UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
ANTHONY BLACKMON,
Plaintiff,
Civil Action No. 04-1347 (CKK)
v.
MICHAEL J. ASTRUE, Commissioner of
Social Security,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
(June 30, 2010)
Plaintiff Anthony Blackmon brings this action seeking review of the final administrative
decision by Defendant Michael J. Astrue, in his official capacity as Commissioner of Social
Security,1 denying Plaintiff’s claim for Disability Insurance Benefits (“DIB”) and Supplemental
Security Income Benefits (“SSIB”) pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Pending before the Court are
Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment of Reversal and Defendant’s Motion for Judgment of
Affirmance. After reviewing the parties’ briefs, the administrative record, and the relevant case
law, the Court shall DENY Plaintiff’s [8] Motion for Judgment of Reversal and GRANT
Defendant’s [11] Motion for Judgment of Affirmance, for the reasons that follow.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Legal Framework and Procedural History
Plaintiff filed applications for DIB and SSIB pursuant to Titles II and XVI of the Social
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Plaintiff’s Complaint named as Defendant the then-Commissioner of Social Security, Jo
Anne B. Barnhart. As Ms. Barnhart was sued in her official capacity, the Court has substituted
the current Commissioner of Social Security, Michael J. Astrue, as Defendant pursuant to
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d).
Security Act (the “Act”) on May 1, 2001. See Pl. Mot. for J. of Reversal (“Pl.’s Mot.”), at 1-2.
To qualify for disability insurance benefits and supplemental security income (“SSI”), a claimant
must demonstrate a disability, which is defined by the Act as an “inability to engage in any
substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental
impairment which can be expected to result in death or has lasted or can be expected to last for a
continuous period of not less than 12 months.” See 42 U.S.C. § 416(i)(1); id. § 1382c(a)(3)(A).
In addition, a claimant seeking disability or SSI benefits must have a severe impairment that
makes him unable to perform past relevant work or any other substantial gainful work that exists
in the national economy. See id. § 423(d)(2)(A); 20 C.F.R. § 404.1505(a). Substantial gainful
work activity is work activity that involves doing significant physical or mental activities and is
the kind of work that is usually done for pay or profit. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1472.
In making a disability determination, an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) is required to
use a five-step sequential analysis examining (1) the claimant’s recent work activity, (2) the
severity and duration of the claimant’s impairments, (3) whether the claimant’s impairments are
medically equivalent to those contained in the Listing of Impairments promulgated by the Social
Security Administration (“SSA” or the “Administration”), (4) the claimant’s residual functional
capacity (“RFC”) and ability to perform past work, and (5) the claimant’s ability to perform jobs
reasonably available in the national economy. Id. §§ 404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4); see also
Brown v. Barnhart, 408 F. Supp. 2d 28, 32 (D.D.C. 2006). At the first step in the analysis, the
ALJ must determine whether the claimant is working and whether the work is substantial gainful
activity; if so, the claim must be denied. See Brown, 408 F. Supp. 2d at 32. At step two, the ALJ
must determine whether the claimant’s impairments are severe; if they are not, the claim must be
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denied. Id. In step three, the ALJ compares the impairments to a listing of impairments that
automatically qualify as a disability under the regulations. If the claimant’s impairments match
those listed, disability is conclusively presumed. Id. If there is no match, the ALJ proceeds to
step four and determines whether the claimant has any residual functional capacity to perform his
old job. If so, the claim will be denied. Id. If not, the ALJ proceeds to step five and determines
whether there is any other gainful work in the national economy that the claimant could perform
notwithstanding his disability. Although the claimant bears the burden of proof with respect to
the first four steps of the analysis, at step five the burden shifts to the Administration to
demonstrate that the claimant is able to perform “other work” based on his residual functional
capacity, age, education, and past work experience. Butler v. Barnhart, 353 F.3d 992, 997 (D.C.
Cir. 2004). If so, the claim must be denied.
Plaintiff is a 48 year-old male resident of Washington, D.C. See Administrative Record
(“A.R.”) at 510. He has a high school education in addition to one and a half years of college.
Id. at 64, 518. His past relevant work includes work as a data entry clerk, accounts payable clerk,
and deputy court clerk. Id. at 511. In June of 2002, he returned to work on a part-time basis as a
patient escort. Id. at 14, 59, 512. In his application for DIB and SSIB, Plaintiff alleged that he
was disabled as of April 27, 2001,2 on the basis of, inter alia, human immunodeficiency virus
(“HIV”), neuropathy, depression, and fatigue. See Pl. Mot. 1-2; A.R. at 13, 52, 482.
Plaintiff’s claims were denied both initially and upon reconsideration. A.R. at 13.
Plaintiff then requested a hearing before an ALJ. Id. at 37-38. That hearing was held on January
2
Plaintiff’s application alleged that his disability commenced on April 27, 2001. At his
administrative hearing, however, Plaintiff amended his alleged onset date to January 28, 2002.
A.R. at 13.
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23, 2003. Id. at 13. Plaintiff was represented at the hearing by counsel, and a vocational expert
(“VE”) testified at the ALJ’s request. See id. at 13. In a decision dated May 1, 2003, the ALJ
determined that Plaintiff was not disabled within the meaning of the Act and denied the
requested benefits. See generally id. at 13-23.
At step one, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful
activity since his alleged onset date. Id. at 15, 21. At step two, the ALJ found that the medical
evidence indicated that Plaintiff was HIV positive and that the impairment was “severe.” Id. at
15, 21. At step three, the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s HIV infection did not “meet or medically
equal one of the impairments listed” in Appendix 1, Subpart P, No. 4 (20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(d))
and that “no treating or examining physician [had] offered an opinion or reported findings of a
listing level severity, none is medically documented and none is supported.” Id. at 15, 21. The
ALJ therefore proceeded to step four, at which point he assessed the Plaintiff’s RFC and
determined that Plaintiff had the ability to return to his past relevant work as a data entry clerk.
Id. at 18. The ALJ nonetheless proceeded to step five and determined in the alternative that
Plaintiff was capable of performing one of several “light/sedentary” jobs available in significant
numbers in the national economy, including cashier, office helper, sales, administrative support
person (such as an addresser), order clerk, and charge account clerk. Id. at 20. The ALJ
therefore determined that Plaintiff “is not disabled . . . and is not entitled to receive Disability
Insurance Benefits and is likewise ineligible for Supplemental Security Income payments.” Id.
Plaintiff sought review of this decision by the Appeals Council. See id. at 4-7. On May
19, 2004, the Appeals Council upheld the decision of the ALJ, finding no basis for granting the
request for review. Id. at 4. Having fully exhausted his administrative remedies, Plaintiff timely
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filed suit in this Court.
B. Evidence Contained in the Administrative Record
The ALJ evaluated Plaintiff’s condition based on evidence including various medical
records (both physical and mental health records) and the testimony of the Plaintiff and the VE
during the administrative hearing in this case. The Court recounts below the most relevant
portions of the administrative record.
