. § 2;
and (4) the Unlawful Sale of Unregistered Securities, 15 U.S.C. §§ 77e(a)(2) and 77x. Indictment
[Dkt. #3].
In earlier civil forfeiture litigation, ASD described itself as a multi-level marketing
company that offered online advertising. United States v. 8 Gilcrease Lane, Civ. No. 08-1345
(RMC), Emergency Mot. for Return of Seized Funds [Dkt. # 7] at 12. It operated over the Internet
(thereby engaging in transmissions by wire) at www.asdcashgenerator.com and through a related
company, La Fuente Dinero, at www.lafuentedinero.com. According to these sites, ASD
advertisers/members could earn large profits by (1) paying fees to advertise their own webpages, (2)
earning rebates by surfing other advertisers’ webpages on the ASD “rotator,” and (3) earning
commissions by recruiting more advertisers to do the same. See id., Compl. [Dkt. #1] ¶ 15. ASD
promoted its advertising program by offering advertisers a rebate of up to 125% on their advertising
costs. The Government alleged that ASD did not sell any products or services sufficient to generate
the income stream needed to support the rebates and commissions that it promised to pay its
advertisers. Id. ¶ 17.
ASD sold “ad packages,” whereby an advertiser’s webpage appeared on a “rotator”
for view by other advertisers. ASD paid its advertisers a rebate to view a minimum number of
websites each day, thereby insuring that prospects would be viewing each site. In other words, ASD
sold “ad packages” to advertisers and paid the advertisers to look at the webpages of other ASD
advertisers. ASD also paid its advertisers commissions on personal sales of ad packages for referring
other advertisers to ASD and, if they became “members” by paying a monthly fee, ASD paid higher
commissions to the referring “member” on personal sales as well as referral commissions on second
level sales, i.e., sales by a person whom the member had referred.
The Indictment alleges that Mr. Bowdoin perpetrated a scheme to defraud the
members of ASD. Specifically, it alleges that Mr. Bowdoin solicited prospective customers to ASD
based upon, among other things, his promise to use their funds to operate what was represented to
be a profitable Internet advertising company capable of providing high returns on the funds they paid
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to ASD. Over the course of two years, Mr. Bowdoin is alleged to have made numerous
misrepresentations and omissions in order to raise funds including: claiming to be operating a
legitimate Internet advertising company; asserting that ASD had independent revenue to pay
members the returns promised; representing that Mr. Bowdoin’s only run-in with law enforcement
consisted of a traffic ticket, when he had been convicted already of criminal securities violations;
representing that the revenue methodology and numbers ASD published in support of its payouts
were true and accurate, when ASD was really managing its revenue to ensure that it only paid out
about one percent (1%) of a member’s investment each weekday and one-half a percent (.5%) on the
weekends; representing that ASD was not required to register with the United States Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC); and representing that Mr. Bowdoin was operating ASD in a far
different manner than that which he followed. Indictment ¶ 28.
In moving to dismiss the Indictment, Mr. Bowdoin argues:
1. Counts One through Seven of the Indictment, as well as the
criminal forfeiture . . . must be dismissed because the statute defining
what constitutes a [SEC] regulated “security” is unconstitutionally
vague as applied to [Mr.] Bowdoin, and therefore violates the
Defendant’s due process rights under the Fifth Amendment.
2. The statute defining what are SEC-regulated securities is void for
vagueness as applied to [Mr.] Bowdoin because it fails to provide
adequate notice of the proscribed conduct, and it lends itself to
arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.
3. Alternately [sic], Counts One through Seven of the Indictment, as
well as the criminal forfeiture . . . must be dismissed because the ad-
surf business model employed by AdSurfDaily, Inc. and [Mr.]
Bowdoin’s related businesses, as alleged in the indictment, cannot
constitute an SEC-regulated “investment contract” security as defined
under the three-prong test established by the Howey . . . .
Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss [Dkt. # 19] ¶¶ 6–8.
