UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
IN RE POLAR BEAR ENDANGERED
SPECIES ACT LISTING AND § 4(d)
RULE LITIGATION Misc. Action No. 08-764 (EGS)
MDL Docket No. 1993
This Document Relates To:
ALL CASES
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In May 2008, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS”)
issued its final rule listing the polar bear as a “threatened”
species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, which affords
special protections to endangered and threatened fish and
wildlife species. See Determination of Threatened Status for the
Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) Throughout Its Range, 72 Fed. Reg.
28,212 (May 15, 2008) (the “Listing Rule”). The publication of
the Listing Rule triggered lawsuits by a number of organizations
and individuals: (1) the State of Alaska (“Alaska”) (State of
Alaska v. Salazar,1 et al., Case No. 08-1352); (2) Safari Club
International and Safari Club International Foundation (“SCI”)
(Safari Club Int’l, et al. v. Salazar, et al., Case No. 08-1550);
(3) California Cattlemen’s Association and the Congress of Racial
Equality (“CCA”) (California Cattlemen’s Ass’n, et al. v.
1
Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d), Interior Secretary
Ken Salazar is automatically substituted as a defendant for his
predecessor, Dirk Kempthorne, who was sued in his official
capacity.
Salazar, et al., Case No. 08-1689); (4) Center for Biological
Diversity, Natural Resources Defense Council, and Greenpeace
(“CBD”) (Ctr. for Biological Diversity, et al. v. Salazar, et
al., Case No. 08-2113); and (5) Conservation Force, the
Inuvialuit Game Council, and numerous hunting and trapping
organizations as well as individuals (collectively, “CF”)
(Conservation Force, et al. v. Salazar, et al., Case No. 09-245).
These five actions were consolidated before this Court, along
with six related actions, pursuant to an order of the Judicial
Panel on Multi-District Litigation.2 In re Polar Bear Endangered
Species Act Listing and 4(d) Rule Litigation, Case No. 08-764,
Docket No. 1.3
2
On the same day that FWS issued its final rule listing
the polar bear as a threatened species, the Secretary of the
Interior published proposed regulations pursuant to 16 U.S.C.
§ 1533(d), which authorizes the Secretary to issue “such
regulations as he deems necessary and advisable to provide for
the conservation” of a threatened species. See Special Rule for
the Polar Bear, 73 Fed. Reg. 28,306 (May 15, 2008) (“Interim 4(d)
Rule”). These regulations were later finalized and codified at
50 C.F.R. § 17.40(q) and are the subject of two additional
actions before this Court. The four remaining actions challenge
the FWS’s subsequent refusal to issue permits for importing
sport-hunted polar bear trophies under the Marine Mammal
Protection Act (“MMPA”), 16 U.S.C. §§ 1371 et seq. These six
actions have been briefed separately from the Listing Rule cases;
therefore, the Court does not address either the 4(d) Rule or the
import ban challenges here.
3
Unless otherwise specified, all references to
pleadings, proceedings, hearings, opinions, and orders relate to
the case of In re Polar Bear Endangered Species Act Listing and
4(d) Rule Litigation, Case No. 08-764, and can be found on that
case’s docket.
2
Each of these plaintiffs has challenged the Listing Rule
under the Endangered Species Act (“ESA” or “the Act”), 16 U.S.C.
§§ 1531 et seq., and the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”),
5 U.S.C. §§ 551 et seq., claiming that FWS’s decision to list the
polar bear as a threatened species was arbitrary and capricious
and an abuse of agency discretion. Among other claims, plaintiff
CBD contends that the decision to list the polar bear as
“threatened” was arbitrary and capricious because the polar bear
meets the definition of an “endangered” species under the ESA and
thus qualifies for a higher level of protection. The remaining
plaintiffs (collectively, the “Joint Plaintiffs”) contend, among
other things, that the decision to list the polar bear was
arbitrary and capricious because the polar bear does not meet the
definition of a threatened species and therefore does not qualify
for ESA protections.4
4
Several groups have intervened to defend against the
plaintiffs’ challenges to the Listing Rule. Specifically, this
Court permitted the Alaska Oil and Gas Association (“AOGA”) and
the Arctic Slope Regional Corporation (“ASRC”) to intervene as
defendants in Center for Biological Diversity, et al. v. Salazar,
et al., Case No. 08-2113, the challenge brought by plaintiff CBD.
The Court also permitted SCI, a plaintiff in its own action, to
intervene as a defendant in the action brought by plaintiff CBD.