1. Physical Health Records
Plaintiff was a patient at the Whitman Walker Clinic in Washington, D.C., between
August 22, 2000, and February 25, 2002. A.R. at 104. The Clinic’s medical records show that
Plaintiff was diagnosed with HIV in 1991. Id. at 105. In addition, the records indicate that
Plaintiff has a history of AIDS, peripheral neuropathy, substance abuse, and depression. Id. at
105. He was noted to have a baseline weight of 137-145 pounds. Id. With respect to the
peripheral neuropathy, the Clinic noted that Plaintiff complained of tingling and numbness in his
feet and stiffness in his right knee, and that this limited his activity and daily living. Id. at 106.
Plaintiff was on medication for both his HIV and peripheral neuropathy, id., and the Clinic
records indicate that Plaintiff would need to take life long anti-retroviral therapy, id. at 156.
Plaintiff’s HIV was noted to be stable and the records indicate that he had an excellent response
to medications. Id. at 108, 110, 111, 124, 131.
On July 30, 2001, a Disability Determination Services physician completed a residual
functional capacity assessment (physical) for Plaintiff. Id. at 194-201. The records show that
Plaintiff was HIV positive and suffering from depression. Id. at 194. With regards to specific
external limitations, it was determined that Plaintiff could occasionally lift or carry 50 pounds,
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frequently lift or carry 25 pounds, stand and/or walk for about 6 hours in an 8-hour workday, sit
for about 6 hours in an 8-hour workday, and engage in an unlimited amount of pushing and
pulling. Id. at 195. The examining physician also found no established postural, manipulative,
visual, communicative, or environmental limitations. Id. at 196-98. It was noted that Plaintiff
continued to take his HIV medication, id. at 195, but had reported HIV wasting, id. at 196. At
the time of the assessment, Plaintiff was 5’11” and weighed between 140 to 141 ½ pounds. Id.
He reported being able to perform activities of daily living independently, such as dusting,
laundry, food shopping, and attending church. Id. at 199.
Dr. Chitra R. Chari, a neurologist, examined Plaintiff on April 2, 2002. Id. at 220-22.
Dr. Chari noted that Plaintiff had “weakness in his left arm” and could not “hold heavy objects . .
. more than 10 lbs too long.” Id. at 220. In addition, he complained of previously having had
pain in his knees and a numbness in his feet to knees, but indicated that he felt better since he had
begun medication. Id. Dr. Chari further noted that Plaintiff’s “[m]uscle strength was 5/5 in all
four limbs,” although he had a “decrease in touch and pin sensation from the feet to about two-
thirds into the legs and from hands to about one-third into the forearm.” Id. at 222. Dr. Chari
concluded that Plaintiff had “signs and symptoms consistent with peripheral neuropathy.” Id. In
addition, the records indicate that Plaintiff reported a history of depression, but stated that he had
no recent problems with depression and was not on medication for his depression at that time.
Id. at 221.
Plaintiff underwent a second physical residual functional capacity assessment on April
18, 2002, performed by Dr. Isabelle Pico. Id. at 223-30. The records again show that Plaintiff
was HIV positive and was suffering from depression. Id. at 222. Dr. Pico found that Plaintiff
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was able to lift 50 pounds occasionally and 25 pounds frequently and could stand, walk, and sit
for about 6 hours in a normal workday. Id. at 224. Dr. Pico further determined that Plaintiff had
unlimited ability to push and pull, and that he exhibited muscle strength of 5/5 in all extremities.
Id. at 224. Plaintiff was again found to have a decrease in touch and pin sensation from the feet
to two-thirds of the way up the leg, and from the hands to one-third of the forearm, but
nonetheless was found to have no postural, manipulative, visual, communicative, or
environmental limitations. Id. at 224-27.
2. Mental Health Records
Plaintiff’s medical records indicate that on June 26, 2001, he was brought to the
emergency room for a prescription medication overdose. Id. at 159. He was subsequently
admitted to Prince George’s Hospital Center, which records show a principal diagnosis of “major
depressive disorder, single episode, severe, with psychotic features, with suicide attempt.” Id. at
168. Plaintiff was started on medication to treat his depression and his HIV. Id. at 175.
On February 25, 2002, Dr. Neil Schiff performed a general psychological evaluation of
Plaintiff. Id. at 217-19. Dr. Schiff determined that Plaintiff had a Verbal IQ of 77, a
Performance IQ of 79, and a Full Scale IQ of 76. Id. at 217. Based upon administration of the
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III, Dr. Schiff concluded that Plaintiff “is currently
functioning in the borderline range of intelligence.” Id. at 218. Dr. Schiff further observed,
however, that Plaintiff “was alert and oriented to person, place, and time” and that “[h]is speech
was coherent and relevant, and no gross memory deficit was apparent during the interview.” Id.
at 218. In addition, the evaluation indicates that Plaintiff “showed no signs of psychotic
symptoms or thought disorder,” and, while “[h]is mood appeared mildly depressed, [] he was
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generally pleasant and cooperative.” Id. Plaintiff was also noted to have had “no difficulty
understanding and following simple instructions,” and had “moderately good, if somewhat
erratic, success with more complex or detailed tasks and instructions.” Id. Dr. Schiff further
determined that Plaintiff’s “vocabulary, his abstract conceptualization, his common-sense
reasoning and judgment, his discrimination of relevant visual detail, and his nonverbal, logical
reasoning were in the mildly deficient range for his age, and his mental manipulation of numbers
was moderately deficient.” Id. at 219. The evaluation concluded that, at present, Plaintiff was
“capable of learning and performing relatively simple routines, although his capacities for
concentration are limited.” Id. Dr. Schiff diagnosed Plaintiff with depressive disorder and
borderline intellectual functioning. Id.
On April 18, 2002, Plaintiff underwent a mental residual functional capacity assessment
performed by Dr. Patricia Cott, a Disability Determination Service physician. Id. at 232-35. Dr.
Cott also completed a psychiatric review technique. Id. at 236-49. Plaintiff was reported to have
only moderate to no significant limitations in his mental RFC. Id. at 232-33. Specifically,
Plaintiff was noted to have moderate limitations in his ability to understand, remember, and
carry-out detailed instructions; maintain attention and concentration for extended periods; accept
instructions and respond appropriately to criticism; complete a normal workday and workweek
without interruption; interact appropriately with the general public; and set realistic goals or
make plans independently of others. Id. at 232-33. Plaintiff otherwise was found to have no
significant limitations in his mental RFC. Id. Dr. Cott concluded that Plaintiff was capable of
learning and performing simple tasks and routine work. Id. at 234.
With respect to the psychiatric review technique, Dr. Cott indicated that she had based
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her determinations on further RFC assessment. Id. at 236. The records show that Dr. Cott found
the presence of a psychological or behavioral abnormality associated with a dysfunction of the
brain, but noted that the impairment did not precisely satisfy any of the listed diagnostic criteria;
she did, however, rule out neurological cognitive impairment related to HIV. Id. at 237.
Similarly, Dr. Cott concluded that Plaintiff had evidence of a mood disturbance, accompanied by
a full or partial manic or depressive syndrome, but again noted that the impairment did not
precisely satisfy any of the listed diagnostic criteria. Id. at 239. Dr. Cott concluded that
Plaintiff’s behavioral and physical changes were associated with his past history of substance
abuse. Id. at 244. The records also show that Plaintiff had moderate difficulty with the activities
of daily living, social functioning, and maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace, but had
only one or two episode of decompensation that lasted for an extended duration. Id. at 246. He
was found to be “capable of learning and performing simple routines,” and to have signs and
symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. Id. at 248.