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II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A motion to dismiss an indictment challenges the adequacy of an Indictment on its
face. Thus, the indictment must be viewed as a whole and the allegations must be accepted as true
at this stage of the proceedings. Boyce Motor Lines v. United States, 342 U.S. 337, 343 n.16 (1952);
United States v. Ferris, 807 F.2d 269, 271 (1st Cir. 1986); United States v. Morgan Drive Away, Inc.,
Crim. No. 697-73, 1974 WL 830, *1 (D.D.C. Jan. 24, 1974). The question, then, is whether the
allegations, if proven, would be sufficient to permit a jury to find that the crimes charged were
committed. United States v. Sampson, 371 U.S. 75, 76 (1962).
III. ANALYSIS
Mr. Bowdoin argues that the phrase “investment contract” is an “amorphous
descriptor utilized by prosecutors to characterize a bewildering variety of transactions as
‘securities;’” that the “shifting nature of this vague descriptor” is “often only resolved by judicial
analysis at trial;” and that he faces a loss of liberty and property “at this Court’s potential ad hoc
determination that the ad-surf business model is a regulated ‘investment contract’ — a determination
never available to [Mr.] Bowdoin prior to his indictment.” Def.’s Mem. in Support of Mot. to
Dismiss [Dkt. # 19] (“Def.’s Mem.”) at 3-5.
As detailed above, Mr. Bowdoin advances three possible attacks on the Indictment.
Each is described at times as an “as applied” challenge and at other times as a facial challenge to the
statute. In his brief, however, Mr. Bowdoin offers no argument to support his “as applied” challenge
and the Court will ignore the pretense that he makes one.1 Instead, the Court will address what Mr.
1
Despite repeated references to the statute or the term “investment contract” as being vague
“as applied,” Mr. Bowdoin provides no analysis and the argument is deemed conceded.
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Bowdoin’s brief actually argues: whether the definition of an SEC-regulated “investment contract”
is unconstitutionally vague; and whether the “ad-surf business model simply cannot meet” the three-
prong test for an “investment contract” under Howey, 328 U.S. 293.
A. The Term “Investment Contract” Is Not Unconstitutionally Vague on Its
Face
The definition of a “security” subject to registration with the SEC is provided at 15
U.S.C. § 77b(a)(1), which is the place to start the analysis. It states:
The term “security” means any note, stock, treasury stock, security
future bond, debenture, evidence of indebtedness, certificate of
interest or participation in any profit-sharing agreement, collateral-
trust certificate, preorganization certificate or subscription,
transferable share, investment contract, voting-trust certificate,
certificate of deposit for a security, fractional undivided interest in oil,
gas, or other mineral rights, any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege
on any security, certificate of deposit, or group or index of securities
(including any interest therein or based on the value thereof), or any
put, call, straddle, option, or privilege entered into on a national
securities exchange relating to foreign currency, or, in general, any
interest or instrument commonly known as a “security”, or any
certificate of interest or participation in, temporary or interim
certificate for, receipt for, guarantee of, or warrant or right to
subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing.
15 U.S.C. § 77b(a)(1) (emphasis added). An “investment contract” properly defined constitutes a
“security.” Howey wrestled with the meaning of the term. The Supreme Court noted that it came
from State laws adopted before the federal statute and “had been broadly construed by state courts
so as to afford the investing public a full measure of protection.” 318 U.S. at 298.
Form was disregarded for substance and emphasis was placed upon
economic reality. An investment contract thus came to mean a
contract or scheme for “the placing of capital or laying out of money
in a way intended to secure income or profit from its employment.”
State v. Gopher Tire & Rubber Co., 146 Minn. 52, 56, 177 N.W. 937,
938. This definition was uniformly applied by state courts to a
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variety of situations where individuals were led to invest money in a
common enterprise with the expectation that they would earn a profit
solely through the efforts of the promoter or of someone other than
themselves.
Id. (footnote omitted). “By including an investment contract within the scope of § 2(1) of the
Securities Act, Congress was using a term the meaning of which had been crystalized by this prior
judicial interpretation.” Id.2 When profits were dependent chiefly upon the efforts of the investor
himself, however, no investment contract-type security has been found. See, e.g., State v. Heath, 153
S.E. 855, 858 (N.C. 1930).