In addition, CBD was allowed to intervene as a defendant in the
remaining challenges to the Listing Rule (State of Alaska v.
Salazar, et al., Case No. 08-1352; Safari Club Int’l, et al. v.
Salazar, et al., Case No. 08-1550; California Cattlemen’s Ass’n,
et al. v. Salazar, et al., Case No. 08-1689; and Conservation
Force, et al. v. Salazar, et al., Case No. 09-245).
3
Pending before the Court are the parties’ cross-motions for
summary judgment. Upon careful consideration of the plaintiffs’
motions, the federal defendants’ and defendant-intervenors’
cross-motions, the various oppositions, replies, and supplemental
briefs, the relevant law, the administrative record, statements
made by counsel at the hearing held on October 20, 2010, and for
the reasons stated herein, the Court concludes that FWS failed to
adequately explain the legal basis for its Listing Rule. The
federal defendants contend that, as a matter of law, an
“endangered species” must be in imminent danger of extinction.
The Court rejects the federal defendants’ erroneous conclusion
that an imminence requirement is mandated by the plain meaning of
the statute. Because the federal defendants failed to
acknowledge ambiguities in the definition of an endangered
species, this Court can neither defer to the agency’s plain-
meaning interpretation nor impose its own interpretation of the
statute; instead the Court must remand the Listing Rule to the
agency to treat the statutory language as ambiguous. See Peter
Pan Bus Lines, Inc. v. Fed. Motor Carrier Safety Admin., 471 F.3d
1350, 1354 (D.C. Cir. 2006). The Court therefore REMANDS the
Listing Rule to the agency for this limited purpose. Having
found sufficient grounds to remand to the agency on this
threshold issue, the Court defers ruling on the merits of the
4
parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment.5 See, e.g., In re
Checkosky, 23 F.3d 452, 463 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (noting that
“reviewing courts will often and quite properly pause before
exercising full judicial review and remand to the agency for a
more complete explanation of a troubling aspect of the agency’s
decision”).
I. BACKGROUND
A. Statutory Background
The ESA has been described as “the most comprehensive
legislation for the preservation of endangered species ever
enacted by any nation.” Tennessee Valley Auth. v. Hill, 437
U.S. 153, 180 (1978). Congress enacted the ESA “to provide a
means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and
threatened species depend may be conserved, [and] to provide a
program for the conservation of such endangered species and
threatened species.” 16 U.S.C. § 1531(b). “The plain intent of
Congress in enacting this statute was to halt and reverse the
5
The federal defendants contest plaintiff CCA’s standing
to challenge the Listing Rule. See Federal Defendants’ Combined
Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motions for Summary Judgment and Cross-
Motion for Summary Judgment on Listing Rule Claims (“FD Op.
Mem.”) at 20. Because the Court does not reach the merits of
CCA’s claims at this time, the Court also defers ruling on its
jurisdiction to decide those claims. See Warth v. Seldin, 422
U.S. 490, 498 (1975) (“In essence the question of standing is
whether the litigant is entitled to have the court decide the
merits of the dispute or of particular issues.”).
5
trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost.” Tennessee
Valley Auth., 437 U.S. at 184.
The ESA’s protections are triggered when a species is
designated as either “threatened” or “endangered.”6 An
“endangered species” is “any species which is in danger of
extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.”
16 U.S.C. § 1532(6). A “threatened species” is “any species
which is likely to become an endangered species within the
foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its
range.” Id. § 1532(20). The ESA requires the Secretary of the
Interior to publish and maintain a list of all species that have
been designated as threatened or endangered. Id. § 1533(c).
Species are added to and removed from this list after notice and
an opportunity for public comment, either on the initiative of
the Secretary or as a result of a petition submitted by an
“interested person.” Id. §§ 1533(b)(1), (3), (5). The Secretary
6
A designation of “endangered” triggers a broad scope of
protections, including a prohibition on “taking” individual
members of the species. See 16 U.S.C. § 1538(a)(1)(B). See also
id. § 1532(19) (The term “take” means to “harass, harm, pursue,
hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or to
attempt to engage in any such conduct.”). A designation of
“threatened” requires the Secretary to “issue such regulations as
he deems necessary and advisable to provide for the conservation
of such species.” Id. § 1533(d).
6
of the Interior is responsible for making listing determinations
for the polar bear.7 See 50 C.F.R. § 402.01(b).