3. Transcript of the Administrative Hearing
After initially being denied benefits, Plaintiff requested a hearing before an
Administrative Law Judge. Id. at 502. The hearing was held on January 23, 2003, before ALJ
Guy B. Arthur. Id. at 507-30. Plaintiff was represented by counsel at the hearing, and a VE was
present as well. Id. at 509. Plaintiff testified that he had worked as an accounts payable clerk,
data entry clerk, and deputy court clerk. Id. at 511. According to Plaintiff, his past jobs required
him to “[w]alk around a lot;” he also indicated that he would occasionally lift between 10 and 20
pounds while working at accounts payable and as a data entry clerk and often lifted as much as
50 to 60 pounds while working as a deputy court clerk. Id. at 511-12. At the time of the hearing,
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Plaintiff stated that he worked part time as a patient escort at a treatment facility; he stated that he
had been working at the facility since approximately March of 2002. Id. at 512-14. In addition,
Plaintiff testified that he was voluntarily enrolled in a drug treatment facility and had not taken
drugs for approximately one year. Id. at 514-16.
With respect to his physical and mental health, Plaintiff testified that he had recently
switched medications for his HIV treatment, as he had become immune to the previous
medication, but confirmed that he was compliant with this new medication. Id. at 517, 520. He
also testified that he experienced several side effects as a result of his medication, including hand
cramps and diarrhea. Id. at 521. In addition, Plaintiff indicated that he was experiencing
neuropathy in his knees, legs, feet, and hands, and that he was experiencing loss of memory and
loss of weight. Id. at 519.
The ALJ also took testimony from the VE, who stated that he was familiar with
Plaintiff’s medical records and had been present during Plaintiff’s testimony. Id. at 524. The VE
described Plaintiff’s prior work as an accounts payable clerk as “light duty, semiskilled,” and
indicated that his data entry job was “sedentary, semiskilled.” Id. He also testified that
Plaintiff’s work as a deputy court clerk was a “medium duty, semiskilled position,” and that his
current work as a patient escort was “light duty, semiskilled.” Id. at 524-25. During the hearing,
the ALJ asked the VE if he could identify any jobs in the national economy that a hypothetical
person who had the same age, education, and work experience as the Plaintiff could perform. Id.
at 526-28. Specifically, the VE was asked to consider a series of six escalating hypotheticals
regarding the availability of work for persons with an increasing degree of impairments similar to
those claimed by the Plaintiff. Id.
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In the first base hypothetical, the VE was asked to consider someone who: had the
capacity for “low-stress, routine type of work . . . that doesn’t require more than moderate
attention, concentration, [] persistence and pace for long periods of time.” Id. at 527. The
individual in this hypothetical could not “climb ladders, ropes, and scaffolds” and was precluded
from work involving exposure to “hazardous heights, [] hazardous moving machinery, [] extreme
temperature changes.” Id. In addition, the individual could not be exposed in concentrated
levels to “dust, fumes, chemicals, poor ventilation[,] excessive humidity or excessive wetness.”
Id. The VE was to assume, however, that the individual could “frequently climb stairs and
ramps, [] frequently balance and stoop, [and] occasionally kneel and crouch;” had “slight to []
moderate pain;” and had “no more than moderate limitations as far as the ability to perform
activities within a schedule, maintain regular attendance[,] be punctual with a customary
tolerance, . . . [and] complet[e] a normal workday or workweek . . . without an unreasonable
length and number of rest periods.” Id. In response to this first hypothetical, the VE testified that
significant employment opportunities existed in both “light duty, unskilled work” and in
“sedentary unskilled work.” Id. at 528-29. The VE identified specific positions available in each
category, including cashier II, office helper, and sales attendant with respect to the “light duty,
unskilled work” category and administrative support worker, an order clerk, and a charge account
clerk with respect to the latter “sedentary unskilled work” category. Id. at 529. The VE testified
that “[a]ll jobs mentioned are consistent with the descriptions provided in The Dictionary of
Occupational Titles.” Id. at 529.
In the second hypothetical, the ALJ added two restrictions to the base hypothetical
delineated above. Specifically, the ALJ asked the VE to consider an individual who had all the
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limitations set forth in the first hypothetical but who also (1) has “borderline intellectual
functioning;” and (2) cannot perform “work that requires kneeling, crouching and crawling,” and
could only “occasional[ly] [] climb[] stairs, ramps and balanc[e] and stoop[].” Id. at 527. In
response, the VE testified that “[t]here would be no change” to the number and types of jobs
available under hypothetical two, such that his answer was the same for both the first and second
hypotheticals. Id. at 529.
In the third hypothetical, the ALJ instructed the VE to “make it more restrictive” by
considering, in addition to the above limitations, the limitation that the individual could not
engage in any work that required “above the shoulder upper extremity lifting or carrying [or]
lower extremity use of push/pull controls.” Id. at 527-28. The VE responded that, in light of
these additional limitations, the number of light duty positions available would be “reduce[d] . . .
by approximately 10 percent.” Id. at 529.
In the fourth hypothetical, the ALJ added the additional limitation that the individual
could not engage in work that required “repetitive bilateral hand use,” although he noted that he
was “not precluding all use of the right or left hand.” Id. at 528. The VE indicated that under
this fourth hypothetical, with the added limitation of no repetitive bilateral hand use, the number
of light duty positions would be reduced an additional 20 percent and the number of sedentary
positions available would be reduced by 10 percent. Id. at 529.
In the fifth hypothetical, the ALJ indicated that the VE should further limit the work the
individual could perform by excluding “prolonged walking and standing” and requiring a
“sit/stand option with no more than half an hour sitting or standing at any one time.” Id. at 528.
The VE responded that these additional limitations would eliminate any available work in the
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light duty category and would leave only the work identified above in the sedentary category. Id.
at 529.
Finally, in the sixth hypothetical, the ALJ asked the VE to elevate the pain level and
“non-exertionals, such as the ability for persistence and pace” to “above moderate to severe [on]
a chronic basis.” Id. at 528. The VE testified that “there would be no work available to [] a
hypothetical individual” with this final added limitation. Id. at 529.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
“In a disability proceeding, the ALJ ‘has the power and the duty to investigate fully all
matters in issue, and to develop the comprehensive record required for a fair determination of
disability.’” Simms v. Sullivan, 877 F.2d 1047, 1050 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (quoting Diabo v. Sec’y of
HEW, 627 F.2d 278, 281 (D.C. Cir. 1980)). The Social Security Act defines “disability” as an
“inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable
physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or
can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 U.S.C.