Based on this history in State courts, the Supreme Court held that “an investment
contract for purposes of the Securities Act means a contract, transaction or scheme whereby a person
invests his money in a common enterprise and is led to expect profits solely from the efforts of the
promoter or a third party . . . .” Howey, 318 U.S. at 299. The benefits to the Court’s definition were
many: 1) it had “been enunciated and applied many times by lower federal courts”; 2) it permitted
“the fulfillment of the statutory purpose of compelling full and fair disclosure relative to the issuance
of ‘the many types of instruments that in our commercial world fall within the ordinary concept of
a security’”; and 3) it provided “a flexible rather than a static principle, one that is capable of
adaptation to meet the countless and variable schemes devised by those who seek the use of the
money of others on the promise of profits.” 328 U.S. at 299 (emphasis added).
Just in case its point was lost, the Court concluded that:
2
See Stevens v. Liberty Packing Corp., 161 A. 193, 194 (N.J. Ch. 1932) (cited in Howey, 318
U.S. 298 n.4) (in a securities fraud involved with raising rabbits for meat and pelts, the court noted
that “[t]he guaranty of 32 per cent. income per annum alone marks the fraud. It reads like Ponzi’s
lure. If rabbit raising by the company warranted the guaranty, why, at all, let the victim in on the
profit? Why share it?”).
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[A]ll the elements of a profit-seeking business venture are present
here. The investors provide the capital and share in the earnings and
profits; the promoters manage, control and operate the enterprise. It
follows that the arrangements whereby the investors’ interests are
made manifest involve investment contracts, regardless of the legal
terminology in which such contracts are clothed.
Id. at 300. The Court reached the conclusion that the Securities Act was violated even though the
failure to abide by the law “resulted from a bona fide mistake as to the law.” Id. “The test is
whether the scheme involves an investment of money in a common enterprise with profits to come
solely from the efforts of others. If that test be satisfied, it is immaterial whether the enterprise is
speculative or non-speculative or whether there is a sale of property with or without intrinsic value.”
Id. at 301.
Three years before Howey, the Supreme Court grappled with alleged vagueness of
the Securities Act in SEC v. C.M. Joiner Leasing Corp., 320 U.S. 344 (1943). That case dealt with
the SEC’s civil enforcement of the Securities Act against the sellers of investment contract securities.
The Supreme Court noted the 1820 comments of Chief Justice Marshall that “though penal laws are
to be construed strictly, they are not to be construed so strictly as to defeat the obvious intention of
the legislature.” Id. at 354 (quoting United States v. Wiltberger, 5 Wheat. 76, 95 (1820)); see also
United States v. Hartwell 6 Wall. 385, 396 (1867) (“the words [of a statute] should be taken in such
a sense, bent neither one way nor the other, as will best manifest the legislative intent.”) In
accordance with this basic principle, the Court held that “[i]n the present case we do nothing to the
words of the Act; we merely accept them. It would be necessary in any case for any kind of relief
to prove that documents being sold were securities under the Act,” whether by proof within a
document or proof outside the instrument. Id. The only difference between civil and criminal cases
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with regard to the proof required to find that documents were sold as “securities” is the level of proof
— in a criminal case the proof must be beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. Forecasting the decision in
Howey, the Court explained that substance rules over form:
In applying acts of this general purpose, the courts have not been
guided by the nature of the assets back of a particular document or
offering. The test rather is what character the instrument is given in
commerce by the terms of the offer, the plan of distribution, and the
economic inducements held out to the prospect. In the enforcement
of an act as this it is not inappropriate that promoters’ offerings be
judged as being what they were represented to be.
320 U.S. at 352.
The flexible principle set forth in Howey has guided courts since 1946. Mr. Bowdoin
now asserts that it is insufficient to save the statutory text from being unconstitutionally vague. Mr.
Bowdoin argues that “the Howey test itself is over-broad and subject to subjective analysis, thereby
rendering it virtually impossible for individuals to ascertain whether certain transactions are
prohibited absent SEC securities regulation oversight.” Def.’s Mem. at 8. He continues, “because
it is far from clear how to uniformly apply the Howey test to novel fact patterns . . . [,] the SEC
listing of an ‘investment contract’ as a regulated ‘security’ is unconstitutionally vague,” violates Mr.