A listing determination is made on the basis of one or more
of five statutorily prescribed factors: (1) present or threatened
destruction, modification, or curtailment of a species’ habitat
or range; (2) overutilization for commercial, recreational,
scientific, or educational purposes; (3) disease or predation;
(4) the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; and
(5) other natural or manmade factors affecting a species’
continued existence. 16 U.S.C §§ 1533(a)(1)(A)-(E); see also 50
C.F.R. § 424.11(c). The agency must list a species as long as
“any one or a combination” of these factors demonstrates that it
is threatened or endangered. 50 C.F.R. § 424.11(c). The
decision to list a species must be made “solely on the basis of
the best scientific and commercial data available . . . after
conducting a review of the status of the species and after taking
into account those efforts, if any, being made by any State or
foreign nation, or any political subdivision of a State or
foreign nation, to protect such species.” 16 U.S.C.
§ 1533(b)(1)(A).
7
The Secretary has generally delegated his
responsibilities under the ESA to FWS.
7
B. Factual and Procedural Background
Polar bears are marine mammals that are described as “ice-
obligate,” meaning that they are evolutionarily adapted to sea
ice for their survival and primary habitat. ARL 117216.8 There
are approximately 20,000 to 25,000 polar bears worldwide,
distributed in approximately nineteen populations throughout the
Northern Hemisphere’s ice-covered regions. ARL 117216-19.
Current estimates show that two of the nineteen polar bear
populations are increasing in numbers, six populations are
stable, and five populations are declining. ARL 117221.
Insufficient data are available to identify a trend for the
remaining six populations. ARL 117221.
On February 16, 2005, plaintiff Center for Biological
Diversity submitted a petition to the Secretary of the Interior
to list the polar bear as a threatened species under the ESA.
Petition to List the Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) as a Threatened
Species Under the Endangered Species Act, ARL 4040-4209. FWS
issued its final rule listing the polar bear as a threatened
species on May 15, 2008.9 See generally 72 Fed. Reg. 28,212. In
8
Citations to the administrative record for the Listing
Rule are abbreviated “ARL.” Unless otherwise noted, all ARL
citations in this section are to the Listing Rule itself.
9
The ESA requires the Secretary to respond to listing
petitions within 90 days with an initial finding stating whether
the petition “presents substantial scientific or commercial
information indicating that the petitioned action may be
8
its Listing Rule, FWS found that the projected declines in sea
ice over the next several decades will significantly impact polar
bear reproduction and vital rates, ultimately leading to
population-level declines. ARL 117265, 117279.
Specifically, FWS found that all polar bear populations will
be affected by substantial losses of sea ice within the
foreseeable future (which it defined as 45 years), although
different populations will be affected at different rates and to
different degrees. ARL 117279.10 On this basis, FWS concluded
warranted.” 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(3)(A). If the FWS determines on
this basis that listing may be warranted, it must promptly
commence a review of the species’ status. Id. Within 12 months
of receiving the listing petition, the agency must have completed
its review and must make a finding that listing is either:
(1) not warranted; (2) warranted, but precluded by other listing
priorities; or (3) warranted, in which case the FWS must publish
a proposed rule to list the species in the Federal Register. Id.
§ 1533(b)(3)(B). A final rule generally must be completed within
one year of publication of the proposed rule. Id. § 1533(b)(6).
Plaintiff CBD sued FWS to enforce several of these deadlines for
the polar bear. See Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Kempthorne,
No. 05-5191 (N.D. Cal. filed Dec. 15, 2005); Ctr. for Biological
Diversity v. Kempthorne, No. 08-1339 (N.D. Cal. filed Mar. 10,
2008). After FWS determined that listing the polar bear would be
warranted and then published a proposed rule to list the species
as threatened throughout its range, the district court in
California directed FWS to publish its final listing
determination for the polar bear by May 15, 2008. See Ctr. for
Biological Diversity v. Kempthorne, No. 08-1339, 2008 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 34753 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 28, 2008). None of these actions are
part of the multi-district litigation before this Court.
10
FWS recognized that preliminary polar bear population
models show that projected changes in future sea ice conditions
could result in loss of approximately two-thirds of the world’s
polar bears by the mid-21st century. ARL 117278.
9
that projected habitat losses alone qualify the polar bear as a
threatened species throughout its range. ARL 117281. FWS also
found, however, that the polar bear is not currently endangered
in any portion of its range because the species is abundant, any
observed population declines have been gradual rather than
precipitous, and reproduction and recruitment are still occurring
in all polar bear populations.11 ARL 117219, 117299-300.