§ 423(d)(1)(A). Inability to engage in substantial gainful activity not only includes the
individual’s inability to do his previous work, but requires as well an inability, “considering his
age, education, and work experience, [to] engage in any other kind of substantial gainful work
which exists in the national economy, regardless of whether such work exists in the immediate
area in which he lives, or whether a specific job vacancy exists for him, or whether he would be
hired if he applied for work.” Id. at § 423(d)(2)(A). In making this determination, the ALJ is to
consider (1) medical data and findings, (2) expert medical opinions, (3) subjective complaints,
and (4) the plaintiff’s age, education, and work history; however, “[t]he expert opinions of a
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treating physician are binding on the fact finder unless contradicted by substantial evidence to the
contrary.” Davis v. Heckler, 566 F. Supp. 1193, 1196 (D.D.C. 1983) (citing cases).
A court will not disturb the determination of the Commissioner if it is based on
substantial evidence in the record and the correct application of the relevant legal standards. 42
U.S.C. §§ 405(g), 1383(c); Butler, 353 F.3d at 999. Substantial evidence means “such relevant
evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Richardson v.
Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971) (citation omitted). “The test ‘requires more than a scintilla,
but can be satisfied by something less than a preponderance of the evidence.’” Butler, 353 F.3d
at 999 (quoting Fla. Mun. Power Agency v. FERC, 315 F.3d 362, 365-66 (D.C. Cir. 2003)).
In reviewing an administrative decision, a court may not determine the weight of the
evidence nor substitute its judgment for that of the Commissioner if his decision is based on
substantial evidence. Butler, 353 F.3d at 999; Hays v. Sullivan, 907 F.2d 1453, 1456 (4th Cir.
1990). Instead, the reviewing court must carefully scrutinize the entire record to determine
whether the Commissioner, acting through the ALJ, has analyzed all the evidence and has
sufficiently explained the weight he has given to obviously probative material. “Because the
broad purposes of the Social Security Act require a liberal construction in favor of disability, the
court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the claimant.” Martin v. Apfel, 118 F.
Supp. 2d 9, 13 (D.D.C. 2000) (citing Davis v. Shalala, 862 F. Supp. 1, 4 (D.D.C. 1994)). The
reviewing court must also determine whether credible evidence was properly considered. Id.
(citing Dionne v. Heckler, 585 F. Supp. 1055 (D. Me. 1984)). Importantly, an ALJ cannot merely
disregard evidence which does not support his conclusion. Dionne, 585 F. Supp. at 1060. A
reviewing court should not be left guessing as to how the ALJ evaluated probative material, and
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it is reversible error for an ALJ to fail in his written decision to explain sufficiently the weight he
has given to certain probative items of evidence. Martin, 118 F. Supp. 2d at 13 (citing Davis,
862 F. Supp. at 2).
III. DISCUSSION
Plaintiff argues that the ALJ’s decision should be reversed, or alternatively that this case
should be remanded to the Administration for a new hearing. He makes six arguments in support
of these requests: (1) the ALJ erroneously determined that Plaintiff was performing substantial
gainful activity; (2) the ALJ improperly determined that Plaintiff’s depression, borderline
intellectual functioning, and peripheral neuropathy were non-severe impairments; (3) the ALJ
failed to follow the proper procedure for analyzing mental impairments; (4) the ALJ erroneously
assessed Plaintiff’s RFC; (5) the ALJ erroneously determined that Plaintiff was capable of
performing his past-relevant work; and (6) the ALJ erroneously relied upon the testimony of the
VE. See Pl.’s Mot. Defendant disputes Plaintiff’s characterization of the ALJ’s opinion,
asserting that the ALJ’s decision was supported by substantial evidence. See generally Def.’s
Mot. for J. of Affirmance (“Def.’s Mot.”). The Court shall address these arguments below.
A. Substantial Gainful Activity
As indicated above, the ALJ found at step one of the evaluation that Plaintiff had “not
engaged in substantial gainful activity since his alleged onset date” and therefore proceeded to
consider the remaining steps in the sequential analysis. A.R. at 15; see also id. at 21. Despite
this explicit finding, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ in fact held to the contrary that Plaintiff had
engaged in substantial gainful activity. Pl.’s Mot. at 4-6. As support for this argument, Plaintiff
directs the Court to the ALJ’s observation, made in passing, that the “[t]he work performed [by
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Plaintiff] . . . appear[s] to be of a substantial gainful work nature.” A.R. at 15. Plaintiff’s
reliance on this statement, however, is misplaced. Although the ALJ briefly suggested that the
work performed by Plaintiff appeared to be of a substantial gainful nature, the ALJ nonetheless
expressly found for purposes of his decision that the “claimant has not engaged in substantial
gainful activity since his alleged onset date.” A.R. at 15, 21. Indeed, on that basis, the ALJ
proceeded to consider the remaining steps in the evaluation process, which would have been
unnecessary had he in fact found, as Plaintiff urges, that Plaintiff had performed substantial
gainful work. See id. at 15-21. Accordingly, the Court finds Plaintiff’s assertion that the ALJ
erred at step one to be without merit.
B. The Severity Analysis
At step two of the sequential process, the ALJ must “consider the medical severity of [the
claimant’s] impairment(s).” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(ii). If the ALJ finds that the claimant
has a severe impairment, the ALJ must proceed to step three; if, however, the claimant does not
have a severe impairment, the claimant is found to be not disabled. See id. In this case, the ALJ
determined only that Plaintiff’s HIV status was a severe impairment and made no similar finding
that Plaintiff’s remaining impairments — namely, his depression, borderline intellectual
functioning, and peripheral neuropathy — were severe impairments at step two of the sequential
analysis. A.R. at 15, 21. Plaintiff argues that this finding is legal error for two reasons. See Pl.’s
Mot. at 6-10. First, Plaintiff argues that there is substantial evidence in the record indicating that,
contrary to the ALJ’s finding, his depression, borderline intellect, and neuropathy were severe
impairments. Id. at 6-9. Second, Plaintiff contends that the ALJ failed to properly explain his
reasoning for finding that these impairments were not severe. Id. at 9-10. Accordingly, Plaintiff
16
urges that the ALJ committed a legal error when he failed to find Plaintiff’s non-HIV
impairments to be severe at step two.
The Court finds that any alleged error at step two does not require reversal in this case.
While it appears that the D.C. Circuit has not yet addressed the question at hand, the Sixth,
Ninth, and Tenth Circuits have each held that alleged errors at step two do not necessarily require
reversal so long as the ALJ considered the omitted impairment(s) in evaluating the remaining
steps in the sequential analysis. For example, in Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676 (9th Cir.
2005), the Ninth Circuit rejected the plaintiff’s argument that the failure to consider her obesity
at step two required reversal of the Commissioner’s decision denying her benefits. Id. at 681-82.
The Ninth Circuit observed that, “[a]ssuming without deciding that this omission constituted
legal error, it could only have prejudiced [plaintiff] in step three (listing impairment
determination) or step five (RFC) because the other steps, including this one, were resolved in
her favor.” Id. Because the plaintiff did not identify any legal errors at either of those steps, the
Ninth Circuit concluded that “[u]nder the circumstances . . ., the ALJ did not commit reversible
error by not considering [plaintiff’s] obesity in step two of the sequential analysis.” Id. at 682.