Bowdoin’s due process rights under the Fifth Amendment, and requires that all counts against him
be dismissed. Id.
The Court cannot oblige. Howey binds the Court and, inasmuch as the Supreme
Court in 1946 found the Securities Act, and specifically its use of the term “investment contract,”
not to be so vague as to prevent enforcement, this Court is not free to substitute its own judgment.
Congress defined securities to include “investment contracts” based upon multiple years of
enforcement of that term by various States under state laws. The lineage of the term is too long and
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well-recognized for Mr. Bowdoin’s 2011 claim of unconstitutional vagueness to stand. Mr.
Bowdoin’s attack on the facial vagueness of the term “investment contract” as a type of security
covered by the Securities Act is without merit.
Even were Howey not dispositive, the Court would deny Mr. Bowdoin’s motion to
find the Securities Act too vague for constitutional enforcement. When the interpretation of a statute
does not implicate First Amendment rights, a vagueness challenge will be assessed only as the statute
has been applied, i.e., “in light of the specific facts of the case at hand and not with regard to the
statute’s facial validity.” United States v. Rybicki, 354 F.3d 124, 129 (2d Cir. 2003) (quoting United
States v. Nadi, 996 F.2d 548, 550 (2d Cir. 1993)). There is a “strong presumpt[ion] of validity that
attaches to an Act of Congress.” United States v. National Dairy Prods. Corp., 372 U.S. 29, 32
(1963). Therefore, a court construes congressional enactments as constitutional whenever possible.
Skilling v. United States, 130 S. Ct. 2896, 2928 (2010). It would be more than passing strange to
conclude in 2011 that the Securities Act, passed decades ago and enforced thousands of times in the
interim, is invalid because of facial vagueness and the Court finds no reason to do so.
B. The Auto-Surf Business Model, As Alleged in the Indictment, Could
Constitute the Sale of Investment Contract Securities
Mr. Bowdoin argues that AdSurfDaily did not sell investment contract securities
because its operations met none of the three prongs of the test established in Howey, i.e., “whereby
a person [1] invests his money in a common enterprise and [2] is led to expect profits [3] solely from
the efforts of the promoter or a third party.” Howey, 328 U.S. at 299. In analyzing his argument,
the Court follows the direction of the Supreme Court to apply the test “in light of the substance —
the economic realities of the transaction — rather than the names that may have been employed by
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the parties.” Nat’l Bhd. of Teamsters v. Daniel, 439 U.S. 551, 558 (1979) (internal quotations and
citations omitted).3
1. Investment of Money
“Investment” is defined as when a person “places his money at risk in anticipation
of a profit[.]” SEC v. Diversified Indus., Inc., 465 F. Supp. 104, 108 (D.D.C. 1979). Mr. Bowdoin
argues that “[t]his prong is certainly not satisfied” because the ASD advertisers “paid funds to
purchase temporary space on the AdSurfDaily internet advertising rotator — this constitutes
consumption of a service and payment therefore.” Def.’s Mem. at 11. Thus, his argument continues:
[T]he sole payments that AdSurfDaily consumers expected back to
them were the rebates paid to purchasing advertisers for the service
of viewing other members’ websites in the rotator, and possible
percentage-based referral commissions for recommending other
advertisers to the site. Neither payment constitutes return on an
“investment.” There was no money at risk — only completed
payments made to buy time on the advertisement rotator, discrete
payments made by the company to advertisers who performed the
service of viewing advertisements on the rotator, and payment of
referral commissions, wholly independent of any alleged
“investment” in AdSurfDaily.
Id. at 12. Direct statements from ASD seemingly contradict this defense and point to an investment
scheme:
I want to congratulate you on your positive decision to join this
exciting business for free today so you can improve your financial
situation, start earning money now with this income earning
opportunity.
