UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
WAYNE B. UPSHAW,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 09-00664 (CKK)
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
(December 9, 2010)
This action was dismissed in its entirety and administratively closed on November 16,
2009. See Order (Nov. 16, 2009), Docket No. [23]. Plaintiff, with the United States’ consent,
now seeks to re-open the case solely to place the entirety of this action under seal and to remove
one of the Court’s public decisions from its website. See Pl.’s Consent Mot. for Leave to Reopen
& Seal the Case (“Pl.’s Mot.”), Docket No. [26]. For the reasons set forth below, Plaintiff’s
motion is totally lacking in merit and shall be DENIED.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff originally commenced this suit as a state-law tort action against three individuals
in the Superior Court for the District of Columbia. See Compl., Docket No. [1]. Subsequently,
the United States was substituted as the sole defendant, the action was converted into one
brought under the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2671 et seq., and the case was removed
to this Court. See Not. of Removal, Docket No. [1]; Am. Compl., Docket No. [10]. Shortly
thereafter, the United States filed a Motion to Dismiss. See Def.’s Renewed Mot. to Dismiss, or
in the Alternative, for Summ. J., Docket No. [13]. On November 16, 2009, the Court granted the
United States’ Motion to Dismiss and dismissed the action in its entirety. See Order (Nov. 16,
2010), Docket No. [23]. Accompanying the Court’s Order was twenty-one page Memorandum
Opinion (the “Memorandum Opinion”) explaining the basis for the decision. See Mem. Op.
(Nov. 16, 2010), Docket No. [24]. Unsurprisingly, in the course of resolving the motion, the
Court cited to various allegations from Plaintiff’s Complaint. See generally id.
Over nine months later, on August 17, 2010, Plaintiff filed the present Motion to Seal.
See generally Pl.’s Mot. Hardly the model of artful drafting, Plaintiff appears to seek an order
that the entirety of this action be placed under seal, id. at 1, which the Court shall construe as a
request that the public docket and all its contents be sealed. Despite the breadth of Plaintiff’s
request, Plaintiff’s concern (so far as the Court can tell) is directed primarily towards two specific
documents: the Complaint and the Memorandum Opinion. Plaintiff specifically refers to “the
sensitive nature of the allegations in the Complaint,” and requests that the Memorandum Opinion
“be removed from the Court’s web site,” as searches for his name in Internet search engines
“bring[] up this case . . . which has been and could continue to be detrimental to” his ability to
secure employment in the future. Id.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
“[T]he decision as to access [to judicial records] is one best left to the sound discretion of
the trial court, a discretion to be exercised in light of the relevant facts and circumstances of the
particular case.” United States v. Hubbard, 650 F.2d 292, 316-17 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (quoting
Nixon v. Warner Commc’ns, Inc., 435 U.S. 589, 599 (1978)) (notations in original). “[T]he
starting point in considering a motion to seal court records is a ‘strong presumption in favor of
public access to judicial proceedings.’” EEOC v. Nat’l Children’s Ctr. Inc., 98 F.3d 1406, 1409
(D.C. Cir. 1996) (quoting Johnson v. Greater Se. Cmty. Hosp. Corp., 951 F.2d 1268, 1277 (D.C.
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Cir. 1991)). In Hubbard, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals identified six factors that should be
considered in determining whether a movant has shown sufficiently compelling circumstances to
overcome the presumption in favor of public access:
(1) The need for public access to the documents at issue;
(2) The extent of previous public access to the documents at issue;
(3) The fact that someone has objected to disclosure, and the identity of that
person;
(4) The strength of any property or privacy interests asserted;
(5) The possibility of prejudice to those opposing disclosure; and
(6) The purposes for which the documents were introduced during the judicial
proceedings.
Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 317-22; see also Zapp v. Zhenli Ye Gon, __ F. Supp. 2d __, 2010 WL
4260531, at *2 (D.D.C. Oct. 28, 2010) (outlining standard governing motions to seal).
III. DISCUSSION
Through the present motion, Plaintiff seeks an order sealing the entirety of this action,
including the Complaint and the Memorandum Opinion, in light of the purportedly “sensitive
nature” of the allegations involved and the effect disclosure may have on Plaintiff’s ability to
secure future employment. As set forth in greater detail below, the Court concludes that the
balance of the Hubbard factors is decisively against granting the breathtakingly broad relief
requested by Plaintiff.