In other words, so long as there is no indication that the impairments allegedly omitted at step
two would have met a listing at step three and the ALJ properly considered the omitted
impairments in evaluating the plaintiff’s RFC at step four or step five, any alleged legal error at
step two is harmless. See id.
The Sixth Circuit reached the same conclusion in Maziarz v. Secretary of Health and
Human Services, 837 F.2d 240 (6th Cir. 1987), determining that it was “unnecessary to decide”
whether the ALJ had committed a legal error when he failed to find the plaintiff’s cervical
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condition constituted a severe impairment at step two. Id. at 244. In reaching this conclusion,
the Sixth Circuit emphasized that the ALJ had found that the plaintiff’s other conditions were
severe and had therefore continued with the remaining steps in the sequential analysis. Id. at
244. The Maziarz Court concluded, “[s]ince the Commissioner properly could consider
claimant’s cervical condition in determining whether claimant retained sufficient residual
functional capacity to allow him to perform substantial gainful activity, the Commissioner’s
failure to find that claimant’s cervical condition constituted a severe impairment could not
constitute reversible error.” Id. Similarly, in Carpenter v. Astrue, 537 F.3d 1264 (10th Cir.
2008), the Tenth Circuit rejected the plaintiff’s argument that the decision below should be
reversed because the ALJ applied the wrong legal standard at step two when he failed to consider
whether her impairments were severe both individually and in combination. Id. at 1265-66. The
Tenth Circuit concluded that “any error [at step two] became harmless when the ALJ reached the
proper conclusion that [plaintiff] could not be denied benefits conclusively at step two and
proceeded to the next step in the evaluation sequence.” Id. at 1265-66.
The Court is persuaded by the reasoning of these decisions and agrees that, in this case,
any legal error made at step two does not require reversal. Even assuming that the ALJ legally
erred when he determined that Plaintiff’s borderline intellectual functioning, depression, and
peripheral neuropathy were non-severe, such an omission did not prejudice Plaintiff because the
ALJ specifically found that Plaintiff’s HIV infection was a seizure impairment, AR at 15, 21, and
therefore continued to consider the remaining steps in the sequential analysis, see id. at 15-21.
While Plaintiff may have been able to nonetheless demonstrate prejudice if he had shown
that the omitted impairments would have been found to meet a listing at step three, there is no
18
indication in the record that any of Plaintiff’s non-HIV impairments satisfied any enumerated
listing. Indeed, the ALJ specifically found as much, observing that “no treating or examining
physician offered an opinion or reported findings of a listed level severity, none is medically
documented and none is supported.” Id. at 15. Plaintiff appears to agree that none of his
impairments, including his non-HIV impairments, met or equaled an enumerated listing as he
does not challenge the ALJ’s findings at step three and makes no argument in his present briefing
that his depression, borderline intellectual functioning, or neuropathy should have been found to
meet or equal a listing. See generally Pl.’s Mot. As such, even assuming that the ALJ
committed a legal error at step two, Plaintiff was not prejudiced by this error at step three of the
sequential analysis.
Nor did any such legal error prejudice Plaintiff at step four or step five of the evaluation.
As is discussed in detail below, the Court finds that the ALJ properly assessed Plaintiff’s RFC
and considered all of her impairments — including his depression, borderline intellectual
functioning, and neuropathy — at steps four and five of the analysis. See infra pp. 28-33.
Accordingly, the Court need not determine whether the ALJ’s finding of non-severity as to
Plaintiff’s depression, neuropathy, and borderline intellect was legal error, as any alleged error at
step two did not prejudice Plaintiff and therefore does not require reversal.
C. Analysis of Mental Impairments
Pursuant to 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a, the SSA is required to follow a “special technique”
when evaluating any alleged mental impairments. In particular, the regulation requires that the
SSA “first evaluate [the claimant’s] pertinent symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings to
determine whether [the claimant has] a medically determinable mental impairment(s);” “[i]f [the
19
SSA] determine[s] that [the claimant has] a medically determinable mental impairment(s), [the
SSA] must specify the symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings that substantiate the presence of
the impairment(s) and document [its] findings . . . .” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a(b). Plaintiff argues
that the ALJ failed to follow this procedure in evaluating his alleged mental impairments and that
this failure constitutes reversible error. Pl.’s Mot. at 10-13. For the reasons set forth below, the
Court does not agree and finds that the ALJ appropriately evaluated Plaintiff’s mental
impairments.
First and most importantly, Plaintiff’s argument on this point is based upon an inaccurate
and outdated version of the relevant regulation. In arguing that the ALJ committed legal error,
Plaintiff has relied principally on the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Gutierrez v. Apfel, 199 F.3d
1048 (9th Cir. 2000), in which the Court of Appeals held that “20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a requires [a
psychiatric review technique form] to be completed and appended to the [ALJ’s] decision, and
the failure to do so requires remand to the Social Security Administration.” Id. at 1051. Plaintiff
fails to acknowledge, however, that this holding by the Ninth Circuit has since been superseded
by regulation. See Selassie v. Barnhart, 203 Fed. App’x 174, 176 (9th Cir. 2006) (recognizing
that Gutierrez has been superseded by amendments to 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a). Specifically, the
regulation no longer mandates that the ALJ fill out and attach a psychiatric review technique
form to the final decision, but rather provides only that the ALJ’s “written decision must
incorporate the pertinent findings and conclusions based on the technique.” 20 C.F.R. §
404.1520a(e). That is, the decision“must show the significant history, including examination and
laboratory findings, and the functional limitations that were considered in reaching a conclusion
about the severity of the mental impairment(s)” and also “must include a specific finding as to
20
the degree of limitation in each of the functional areas described in paragraph (c)3 of this
section.” Id. As the Ninth Circuit has since explained, these post-Gutierrez amendments to 20
C.F.R. § 404.1520a “have given the ALJ greater discretion in deciding how best to publish the
mandated findings.” See Selassie, 203 Fed. App’x at 176. Plaintiff’s reliance on Gutierrez is
therefore misplaced.
Second, the Court finds that the ALJ sufficiently complied with the requirements of 20
C.F.R. § 404.1520a in its present form by “incorporat[ing] the pertinent findings and conclusions
based on the technique.” Review of the decision demonstrates that the ALJ’s decision
adequately includes discussion of the Plaintiff’s “significant history, including examination and
laboratory findings,” regarding his alleged mental impairments. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a(e)(2).
The ALJ cited to medical evidence from the Whitman Walker clinic indicating that Plaintiff had
a history of depression and from the Prince George’s Hospital Center showing that Plaintiff had
been admitted for a suicide attempt and had been diagnosed with a depressive disorder single
episode, severe without psychotic features. A.R. at 16. The ALJ’s decision also discusses Dr.
Schiff’s general psychological evaluation of Plaintiff in February of 2002, in which Dr. Schiff
determined that Plaintiff was “functioning in the borderline range of intelligence,” but
nonetheless demonstrated no apparent “gross memory deficit [] during the interview” and had
“no difficulty understanding and following simple instructions.” Id. at 16-17. In addition, the
ALJ referenced Dr. Schiff’s conclusion that Plaintiff “showed no signs of psychotic symptoms or
thought disorder,” and that, although “[h]is mood appeared mildly depressed, [] he was generally
3
Paragraph (c) identifies the following “four broad functional areas:” (1) “activities of
daily living;” (2) “social functioning;” (3) “concentration, persistence, or pace;” and (4)
“episodes of decompensation.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a(c)(3).