FWS’s listing decision was challenged by organizational and
individual plaintiffs, as described above. Plaintiffs have
identified a number of purported deficiencies in the Listing
Rule, each of which forms the basis for a claim that FWS violated
both the ESA and the APA. The parties’ cross-motions for summary
judgment are ripe for determination by the Court.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
FWS’s listing decisions are subject to review under the APA.
See, e.g., Am. Wildlands v. Kempthorne, 530 F.3d 991, 997 (D.C.
Cir. 2008). Under the APA, federal agency actions are to be held
unlawful and set aside where they are “arbitrary, capricious, an
abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.”
5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). To make this finding, the court must
determine whether the agency “considered the factors relevant to
11
Because FWS determined that no portion of the polar
bear species is “in danger of extinction,” FWS did not reach the
question of whether the polar bear is endangered throughout a
“significant portion of its range.” ARL 117301.
10
its decision and articulated a rational connection between the
facts found and the choice made.” Keating v. FERC, 569 F.3d 427,
433 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (citing Balt. Gas & Elec. Co. v. Natural
Res. Def. Council, Inc., 462 U.S. 87, 105 (1983)).
Here, the threshold question before the Court relates to
FWS’s interpretation of the definition of “endangered species”
under the ESA. The framework for reviewing an agency’s
interpretation of a statute that the agency is charged with
administering is set forth in Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural
Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). The first
step in this review process is for the court to determine
“whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at
issue.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842. “If the intent of Congress is
clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court, as well as
the agency, must give effect to the unambiguously expressed
intent of Congress.” Id. at 842-43. In determining whether the
statute unambiguously expresses the intent of Congress, the court
should use all the “traditional tools of statutory construction,”
including looking to the text and structure of the statute, as
well as its legislative history, if appropriate. See id. at 843
n.9; see also Bell Atlantic Tel. Co. v. FCC, 131 F.3d 1044, 1047
(D.C. Cir. 1997). If the court concludes that the statute is
either silent or ambiguous with respect to the precise question
11
at issue, the second step of the court’s review process is to
determine whether the interpretation proffered by the agency is
“based on a permissible construction of the statute.” Chevron,
467 U.S. at 843. The court must defer to agency interpretations
that are not “arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to
the statute.” Id. at 844.
III. DISCUSSION
The Court’s current inquiry arises out of plaintiff CBD’s
claim that FWS misinterpreted and misapplied the ESA in
determining that the polar bear does not qualify for “endangered”
status. Plaintiff CBD contends that FWS’s decision to list the
polar bear as “threatened” rather than “endangered” on the basis
of its conclusion that the species is not facing imminent
extinction throughout any portion of its range is arbitrary,
capricious, and contrary to the best available science for the
polar bear. Memorandum of Points and Authorities of Plaintiffs
Center for Biological Diversity, Natural Resources Defense
Council and Greenpeace, Inc. in Support of Motion for Summary
Judgment (Docket No. 125) (“CBD Op. Mem.”) at 21. In response,
the federal defendants argue that the agency’s determination is
compelled by the plain meaning of the statute. Federal
Defendants’ Combined Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motions for
Summary Judgment and Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment on Listing
Rule Claims (Docket No. 137) (“FD Op. Mem.”) at 44; see also
12
Transcript of Motions Hearing, October 20, 2010 (“Tr.”) at 17.
According to the federal defendants, the text, structure, and
legislative history of the ESA plainly and unambiguously require
that a species must be in imminent danger of extinction to be
designated as endangered. Therefore, before reaching the merits
of CBD’s claim, the Court must first address the threshold
question of whether the ESA clearly expresses the intent of
Congress to limit the “endangered” classification to only those
species that are in danger of imminent extinction. The federal
defendants’ arguments are explored below in turn.
As the federal defendants have conceded, Tr. at 19, the
statutory definition of an “endangered species” does not
expressly require that the species be in danger of imminent
extinction. An endangered species is defined as “any species
which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant
portion of its range.” 16 U.S.C. § 1532(6). Relying on ordinary
meanings alone, this provision merely requires the Secretary to
determine whether a species is “exposed to the harm of no longer
existing.” See United States v. Hill, 896 F. Supp. 1057, 1062
(D. Colo. 1995) (citing Webster’s Third New International
Dictionary for definitions of “extinct” and “danger”).12
12
In United States v. Hill, the defendant - who was
charged with attempting to sell parts of animals on the
endangered species list - raised a constitutional challenge to
the ESA, arguing that the phrase “in danger of extinction” could
13
Although nothing in the text of the ESA compels the agency’s
conclusion that an “endangered” designation requires imminent
extinction, a plain meaning analysis does not end with the
language of the relevant provision. Instead, the Court must
analyze “‘the language and design of the statute as a whole.’”
