Iacangelo v. Georgetown University

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

____________________________________
)
FELICE I. IACANGELO, et al., )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 05-2086 (PLF)
)
GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY, et al., )
)
Defendants. )
____________________________________)

OPINION

This matter came before the Court on plaintiffs’ motion to disqualify Williams &

Connolly, LLP (“W&C”) as counsel for the defendants on the ground that Williams &

Connolly’s representation of both defendant Georgetown University Hospital and defendant

Dr. Vance E. Watson in this case is tainted by a conflict of interest. Both the case and the issue

itself are complicated and involve many filings, depositions and assertions of fact supported by

competing affidavits and declarations, all of which the Court has carefully considered.1 Because

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The documents reviewed by the Court in reaching its decision include the
following: plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint [Docket No. 101] (“Compl.”); plaintiffs’
Motion to Disqualify Defendants’ Counsel (“Mot.”); defendants’ Opposition to Plaintiffs’
Motion to Disqualify Defendants’ Counsel (“Opp.”); Opp., Ex. C (Transcript of December 14,
2007 Deposition of Dr. Vance Wilson) (“Dec. 14, 2007 Watson Dep.”); Opp., Ex. D (Transcript
of May 31, 2007 Deposition of Dr. Watson) (“May 31, 2007 Watson Dep.”); Opp., Ex. E
(Transcript of July 26, 2007 Deposition of Sheila Zimmet) (“July 23, 2007 Zimmet Dep.”);
Transcript of June 26, 2007 Status Conference (“June 27, 2007 Tr.”); defendants’ Response to
Alleged Conflict of Interest Issues [Docket No. 173] (“Defs.’ Resp.”); Affidavit of Defendant
Vance E. Watson, M.D. [Docket No. 177] (“Watson Affid.”); Iacangelo v. Georgetown Univ.,
Civil Action No. 05-2086, Memorandum Opinion and Order (D.D.C. June 27, 2007) (“June 27,
2007 Mem. Op. & Order”); id., Memorandum Opinion and Order (D.D.C. July 16, 2009) (“July
16, 2009 Mem. Op. & Order”).
the Court concluded that most of plaintiffs’ claims and contentions lack merit, it issued an Order

on March 26, 2010, denying the motion to disqualify. This Opinion explains the reasons

underlying that Order, and also discusses the one area where W&C may have a waivable conflict

of interest that has not yet been waived by Dr. Watson and the process by which that waiver may

be accomplished.

I. BACKGROUND

A. The Medical Treatment at Issue

This is a medical malpractice case concerning the care provided to Karyn A.

Kerris, the daughter of plaintiffs Felice Iacangelo and Cicily Iacangelo, by defendant Dr. Vance

Watson and Georgetown University Hospital (“Georgetown”). Ms. Kerris suffers from a

bithalmic arteriovenous malformation (“AVM”), an abnormal tangle of veins and arteries in her

brain through which blood does not flow properly. See Compl. ¶ 8. In 1998 and 1999, Dr.

Watson attempted to treat this condition by utilizing a process known as “embolization,” which

involves using a glue-like substance to seal abnormal blood vessels off from healthy ones. See

id. ¶¶ 8-9. As part of the embolization process, Dr. Watson combined two substances that would

be applied to the AVM: Histoacryl, a glue, and Lipiodol, a poppyseed-oil mixture containing

material that is visible in X-rays. Id. ¶ 9. Dr. Watson’s treatment was not successful, and Ms.

Kerris subsequently experienced damage to her brain that has incapacitated her. Id. ¶¶ 11-12.

Plaintiffs claim that at the time of the embolizations, Dr. Watson’s combination of

Histoacryl and Lipiodol was a “Class III[] medical device that had not been approved [by the

FDA] and was thus illegal.” Compl. ¶ 10(c). They further allege that Dr. Watson should have

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obtained an investigational device exemption (“IDE”) from the FDA and submitted to

supervision by an institutional review board (“IRB”) before combining and using the two

substances in Ms. Kerris’ brain. Id. ¶¶ 10(d), (j). In addition, at the time of the embolizations,

Histoacryl was allegedly “the subject of a trade alert and had been seized by the FDA prior to its

use on” Ms. Kerris. Id. ¶ 10(k).