21
pleasant and cooperative.” Id. Finally, the ALJ noted as well that Plaintiff had undergone a
mental residual functional capacity assessment, in which it was determined that he did not have a
neuro cognitive impairment related to his HIV positive status and was capable of learning and
performing simple routine tasks. Id. at 17.
In addition, the ALJ’s decision “include[s] a specific finding as to the degree of limitation
in each of the [four required] functional areas.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520a(e)(2). Review of the
ALJ’s decision shows that he included specific citations to Dr. Cott’s findings that Plaintiff had
only moderate difficulties with the activities of daily living, social functioning, and maintaining
concentration, persistence, or pace and had experienced only one or two episode of
decompensation that lasted for an extended duration. A.R. at 17. It is evident from the ALJ’s
decision that he accepted these findings and incorporated them into his RFC of Plaintiff. For
example, with respect to Plaintiff’s ability to perform the activities of daily living, the ALJ found
that Plaintiff was “able to perform activities of daily living independently and care for his own
personal needs.” Id. at 18. As regards Plaintiff’s ability to engage in social functioning, the ALJ
found that Plaintiff was “able to think, communicate and act in his own interest” and had
“moderate [] limitations as to the ability to . . . work in coordination or proximity to others
without distracting them or being distracted by them.” Id. at 18, 20. The ALJ also noted that
Plaintiff’s ability to perform work was limited by his “borderline intellect[]” and “need for work
of a low stress routine [i.e., requiring no more than moderate attention and concentration,
persistence and pace for prolonged periods].” Id. at 19-20, 21-22. Accordingly, the Court finds
that the ALJ properly evaluated Plaintiff’s mental impairments in compliance with 20 C.F.R. §
404.1520a.
22
D. The Residual Functional Capacity Analysis
To make a determination under steps four and five of the disability analysis, which
involve an inquiry into the claimant’s ability to return to past work and a determination of
whether future employment of any variety is possible, see 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 416.920, the
ALJ must engage in a residual functional capacity analysis. Id. §§ 404.1545, 416.945; SSR 96-
8p, Policy Interpretation Ruling Titles II and XVI: Assessing Residual Functional Capacity in
Initial Claims, 1996 WL 374184 at *2 (S.S.A. July 2, 1996). An RFC is “an administrative
assessment of the extent to which an individual’s medically determinable impairment(s),
including any related symptoms, such as pain, may cause physical or mental limitations or
restrictions that may affect his or her capacity to do work-related physical or mental activities.”
SSR 96-8p, 1996 WL 374184 at *2. The ALJ must explain how he considered and resolved
ambiguities in the record with regard to the ultimate RFC decision. Butler, 353 F.3d at 1000.
Plaintiff raises three main arguments challenging the ALJ’s RFC analysis. First, he
argues that the ALJ was required to, but did not, perform a function-by-function assessment of
Plaintiff’s ability to work or include a narrative discussion of how the evidence supported the
ALJ’s RFC conclusion. Pl.’s Mot. at 13-16. Second, he argues that the ALJ failed to engage in a
detailed assessment of Plaintiff’s capacity to perform the mental demands of work. Id. at 16-18.
Third, Plaintiff contends that because the ALJ failed to address the severity of Plaintiff’s non-
HIV impairments at step two, the impairments were therefore not addressed in the RFC. Id. at
19. The Court finds that these arguments are without merit.
First, the ALJ performed a sufficient function-by-function assessment and provided a
sufficient narrative in support thereof. Plaintiff is correct that SSR 96-8p requires the ALJ to
23
assess a claimant’s “work-related abilities on a function-by-function basis” and instructs that
“[o]nly after that may RFC be expressed in terms of exertional levels of work . . . .” SSR 96-8p,
1996 WL 374184 at *1.4 However, SSR 96-8p also provides that “[w]hen there is no allegation
of a physical or mental limitation or restriction of a specific functional capacity, and no
information in the case record that there is such a limitation or restriction, the adjudicator must
consider the individual to have no limitation or restriction with respect to that functional
capacity.” Id.
In this case, the ALJ performed a sufficient function-by-function assessment of all
functions for which the record included evidence of limitations. The ALJ’s conclusion regarding
Plaintiff’s physical RFC stated as follows:
After observing and listening to the claimant’s testimony, this [ALJ] is convinced
that the claimant can engage in substantial gainful activity. The undersigned finds
that claimant’s testimony concerning his impairments and their impact on his ability
to work are not entirely credible to the extent alleged. Specifically, the undersigned
noted that although the claimant alleges that he has HIV positive, he has been
working part time as a patient escort at least 20 hours per week. Furthermore, the
undersigned notes that although the claimant tested positive for HIV, the medical
evidence fails to document a listing level impairment or an impairment individually
[or] in combination that would preclude the claimant from engaging in work for any
12-month continuous period. Even though the claimant has some weakness and
numbness in his arms and legs, the medical evidence does not support any serious
muscle weakness or loss of control due to nerve damage.
A.R. at 18. With respect to Plaintiff’s mental RFC, the ALJ further concluded that:
The claimant alleged having depression and having some memory problems.
4
SSR 96-8p specifically instructs the ALJ to consider the functions in paragraphs (b), (c),
and (d) of 20 C.F.R. § 416.945, which include physical abilities (sitting, standing, walking,
lifting, carrying, pushing, pulling, or other physical functions including manipulative or postural
functions), mental abilities (understanding, remembering, carrying out instructions, responding
appropriately to supervision, coworkers, and work pressures in a work setting), and other abilities
affected by impairments (including specifically, impairments of vision). 20 C.F.R. § 416.945.
24
Specifically, the medical evidence shows that the claimant is able to think,
communicate, and act in his own interest. He is able to perform activities of daily
living independently and care for his own personal needs. Furthermore, the claimant
can follow basic instructions. The claimant demonstrated a good ability at the
hearing to understand, remember and respond to the questions posed by both the
undersigned [ALJ] and his legal representative [albeit not always credible].
Id.
Based on these observations, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff “retains the residual
functional capacity to perform light work and alternatively sedentary work activity within the
limits of the specific residual functional capacity determined.” Id. Specifically, the ALJ
determined that Plaintiff’s ability to perform light and sedentary work was limited as follows:
[B]orderline intellectual [functioning] with the need for work of a low stress routine
nature [i.e. requiring no more than moderate attention and concentration, persistence
and pace for prolonged periods] and having the ability to occasionally climb stairs
and ramps and balance and stop, and occasionally kneel and crouch but no crawling;
no concentrated exposure to dusts, fumes, chemicals, poor ventilation or excessive
humidity or wetness or excessive vibrations; while experiencing moderate5 pain; with
moderate [as defined] limitations as to the ability to perform activities within a
schedule, maintain regular attendance and be punctual within customary tolerances
and work in coordination or proximity to others without distracting them or being
distracted by them.