A. The Need for Public Access to the Documents
Public access to judicial records is “fundamental to a democratic state” and “serves the
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important functions of ensuring the integrity of judicial proceedings in particular and of the law
enforcement process more generally.” Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 315 & n.79; see also Nixon, 435
U.S. at 597 (recognizing a common law right to view court documents). Plaintiff asserts, in
conclusory fashion, that “because the case relates solely to private matters, the public has no need
to access the Complaint.” Pl.’s Mot. at 2. Plaintiff, quite simply, misconstrues the relevant
inquiry and completely ignores the strong public interest in the openness of judicial proceedings,
which exists irrespective of whether the proceedings at issue relate to disputes among private
litigants.
Moreover, Plaintiff has made no attempt to address the need for public access to each and
every document on the public docket and, because his motion is targeted towards sealing the
“entirety of the case,” this failure is fatal. Indeed, Plaintiff has specifically identified only two
documents that he contends contain either “sensitive” information or material potentially
deleterious to his ability to secure future employment. One of those documents – the Complaint
– is specifically referred to and relied upon in the Court’s public decision and the second – the
Memorandum Opinion – is the Court’s public decision. The presumption in favor of public
access is strongest when “the documents at issue [are] . . . specifically referred to in a trial
judge’s public decision,” Nat’l Children’s Ctr., 98 F.3d at 1409 (quoting Hubbard, 650 F.2d at
318), and Plaintiff has fallen woefully short of establishing circumstances that would justify
overcoming the presumption in this case.
For these reasons, the Court concludes that the first Hubbard factor – the need for public
access to the documents at issue – weighs heavily against granting the relief requested.
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B. Previous Public Access to the Documents
“Previous [public] access is a factor which may weigh in favor of subsequent [public]
access.” Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 318. Plaintiff avers (through the unsworn representation of his
counsel) that “[t]he case has not been shared by either party with any third parties, and neither
party has reason to believe that it has been accessed by any third parties.” Pl.’s Mot. at 2.
Plaintiff again misconstrues the relevant inquiry and, moreover, his argument runs counter to
fact.
The first document appearing on the public docket in this action – the Complaint – was
filed in this action on April 9, 2009, and has therefore been publicly available for one year and
eight months (and it was filed in the Superior Court two months earlier). The last document
appearing on the public docket (excepting the present motion) – the Memorandum Opinion – was
posted on November 16, 2009 and appeared on the Court’s website the same day, meaning that it
has been publicly available for well over a year.
In the time since it was first issued, the Memorandum Opinion (and its references to
allegations in the Complaint) has been published in the Federal Supplement, a case law reporter
that compiles select opinions from the United States District Courts. See Upshaw v. United
States, 669 F. Supp. 2d 32 (D.D.C. 2009). Indeed, as of today, two other judges in this District
have cited the Memorandum Opinion as authority in subsequent proceedings. See Johnson v.
Sullivan, __ F. Supp. 2d __, 2010 WL 4340856, at *11 n.6 (D.D.C. Oct. 29, 2010); Geronimo v.
Obama, __ F. Supp. 2d __, 2010 WL 2947052, at *3 n.3 (D.D.C. July 27, 2010). The Court
cannot unring this bell.
In light of the extended history of public access to the documents at issue, their
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publication in a widely distributed case law reporter, and their role in subsequent public judicial
proceedings, the Court concludes that the second Hubbard factor – previous public access to the
documents – weighs heavily against granting the relief requested.
C. The Strength of the Property or Privacy Interests Involved and the Possibility of
Prejudice
The third, fourth, and fifth Hubbard factors are interrelated, and require courts to look at
the strength of the property and privacy interests involved, and to take into account whether
anyone has objected to public disclosure and the possibility of prejudice to that person.1 The fact
that a party moves to seal the record weighs in favor of the party’s motion. See Nat’l Children’s
Ctr., 98 F.3d at 1410 (finding that “only one Hubbard factor counsels in favor of sealing the
consent decree––the fact that the [movant] has objected to the disclosure.”). However, because
there will necessarily be a party objecting to disclosure whenever a court is faced with a motion
to seal, the inquiry does not end there: the district court must assess whether that party would be
prejudiced by disclosure. It is here that Plaintiff’s claim fails.