You are now joining many thousands of other Ad Cash Generator
members that are just like you who are on this adventure and journey
3
Mr. Bowdoin did not provide evidence through affidavits or otherwise as to how ASD
actually operated — or any other basis — from which the Court could draw legal conclusions on
whether ASD operations met the Howey test.
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for financial freedom. . . .
Well, I’m here in my office making this video with the purpose to
help you get started earning money with our ad cash generator
program. So in order to accomplish this purpose I want to get right
down to business and speak to you as a professional and successful
businessman.
Gov’t Opp’n [Dkt. # 23], Ex. 1 (Tr. of “New Member Success Video” dated 3/16/08) at 1. In
addition, ASD’s promotions on its own website stated that “[a]dvertisers will be paid rebates until
they receive 125% of their ad packages.” See id., Ex. 2 (ASD Terms and Conditions). The
Indictment alleges that Mr. Bowdoin hosted rallies across the country to encourage new members
to join ASD. Indictment ¶¶ 22-23. For prospective members who did not have a business to
advertise, Mr. Bowdoin provided them with a choice of two websites to join and “advertise” on
ASD’s rotator. Id. ¶ 25.
Contrary to Mr. Bowdoin’s characterization of the ASD business, ASD’s promise to
pay back 125% of the value paid to ASD by an advertiser strongly indicates that the joining of ASD
via the purchase of an “advertisement” on the rotator in fact constituted an “investment” for a
financial return. According to the government, the return on investment was based on the dollar
value of money paid by a member to ASD and not the number of advertisements s/he viewed. Gov’t
Opp’n at 12. This practice would separate payments to ASD members from “the service of viewing
advertisements on the rotator” and, again, these alleged facts smack of an investment. Indeed, the
government proffers that Mr. Bowdoin awarded ad packages to employees in the way that an
employer awards bonuses. It argues that Mr. “Bowdoin and the employees of ASK treated the ‘ad
packages’ as shares from which they could expect to earn returns.” Gov’t Opp’n at 12. Moreover,
members did not have to have an ongoing business to advertise; they could join ASD anyhow.
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Indictment ¶ 25. Based on the allegations set forth in the Indictment, the evidence already before
the Court, and the government’s proffers of expected trial evidence, the Court finds that the
allegations, if proven, would be sufficient to permit a jury to find that ASD members were investing.
See Sampson, 371 U.S. at 76.
2. Common Enterprise
The parties agree that the Court should evaluate the alleged common enterprise, the
second element of the definition of “investment contract” security, by determining whether the
government has made a showing of “horizontal commonality, which requires that there be a ‘pooling
of investment funds, shared profits, and shared losses.’” SEC v. Banner Fund Intern., 211 F.3d 602,
614 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (internal citations omitted).
Mr. Bowdoin contends that “[t]he discrete advertising package purchase payments
[made by ASD members to advertise on the Internet rotator] simply do not constitute the requisite
‘pooling’ of ‘investor’ funds, so as to employ these pooled funds to grow the balance, so as to
generate income for the payors.” Def.’s Mem. at 13. In contrast to Mr. Bowdoin’s argument, ASD’s
own website provided a different perspective:
Rebate Distribution: Ad purchase sales and banner ad sales on the
Cash Generator and the sale of ebooks will be totaled at midnight
each night and 50% of the gross sales will be rebated to add
purchasers. Fifty percent of the commissions that the Cash Generator
earns from their sister site, “Attract Marketing System,” will also be
paid as rebates to ad purchasers on the Cash Generator.
Every night at midnight the number of eligible ad packages will be
totaled and divided into the total ad package sales, banner ad sales
and ebook sales to determine the amount of the rebate for each ad
package. That amount will be multiplied by the number of ad
packages in each advertiser’s account and the total will be credited to
his/her cash balance account. Rebates will show up in your account
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after midnight EST.
Gov’t Opp’n, Ex.3 (ASD Website) at 1. Thus, “it was ASD’s stated policy to take the money it
received each day and divide those funds among all the investors who met the nominal ‘surfing’
requirement.” Gov’t Opp’n at 13-14. The Indictment alleges that ASD paid out approximately $31
million to early members and that more than 98% of that money came from monies paid to ASD by
other members, not from banner ad sales, ebooks or any other source. Indictment ¶ 3. Totaling each
day’s ad packages and dividing them into the number of ad package sales to determine the rebate for
each ad package, as ASD told its members it did, would constitute a pooling of funds and a sharing
of profits.