Am. Scholastic TV Programming Found. v. FCC, 46 F.3d 1173, 1178
(D.C. Cir. 1995) (quoting Fort Stewart Sch. v. FLRA, 495 U.S.
641, 645 (1990)). According to the federal defendants, the
structure and context of the statute clearly demonstrate that
Congress intended to reserve an “endangered” designation for
those species that are at risk of imminent extinction:
While Congress did not provide express standards for
distinguishing between endangered and threatened
species, it is evident from the plain language of the
ESA’s definitions of those terms that Congress believed
the immediacy of the impact from the threat(s) facing
the species was in large measure what separated an
endangered species from a threatened species. While
both categories are forward-looking, the phrase ‘in
danger of’ connotes a risk of extinction that is both
substantial and immediate, whereas the terms ‘likely’
and ‘foreseeable future’ connote a risk that is
comparatively lower or less imminent.
not be defined with sufficient precision to constitute an
“intelligible principle,” in violation of the nondelegation
doctrine. 896 F. Supp. at 1060. Because the court’s analysis of
the phrase “in danger of extinction” did not arise in the context
of a listing determination, it is not particularly useful for
resolving the question of how that phrase should be interpreted
and applied; however, it is instructive in demonstrating that the
interpretation advanced by the federal defendants is not
compelled by the text of the statute. The phrase “in danger of
extinction” does not appear to have been interpreted by any court
in the context of an ESA listing decision.
14
FD Op. Mem. at 44. Reading the definitions of an endangered
species and a threatened species together, the federal defendants
contend that the only possible difference between a threatened
species and an endangered species is the temporal proximity of
the threat. FD Op. Mem. at 44. Indeed, the federal defendants
assert that without an imminence requirement the “threatened”
category becomes superfluous, Federal Defendants’ Reply in
Support of Their Combined Opposition to Plaintiffs Motions for
Summary Judgment and Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment on Listing
Rule Claims (Docket No. 195) (“FD Reply”) at 25; see also Tr. at
21 (“[I]f you don’t read imminent in there, you can’t have a
threatened category.”), and argue that an interpretation that
reads the “threatened” category out of the statute violates
traditional principles of statutory construction. See, e.g.,
Cal. Indep. Sys. Operator Corp. v. FERC, 372 F.3d 395, 401 (D.C.
Cir. 2004) (“Traditional principles of statutory construction
counsel against reading acts of Congress to be superfluous.”).
The Court agrees that there is a temporal element to the
distinction between the categories of endangered and threatened
species.13 However, on balance, the Court is not persuaded that
13
As defendant-intervenor AOGA correctly noted, an
endangered species “is” in danger of extinction, in the present
tense, whereas a threatened species is “likely to become” so
endangered. Defendant-Intervenors Alaska Oil and Gas
Association’s and Arctic Slope Regional Corporation’s Cross-
15
this temporal distinction compels federal defendants’ conclusion
that to be “in danger of extinction” a species must be in
imminent harm. Specifically, the Court rejects the federal
defendants’ contention that the category of “threatened” species
becomes superfluous in the absence of an imminence requirement
because the distinction between the “threatened” and “endangered”
categories is not based solely and unambiguously on the imminence
of the species’ anticipated extinction.
To the contrary, the Court finds that the overall structure
of the ESA suggests that the definition of an endangered species
was intentionally left ambiguous. It is well-settled that
Congress need not “supply administrative officials with a
specific formula for their guidance in a field where flexibility
and the adaptation of the congressional policy to infinitely
variable conditions constitute the essence of the program.”
Lichter v. United States, 334 U.S. 742, 785 (1948). Indeed,
under the ESA, Congress broadly delegated responsibility to the
Secretary to determine whether a species is “in danger of
extinction” in light of the five statutory listing factors and
the best available science for that species.14 See Babbitt v.
Motion for Summary Judgment and Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Center
for Biological Diversity, et al’s Motion for Summary Judgment on
Listing Rule Claims (Docket No. 151) (“AOGA Op. Mem.”) at 12-13.