At the outset, the Court notes the cursory manner in which Plaintiff asserts and describes
his purported interest in sealing the entirety of the public docket in this action. Plaintiff’s entire
discussion of the “strength” of his interests is contained in a two-sentence paragraph, in which
Plaintiff does not quantify, provide evidence for, or otherwise support his characterization of his
interests as “substantial.” See Pl.’s Mot. at 3. Such a cursory argument hardly warrants serious
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A court may also consider whether any party has argued in favor of continued
disclosure. In this case, the United States has consented to Plaintiff’s motion as part of a
settlement reached by the parties, see Pl.’s Mot. Ex. 1 (Settlement Agreement) ¶ 3, but has not
sought to introduce any authority or argument in support of the relief requested. Unsurprisingly,
no third party has attempted to intervene in this action for the sole purpose of opposing Plaintiff’s
motion.
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attention. See, e.g., Wash. Legal Clinic for the Homeless v. Barry, 107 F.3d 32, 39 (D.C. Cir.
1997) (“Because the District raises this issue in a cursory fashion, we decline to resolve it”)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
In any event, while Plaintiff suggests that the continued disclosure of the contents of his
case may “impair” his ability to secure employment in the future, Pl.’s Mot. at 3, so styled, the
“prejudice” has less to do with the contents of the documents themselves than the fact that
Plaintiff commenced suit in the first place. The Court, quite simply, is neither empowered nor
inclined to delete the fact of this litigation from the pages of history. Meanwhile, to the extent
Plaintiff intends to suggest that the “sensitive allegations” described in the Complaint and
referenced in the Memorandum Opinion (as opposed to the fact of litigation itself) may prejudice
him in finding future employment, he has failed to identify the allegations at issue or even
describe them with a sufficient level of generality that would permit the Court to venture an
educated guess. Nor has Plaintiff made any attempt to adduce competent evidence that his
efforts to find alternative employment have in some way been damaged in the nearly two years
since he first commenced this action and the year since the Court issued its Memorandum
Opinion. Indeed, Plaintiff does not even submit a declaration indicating that he has been unable
to find suitable employment.
For all these reasons, the Court concludes that the third, fourth, and fifth Hubbard factors
– the strength of the interests involved, the fact that someone has objected to the disclosure, and
the possibility of prejudice – do not weigh in favor of granting the relief requested.
D. The Purposes for Which the Documents Were Introduced
Finally, Plaintiff suggests that the sixth Hubbard factor – the purposes for which the
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documents were introduced – weighs in his favor because the parties have entered into a
settlement agreement, and therefore there is no further need for this case to remain a matter of
public record. Pl.’s Mot. at 4. Largely neglecting the reason for which the documents were
initially introduced, Plaintiff again misunderstands the relevant inquiry.
As before, Plaintiff makes no attempt to justify the relief sought for the vast majority of
documents on the public docket. Instead, he references only the Complaint, which he contends
was filed to “clear [his] name.” Id. But Plaintiff voluntarily commenced a public proceeding to
air his dispute, and invoked the jurisdiction of this Court to do so. The filing of the Complaint
was a necessary step in that process, and the mere fact that Plaintiff may have subsequently
managed to secure a settlement in connection with his dispute does not alter that conclusion.
Meanwhile, while the Memorandum Opinion was, in the first instance, designed to explain the
basis for its decision concerning the immediate dispute between the parties, the reasons for its
initial disclosure are broader, and extend to the fundamental and undeniable interest in ensuring
the integrity of judicial proceedings. Simply put, open and transparent judicial decision-making
is essential to furthering this end. It is also the basic premise underlying a judicial system, such
as ours, dependent upon the development of legal precedent through the public issuance of court
decisions.
For these reasons, the Court concludes that the sixth Hubbard factor – the purposes for
which the documents were introduced – weighs against granting the relief sought.
IV. CONCLUSION
After weighing the six Hubbard factors, the Court concludes that balance of the six
factors is heavily against granting the relief sought. In light of “the strong presumption in favor
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of public access to judicial proceedings,” Johnson, 951 F.2d at 1277, the Court shall DENY [26]
Plaintiff’s Consent Motion for Leave to Reopen and Seal the Case. An appropriate Order
accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: December 9, 2010
/s/
COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
United States District Judge
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