The allegations set forth in the Indictment, together with the evidence already before
the Court and the government’s proffers, are sufficient, if proven, to permit a jury to find that there
was a pooling of investment funds, shared profits, and shared losses. See Sampson, 371 U.S. at 76.
3. Depends on the Efforts of Others
“This court has repeatedly treated [the Howey] test as met when profits are generated
‘predominantly’ from the efforts of others.” Liberty Property Trust v. Republic Props. Corp., 577
F.3d 335, 339 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (internal quotations and citations omitted). See also SEC v. Life
Partners, Inc., 87 F.3d 536, 547 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (“If the investor’s profits depend . . . predominately
upon the promoter’s efforts, then the investor may benefit from the disclosure . . . requirements of
the federal securities laws.”). Mr. Bowdoin argues that ASD members “purchased a valuable
service,” to wit: “the ability to have their business webpages viewed by thousands of people per
day.” Def.’s Mem. at 15. He argues further that since ASD members had to perform this service
to be entitled to rebates, their duties were not “‘nominal or limited’” and had a “‘direct effect upon
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receipt by the participant of the benefit promised by the promoters.’” Def.’s Mem. at 18 (quoting
Steinhardt Group Inc. v. Citicorp, 126 F.3d 144, 153 (3d Cir. 1997)).
The allegations of the Indictment and the evidence before the Court severely undercut
Mr. Bowdoin’s argument. First, ASD told its participants/members that it totaled the new ad
packages sold each day and divided at least 50% of that sum to pre-existing members. Gov’t Opp’n,
Ex. 3 (ASD Website) at 1. Such members could receive rebates without regard to whether they spent
time viewing others’ ads, such as when the ASD site was down and no one could view any
advertisements, see Gov’t Opp’n at 15, and without regard to whether any of the ads they viewed
were selling an actual product because ASD providing “dummy” websites for those who wanted to
participate but had no product to sell. See Indictment ¶ 25. Second, ASD paid out greater returns
to those members who paid in greater sums each month, without regard to its alleged advertising
business. See Gov’t Opp’n, Ex. 4 (ASD Frequently Asked Questions # 16) (“How many web sites
to I have to view in order to earn rebates? If you do not pay a membership fee you must surf 24 sites
daily to earn rebates. If you pay a $10.00 monthly membership fee you must surf 24 sites daily. If
you pay a $25.00 monthly membership fee you only have to surf 18 sites daily. If you pay a $100.00
monthly membership fee you only have to surf 12 sites daily. Each site must be viewed for 15
seconds.”). In sum, the allegations set forth in the Indictment together with the evidence already
before the Court and the Government’s proffers, if proven, are sufficient to permit a jury to find that
ASD members were paid based on the efforts of others. See Sampson, 371 U.S. at 76.
IV. CONCLUSION
The Indictment alleges that Mr. Bowdoin knows precisely how to couch his words
in an attempt to evade the law. See Indictment ¶ 13 (Mr. Bowdoin sent an email stating “[l]et’s don’t
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[sic] use the words investment and returns. Instead, lets [sic] use ad sales and surfing commissions.
The Attorney Generals in the U.S. don’t like for us to use these words in our program.”). His motion
to dismiss the Indictment ignores the teaching of the Supreme Court — that courts should examine
the substance, not form, of a transaction and evaluate its economic reality. Howey, 328 U.S. at 298.
Through the development of State laws, “[a]n investment contract thus came to mean a contract or
scheme for ‘the placing of capital or laying out of money in a way intended to secure income or
profit from its employment.’” Id. This Court cannot find, as a matter of law, that the Indictment fails
to allege crimes here.
Defendant’s motion to dismiss the Indictment [Dkt. # 19] will be denied without
prejudice. A memorializing Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: March 18, 2011 /s/
ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
United States District Judge
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