14
Although imminence of harm is clearly one factor that
the agency weighs in its decision-making process, it is not
16
Sweet Home, 515 U.S. 687, 708 (1995) (“The task of defining and
listing endangered and threatened species requires an expertise
and attention to detail that exceeds the normal province of
Congress.”). In making that determination, the agency cannot
“rest simply on its parsing of the statutory language [but rather
it] must bring its experience and expertise to bear in light of
competing interests at stake.” PDK Labs., Inc. v. DEA, 362 F.3d
786, 797-98 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (citing Chevron, 467 U.S. at 865-
66). The definition of an “endangered species” is, therefore,
inherently ambiguous.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds nothing in the
text or structure of the statute to compel the conclusion that
Congress intended to bind the agency to a particular formula for
determining when a species is “in danger of extinction.”
Accordingly, the Court rejects the federal defendants’ assertion
that the structure of the statute clearly and unambiguously
imposes a bright-line imminence requirement for all endangered
species.
Even assuming the structure of the statute does not
unambiguously express the intent of Congress, the federal
necessarily a limiting factor. In many cases, the agency might
appropriately find that the imminence of a particular threat is
the dispositive factor that warrants listing a species as
“threatened” rather than “endangered,” or vice versa. The agency
nonetheless has broad discretion to decide that other factors
outweigh the imminence of the threat.
17
defendants assert that the agency’s plain-meaning interpretation
is nonetheless compelled by the legislative history of the ESA.
FD Op. Mem. at 50. As the D.C. Circuit has stated, “we may
consider a provision’s legislative history . . . to determine
whether Congress’ intent is clear from the plain language of a
statute.” City of Cleveland v. NRC, 68 F.3d 1361, 1366 n.4 (D.C.
Cir. 1995). Defendant-intervenor AOGA, in its opening brief,
points to several specific passages that it claims express the
clear intent of Congress:
An animal’s continued existence must actually be in
peril before it may be considered endangered . . . The
threatened list will be composed of those species which
are not presently in danger of extinction, but which
are likely to become endangered if protective measures
are not taken. Senate Consideration and Passage of S.
1983 (July 24, 1973), reprinted in COMM. ON ENV’T AND
PUBLIC WORKS, 97TH CONG., A LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF THE ENDANGERED
SPECIES ACT OF 1973, AS AMENDED IN 1976, 1977, 1978, AND 1981,
at 375 (1982) [hereinafter LEGISLATIVE HISTORY ].
The bill provides a broadened concept of ‘endangered
species’ by affording the Secretary the additional
power to list animals which he determines are likely
within the foreseeable future to become threatened with
extinction. This gives effect to the Secretary’s
ability to forecast population trends by permitting him
to regulate these animals before the danger becomes
imminent while long-range action has begun. SEN . REP .
NO. 93-307, at 3 (1973), reprinted in LEGISLATIVE HISTORY
at 302.
The bill must provide the Secretary with sufficient
discretion in listing animals so that he may afford
present protection to those species which are either in
present danger of extinction or likely within the
foreseeable future to become so endangered. SEN . REP .
NO. 93-307, at 3 (1973), reprinted in LEGISLATIVE HISTORY
at 302.
18
The bill contemplates the promulgation of two lists:
one designating actually endangered or extinct species,
and the other listing those which are threatened.
House Consideration and Passage of H.R. 37 (Sept. 18,
1973), reprinted in LEGISLATIVE HISTORY at 197.
AOGA Op. Mem. at 14. According to the federal defendants, these
passages show that Congress created the “threatened” category in
1973 to allow the agency to take steps to protect a species
before extinction becomes imminent. FD Reply at 22. The federal
defendants infer, therefore, that the original “endangered”
category was only intended to encompass those species at the
brink of extinction. FD Reply at 22; see also Tr. at 27-28.
Upon careful review of the legislative history, the Court is
unpersuaded by the federal defendants’ contention that the
legislative history unambiguously requires imminent extinction
for a species to be designated as endangered. Indeed, the Court
notes that the word “imminent” appears once in the entire
legislative history, in a passage that refers only cryptically to
the definition of an endangered species. SEN . REP . NO . 93-307, at
3 (1973). This single statement is not sufficient to overcome a
fundamental ambiguity in the text and structure of the statute.
See Humane Soc’y of the United States v. Kempthorne, 579 F. Supp.
2d 7, 20 (D.D.C. 2008) (Friedman, J.) (finding single
inconclusive statement from the legislative history insufficient
to dispel ambiguity in the ESA). Moreover, although the
legislative history does emphasize that an endangered species
19
“is” (currently or presently or actually) in danger of
extinction, whereas a threatened species is “likely to become” so
endangered, this basic distinction is already apparent from the
text of the statute itself and does not compel a conclusion that
an endangered species must be in danger of imminent extinction.