Id. at 21-22. In reaching these findings, the ALJ explicitly noted that he was “granting the
claimant some benefit of doubt with respect to some of the postural limitations in the light of
limited medical evidence to specifically support the same.” Id. at 21.
While Plaintiff claims that the ALJ’s “residual functional capacity assessment is nothing
5
The ALJ defined “moderate” as “a level of severity to preclude the attention and
concentration required for high stress production oriented work and complex work but not of a
level of severity or magnitude to preclude the attention and concentration required for less
stressful work of an unskilled or semi-skilled nature involving simpler work instructions with the
term simpler being used as is customarily used in normal work rules and not referring to
sheltered work shop type work.” A.R. at 22.
25
more than a naked conclusion, devoid of analysis,” Pl.’s Mot. at 15, even a cursory glance at the
passages above makes clear that the ALJ carefully considered and evaluated the medical
evidence in the record and included an adequate narrative explaining how the evidence supported
his conclusions. Moreover, consideration of the ALJ’s decision, and the passages cited above in
particular, the Court finds that the ALJ adequately identified inconsistencies in the record and
explained how he arrived at his conclusions. The ALJ carefully explained why he discredited
Plaintiff’s own contradictory statements about his impairments. In addition, the ALJ noted that
where the record evidence was limited, he gave Plaintiff the benefit of the doubt and resolved
any inconsistences in Plaintiff’s favor.
Second, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to engage in the “more detailed” assessment
of the Plaintiff’s mental limitations as required by SSR 96-8p. Pl.’s Mot. at 18; see SSR 96-8p,
1996 WL 374184 at *2. As discussed previously, the Court finds that the ALJ engaged in a
sufficiently detailed assessment of the relevant evidence in the record regarding Plaintiff’s mental
impairments. See supra pp. 19-22, 24-25. In regard to Plaintiff’s activities of daily living, the
ALJ noted, that Plaintiff was “able to perform activities of daily living independently and care for
his own personal needs.” A.R. at 18. With respect to Plaintiff’s social functioning, the ALJ
pointed out that Plaintiff was “able to think, communicate and act in his own interest,” had
“moderate [] limitations as to the ability to . . . work in coordination or proximity to others
without distracting them or being distracted by them,” and had “demonstrated a good ability at
the hearing to understand, remember and respond to” questions from the ALJ and counsel.” Id.
at 18, 20. The ALJ also took into account Plaintiff’s “borderline intellect[]” and “need for work
of a low stress routine [i.e., requiring no more than moderate attention and concentration,
26
persistence and pace for prolonged periods].” Id. at 19-22.
In addition, while Plaintiff is correct that the ALJ did not specifically list the work-related
functions itemized on Dr. Cott’s mental residual functional capacity assessment, Plaintiff does
not cite any case supporting the supposition that an ALJ’s opinion must include such an
itemization. Pl.’s Mot. at 18. Moreover, as review of the ALJ’s decision demonstrates, the ALJ
explicitly cited to Dr. Cott’s general findings in her mental residual functional capacity
assessment that Plaintiff shows only “moderate limitations to no significant limitations.” A.R. at
17. None of Plaintiff’s functions in Dr. Cott’s assessment were “markedly limited.” Id. at 232-
33. Furthermore, the ALJ specifically incorporated Dr. Cott’s findings that Plaintiff was
moderately limited in certain areas relating to understanding and memory, concentration and
persistence, social interaction, and adaption. See id. at 19-20 (taking in account Plaintiff’s
moderate limitations in “attention and concentration;” “persistence and pace;” “ability to perform
activities within a schedule, maintain regular attendance and be punctual within customary
tolerances;” and ability to “work in coordination or proximity to others without distracting them
or being distracted by them”).
Third, Plaintiff contends that because the ALJ failed to address the severity of Plaintiff’s
non-HIV impairments at step two, the impairments were therefore not addressed in the RFC.
Pl.’s Mot. at 19. This argument is equally without merit. Even assuming that the ALJ
erroneously failed to find the Plaintiff’s peripheral neuropathy, depression, and borderline
intellectual functioning were severe at step two of the sequential analysis, this failure does not
automatically mean that the ALJ’s RFC analysis was also inadequate. An RFC is based on a
consideration of “all . . . medically determinable impairments of which . . . [the ALJ is] aware,
27
including . . . medically determinable impairments that are not “severe.” 20 C.F.R. §
404.1545(a)(2) (emphasis added). Accordingly, an ALJ should consider even those impairments
found to be non-severe in evaluating a claimant’s RFC. In this case, review of the final decision
demonstrates that the ALJ did just that. As noted above, the ALJ took into consideration
Plaintiff’s non-HIV impairments — to the extent he found them credible — in evaluating
Plaintiff’s RFC. The Court therefore finds that the ALJ did not legally err in analyzing Plaintiff’s
RFC.
E. Plaintiff’s Ability to Perform Past-Relevant Work and/or Jobs Reasonably
Available in the National Economy
The ALJ determined at step four that Plaintiff had the ability to return to his past relevant
work as a data entry clerk. A.R. at 18. The ALJ also ruled in the alternative at step five that,
based on the VE’s testimony, Plaintiff was capable of performing one of several
“light/sedentary” jobs available in significant numbers in the national economy, including
cashier, office helper, sales, administrative support person, order clerk, and charge account clerk.
Id. at 20. Plaintiff argues that these findings were both in error. See Pl.’s Mot. at 19-27. The
Court does not agree. Review of the record in this case demonstrates that the ALJ’s findings at
step five are supported by substantial evidence in the record. Although the propriety of the ALJ’s
findings at step four is a closer question, the Court need not decide this issue given its conclusion
below that the ALJ’s alternative disposition at step five is supported by substantial evidence. See
Smith v. Astrue, 534 F. Supp. 2d 121, 130 & n. 10 (D.D.C. 2008) (approving the use of
alternative dispositions) (citing cases).
Turning then to Plaintiff’s arguments regarding the ALJ’s determination at step five,
28
Plaintiff argues that this alternative finding was in error for two reasons. First, Plaintiff contends
that the ALJ’s failure to consider Plaintiff’s non-HIV impairments at step two “carried forward
through the sequential process to the hypothetical question to the VE.” Pl.’s Mot. at 23. This
argument can easily be disposed of for the same reasons the Court has already discussed above.
See supra pp. 27-28. Specifically, even assuming that the ALJ erred in finding that Plaintiff’s
non-HIV impairments were non-severe at step two of the sequential analysis, this failure does not
mean that the ALJ’s RFC analysis was also inadequate; to the contrary, as discussed above, the
ALJ appropriately considered Plaintiff’s peripheral neuropathy, depression, and borderline
intellectual functioning in assessing Plaintiff’s RFC. Plaintiff’s argument on this point is
therefore without merit.