Having carefully considered the text, structure, and
legislative history of the ESA, the Court is persuaded that
Congress intended to allow the agency flexibility to make a case-
by-case determination of when a species is “in danger of
extinction,” based on the five statutory listing factors and the
best available science for that species. Therefore, the Court
finds that the ESA does not compel the federal defendants’ plain-
meaning interpretation that an endangered species must be in
danger of imminent extinction. For the reasons stated above, the
Court concludes that the statute is “silent or ambiguous with
respect to the specific issue” before the Court. Chevron, 467
U.S. at 843.15
15
Because the Court finds that the statute is ambiguous,
the Court declines to adopt CBD’s alternative plain-meaning
interpretation of the definition of an endangered species, which
would mandate that any species at high risk of extinction is
necessarily “in danger of extinction.” See CBD Op. Mem. at 22.
In any case, where the agency has relied exclusively on an
erroneous plain-meaning interpretation of a statute that the
court has found to be ambiguous, the court is not empowered to
“choose between competing meanings.” PDK Labs., 362 F.3d at 798.
20
Upon finding the definition of an endangered species to be
ambiguous, the Court would normally be required to defer to any
permissible agency construction of the statute under step two of
the Chevron analysis. Id. In this case, however, there is no
permissible construction to which the Court can defer. Counsel
conceded at oral argument that the agency does not seek deference
to its interpretation of the definition of an endangered species
under step two of the Chevron test and instead relies exclusively
on a plain-meaning interpretation of the ESA.16 Tr. at 17, 26.
As “Chevron step 2 deference is reserved for those instances when
an agency recognizes that the Congress’s intent is not plain from
the statute’s face,” Peter Pan Bus Lines, Inc., 471 F.3d at
1354, this Court is precluded from according the agency’s
interpretation deference under Chevron. See Sec’y of Labor, Mine
Safety and Health Admin. v. Nat’l Cement Co. of California, Inc.,
16
The federal defendants’ discussion of this issue in
their briefs is cursory at best. Indeed, the federal defendants
fail to mention the Chevron framework entirely with respect to
the statutory definition of an endangered species. This is
puzzling in light of the fact that the federal defendants have
invoked Chevron with respect to other portions of the statute.
For example, the federal defendants contend that FWS’s
interpretation of the term “foreseeable future” in the definition
of a threatened species is entitled to deference under Chevron
step two. FD Op. Mem. at 69-70, 72-79. The federal defendants
further contend that the statutory phrase “taking into account,”
16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(1), has a plain meaning under Chevron step
one, but that “at a minimum, if the Court were to find the
‘taking into account’ language ambiguous, the Service’s
interpretation is reasonable and entitled to deference under step
II of Chevron.” FD Reply at 40, n.16.
21
494 F.3d 1066, 1075 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (“Because the Secretary did
not recognize the ambiguities inherent in the statutory terms, we
do not defer to her plain meaning interpretation.”); see also PDK
Labs., 362 F.3d at 798 (“Deference to an agency’s interpretation
of a statute is not appropriate when the agency wrongly believes
that [its] interpretation is compelled by Congress.” (citations
omitted)); Humane Soc’y, 579 F. Supp. 2d at 20.
Therefore, having found that the agency wrongly relied on an
erroneous plain-meaning reading of the definition of an
endangered species, the Court must “remand for [the agency] to
treat the statutory language as ambiguous.” Nat’l Cement Co.,
494 F.3d at 1075; see also PDK Labs., 362 F.3d at 798 (“The law
of this circuit requires in those circumstances that we withhold
Chevron deference and remand to the agency so that it can fill in
the gap.”). The Court therefore will remand the Listing Rule to
FWS for the agency to provide a reasonable interpretation of the
definition of an “endangered species,” as applied to its listing
determination for the polar bear.17 See Humane Soc’y, 579 F.
17
A remand for this narrow purpose is particularly
appropriate here, where the agency has not purported to interpret
the statutory definition of an endangered species in the Listing
Rule itself. Ultimately, it is “[t]he expertise of the agency,
not its lawyers,” that “must be brought to bear on this issue in
the first instance.” Pub. Citizen v. FMCSA, 374 F.3d 1209, 1218
(D.C. Cir. 2004) (citing SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 87-
88) (1943)). This Court can only uphold an agency decision based
on the grounds relied upon by the agency itself and cannot
exercise its duty of judicial review on the basis of the post hoc
22
Supp. 2d at 15. On remand, the agency should bring its expertise
and experience to bear on the question of whether its
determination that the polar bear is “threatened” throughout its
range is warranted, in light of the Court’s finding that the
definition of an endangered species is ambiguous. “At a minimum,
the agency must explain how its interpretation of the statute
conforms to the text, structure and legislative history of the
ESA; how its interpretation is consistent with judicial
interpretations of the ESA (if there are any on point); and how
its interpretation serves the ESA’s policy objectives. It must
also address any legitimate concerns that its interpretation
could undermine those policy objectives.” Humane Soc’y, 579 F.
Supp. 2d at 20-21; see also Nat’l Cement Co., 494 F.3d at 1076-
77.
The Court is persuaded that a remand for this limited
purpose will not require the agency to undertake additional
notice-and-comment rulemaking procedures.18 See In re Checkosky,
rationalizations of agency counsel. See Citizens to Pres.
Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 419 (1971). The
remedy prescribed here will enable the Court to perform its
duties of full judicial review. See Local 814, Int’l Brotherhood
of Teamsters, et al. v. NLRB, 546 F.2d 989, 992 (D.C. Cir. 1976)
(noting that the Supreme Court “specifically approved the
procedure of requesting an administrative body to provide
additional explanation for an inadequately articulated
decision”(citing Citizens, 401 U.S. at 420)).
18
The Court finds persuasive the federal defendants’
arguments, set out in supplemental briefing, that no additional
23
23 F.3d at 465 (“In fashioning a remedy for an agency’s failure
to present an adequate statement of basis and purpose, this court
may either remand for specific procedures to cure the deficiency
without vacating [the] rule, or it may vacate the rule, thus
requiring the agency to initiate another rulemaking proceeding if
it would seek to confront the problem anew.” (citing Indep. U.S.
Tanker Owners Comm. v. Dole, 809 F.2d 847, 854-55 (D.C. Cir.
1987)(internal citations omitted))).
Because the Court does not rule on the lawfulness of the
Listing Rule at this time, the Listing Rule shall remain in force
during the remand period. In re Checkosky, 23 F.3d 452, 462-63
(D.C. Cir. 1993).
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court hereby remands the
Listing Rule to the agency for the limited purpose of providing
additional explanation for the legal basis of its listing
notice-and-comment procedures are required for the limited remand
that the Court prescribes. See generally Federal Defendants’
Supplemental Memorandum in Response to the Court’s Minute Order
of October 20, 2010 (Docket No. 230); Federal Defendants’
Response to Supplemental Memorandum Filed October 27, 2010
(Docket No. 232). In ordering a limited remand, the Court does
not require the agency to conduct additional fact-finding, nor
does the Court require the agency to adopt independent, broad-
based criteria for defining the statutory term “in danger of
extinction.” However, should the agency determine upon review
that no reasonable interpretation of the statute supports its
existing “threatened” designation for the polar bear, new
rulemaking procedures may be warranted.
24
determination, and for such further action as it may wish to take
in light of the Court’s finding that the definition of an
“endangered species” under the ESA is ambiguous. The federal
defendants are directed to submit the agency’s supplemental
explanation and supporting materials, if any, by no later than
December 23, 2010. All other parties to the Listing Cases are
directed to file responsive briefs by no later than January 18,
2011. The federal defendants shall be permitted to file a reply
by no later than February 1, 2011. These deadlines are firm, and
no extensions will be granted absent extraordinary circumstances.
The Court hereby schedules a hearing for February 23, 2011,
at 10:00 a.m. in Courtroom 24A, at which time the Court shall
hear arguments on this issue, as well as the remaining issues
briefed by the parties in the Listing Rule cases.
The hearing currently scheduled for January 25, 2011, at
10:00 a.m. in the 4(d) Rule cases (Ctr. for Biological Diversity,
et al. v. Salazar, et al., Case No. 08-2113; Defenders of
Wildlife v. U.S. Dep’t of the Interior, Case No. 09-153) is
hereby rescheduled to April 13, 2011, at 10:00 a.m. in Courtroom
24A. The Court also schedules a hearing in the Import Ban cases
(Safari Club Int’l, et al. v. Salazar, et al., Case No. 08-881;
Hershey v. Salazar, et al., Case No. 09-324; Kreider v. Salazar,
et al., Case No. 09-325; Atcheson, et al. v. Salazar, et al.,
Case No. 09-941) for April 13, 2011, at 2:00 p.m. in Courtroom
25
24A. Further instructions to counsel will follow as the hearing
date approaches.
An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will be
issued this same day.
SO ORDERED.
Signed: Emmet G. Sullivan
United States District Judge
November 4, 2010
26