Second, Plaintiff argues that the VE’s testimony conflicts with the occupational
information contained in The Dictionary of Occupational Titles (“DOT”), and that the ALJ
therefore erred when he relied on the VE’s testimony. Pl.’s Mot. at 23-27. As indicated above,
the VE testified in response to the ALJ’s hypothetical questions that significant employment
opportunities existed in both “light duty, unskilled work” and in “sedentary unskilled work,” and
identified the following positions available in each category: (1) with respect to the “light duty,
unskilled work” category, the VE indicated the individual could work as a cashier, office helper,
and sales attendant; and (2) with respect to the latter “sedentary unskilled work” category, the VE
testified that the individual could perform work as an administrative support worker (such as an
addresser), an order clerk, and a charge account clerk. A.R. at 528-29. According to Plaintiff,
these conclusions were in error because the DOT indicates that the jobs identified by the VE each
require a reasoning development level of 2 or 3 but Plaintiff was limited to performing only
29
simple instructions, which Plaintiff argues corresponds under the DOT’s General Educational
Development to a reasoning level of 1.6 Pl.’s Mot. at 23-26.
Plaintiff’s argument, however, is based upon a faulty premise — namely, that the ALJ
determined that Plaintiff was limited to performing only simple instructions. The ALJ did not
make any such finding nor does the substantial evidence in the record support Plaintiff’s present
assertion that he was limited to only performing work that involved simple instructions. In
assessing Plaintiff’s mental RFC, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff was “able to think,
communicate, and act in his own interest; “can follow basic instructions;” and “demonstrated a
good ability at the hearing to understand, remember and respond to the questions posed by both
the undersigned [ALJ] and his legal representative.” A.R. at 18. The ALJ appropriately took
these limitations into consideration in his hypothetical questions to the VE, asking the VE to
consider an individual who had the capacity for “low-stress, routine type of work . . . that doesn’t
require more than moderate attention, concentration, [] persistence and pace for long periods of
6
Each of the job descriptions in the DOT contains a “definition trailer” that sets forth a
number of selected occupational characteristics and requirements of the occupation, including the
General Educational Development or “GED.” See DOT, Appendix C–Components of the
Definition Trailer, Section III (describing the GED). As is relevant here, one subcomponent of
the GED is the “Reasoning Development.” A reasoning development level 1 requires the ability
to “[a]pply commonsense understanding to carry out simple one- or two-step instructions” and to
“[d]eal with standardized situations with occasional or no variables in or from these situations
encountered on the job.” A reasoning development level 2 requires the ability to “[a]pply
commonsense understanding to carry out detailed but uninvolved written or oral instructions”
and to “[d]eal with problems involving a few concrete variables in or from standardized
situations.” A reasoning development level 3 requires the individual be able to “[a]pply
commonsense understanding to carry out instructions furnished in written, oral, or diagrammatic
form” and to “[d]eal with problems involving several concrete variables in or from standardized
situations.” See DOT, App. C, § III, Reasoning Development. In this case, the occupations
identified by the VE require either a reasoning development level of 2 (e.g., office helper and
addresser) or a reasoning development level of 3 (e.g., cashier, sales attendant, charge account
clerk, and order clerk). See Pl.’s Mot., Exs. A-H.
30
time” and who had “borderline intellectual functioning.” Id. at 527-29. Contrary to Plaintiff’s
assertion, then, the ALJ did not find that Plaintiff was limited to simple instructions only.
Plaintiff has not directed the Court to any evidence in the record indicating otherwise.
Indeed, Plaintiff has failed to cite to or otherwise indicate which portion(s) of the Administrative
Record he believes supports his present assertion that he was limited to performing simple
instructions. Nonetheless, from the Court’s own review, it appears likely that Plaintiff may be
relying on the medical reports completed by Dr. Schiff and Dr. Cott — in particular, their
statements that Plaintiff was capable of performing simple tasks and routines. A.R. at 217-19,
236-49. Significantly, however, although Dr. Schiff and Dr. Cott observed that Plaintiff was
capable of performing simple tasks, neither concluded that Plaintiff was limited to performing
only work involving simple tasks or routines. To the contrary, Dr. Schiff determined that
Plaintiff had “moderately good, if somewhat erratic, success with more complex or detailed tasks
and instructions.” Id. at 218. Similarly, Dr. Cott reported that Plaintiff had no marked
limitations in any of his mental residual functional capacities and had only moderate limitations
in his ability to understand, remember, and carry out detailed instructions. Id. at 232-33. As
noted above, the ALJ took these findings into consideration in assessing Plaintiff’s RFC and in
framing the hypothetical questions to the VE.
In addition, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ wrongly relied on the VE’s testimony because
certain of the jobs identified by the VE — specifically, the positions of cashier, charge account
clerk, and order clerk — require a temperament to attain precise set limits, tolerances, and
standards, which Plaintiff argues is inconsistent with the ALJ’s finding that Plaintiff was limited
to work that was of a low stress routine nature. Pl.’s Mot. at 25-26. Plaintiff, however, offers no
31
case law, evidence, or other legal authority to support his assertion that occupations requiring a
temperament to attain precise set limits, tolerances, and standards are inconsistent with the ALJ’s
finding that Plaintiff could perform a low stress work routine. Similarly, Plaintiff also argues
that the ALJ erred in relying on the VE’s testimony because certain of the jobs identified —
namely, the positions of sales attendant, charge account clerk, and order clerk — require the
temperament to deal with people, which Plaintiff argues is inconsistent with the ALJ’s finding
that Plaintiff was moderately limited in his ability to work in proximity to others. Id. at 26.
Again, however, Plaintiff offers no support for this statement. Moreover, the ALJ did not find
that Plaintiff was precluded from working near or around others, but only that Plaintiff’s ability
to do so was moderately limited; such a finding is not clearly inconsistent with the VE’s
testimony that Plaintiff could do work that required him to deal with other people. Finally, the
Court notes that even if it were to accept Plaintiff’s assertions that he could not perform work
that required a temperament to attain precise set limits, tolerances, and standards and to deal with
people, Plaintiff has not shown that he cannot perform the remaining work identified by the VE
— namely, an office helper (67,000 nationally and 1,000 locally) and an addresser (42,000
nationally and 400 locally). The VE’s testimony as these jobs alone is sufficient to satisfy the
Commissioner’s burden of showing that a disability claimant is capable of performing jobs
reasonably available in the national economy. See, e.g., Trimiar v. Sullivan, 966 F.2d 1326,
1330-32 (10th Cir. 1992) (testimony that 650-900 jobs exist in state sufficient to satisfy
Commissioner’s burden at step five); Barker v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 882 F.2d 1474,
1478 (9th Cir. 1989) (finding that “1,266 jobs are within the parameters of ‘significant
numbers’”); Jenkins v. Bowen, 861 F.2d 1083, 1087 (8th Cir. 1988) (finding that 500 jobs
32
represents a significant number). Therefore, the Court rejects Plaintiff’s argument that the ALJ
erred in relying on the VE’s testimony at step five of the sequential process.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing review of the relevant law and the administrative record, the
Court finds that the Administrative Law Judge applied the correct legal standards when he denied
Plaintiff’s claim for Supplemental Security Income Benefits and Disability Insurance Benefits,
and that his conclusions are supported by substantial evidence. The Court shall therefore DENY
Plaintiff’s [8] Motion for Judgment of Reversal and GRANT Defendant’s [11] Motion for
Judgment of Affirmance. This case shall be dismissed in its entirety. An appropriate Order
accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: June 30, 2010
/s/
COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
United States District Judge
33