The defendants claim that they followed proper procedures in obtaining and using

Histoacryl. There is deposition testimony that in 1994, several years before treating Ms. Kerris,

Dr. Watson consulted Sheila Zimmet, a lawyer employed by Georgetown, about the use of

Histoacryl. Defs.’ Resp. at 6. The exact content of that discussion between Dr. Watson and Ms.

Zimmet is unclear, but it is reasonably certain that (1) Ms. Zimmet informed Dr. Watson that he

did not require the approval or the supervision of the IRB in order to perform the embolizations

on Ms. Kerris, id.; and (2) Dr. Watson properly inferred from Ms. Zimmet’s comments and

demeanor that his use of Histoacryl was permissible, even though Histoacryl was not yet

FDA-approved. See Defs.’ Resp. at 7; Dec. 14, 2007 Watson Dep. at 350.

Dr. Watson consulted Ms. Zimmet again in 1998 to learn “how best to achieve

prompt importation of Histoacryl.” Defs.’ Resp. at 7. Dr. Watson had already spoken with a

U.S. Customs agent about the issue and had “been provided with language to be used” in a letter

to be presented to the FDA, known as a “letter of need.” Id. Ms. Zimmet recommended that Dr.

Watson send the letter to the FDA by fax so that it would arrive at the agency before the

Histoacryl shipment went through Customs. Id. Dr. Watson successfully obtained the Histoacryl

and used it in treating Ms. Kerris, giving rise to the current lawsuit.

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 B. Plaintiffs’ Claims

Plaintiffs’ most recent amended complaint included, among its other claims, three

counts of negligence per se by Dr. Watson and Georgetown. Plaintiffs claimed that Dr. Watson

had violated 21 U.S.C. § 360c(a)(II) and 21 C.F.R. § 812.20(a)(2) by obtaining and using

unapproved “artificial embolization devices” without obtaining an IDE from the FDA. Compl.

¶¶ 45-59; 69-72. According to plaintiffs, Dr. Watson also breached 21 U.S.C. §§ 331(a)-(c), (g)

and (k) by receiving and combining Histoacryl and Lipiodol, two allegedly “adulterated and

misbranded devices.” Id. ¶¶ 60-68. Plaintiffs argued that by allegedly violating these laws, Dr.

Watson had necessarily breached his duty to Ms. Kerris, causing her injuries. The Court

disagreed with that argument and dismissed plaintiffs’ negligence per se claims in Orders issued

on September 30, 2008 and February 4, 2009. Iacangelo v. Georgetown Univ., Civil Action

No. 05-2086, Order and Judgment (D.D.C. Sept. 30, 2008) [Docket No. 125]; id., Memorandum

Opinion and Order (D.D.C. Feb. 4, 2009) [Docket No. 145]. There remain five still-viable

claims for relief in plaintiffs’ amended complaint: negligence, lack of informed consent, breach

of warranty, fraud, and breach of fiduciary obligations. Compl. Counts I-V. Currently pending

before the Court is a motion by defendants for partial summary judgment on the plaintiffs’

informed consent, breach of warranty, and fraud claims. See Defendants’ Motion for Summary

Judgment on Counts II-IV of the Second Amended Complaint [Docket No. 143].

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 C. The Conflict-of-Interest Issue

The possibility that Williams & Connolly might have a conflict of interest in this

case was first raised by Anthony Newman, plaintiffs’ counsel, at a deposition of Dr. Watson.

Megan Hills, a Williams & Connolly lawyer defending both Georgetown and Dr. Watson,

notified Magistrate Judge Alan Kay of Mr. Newman’s allegations. On June 27, 2007, this Court

held a status conference to discuss the situation with counsel.

At the status conference, Mr. Newman attempted to explain the potential conflict

he perceived. Dr. Watson had described during his deposition the content of his discussions with

Georgetown attorney Sheila Zimmet concerning the use of Histoacryl. Mr. Newman

characterized Dr. Watson’s description as follows: “Dr. Watson testified that . . . [Ms.] Zimmet

. . . said, it’s not illegal to use this stuff that is not approved and is being smuggled across the

border. . . . Two, she said, you don’t need to go through the Institutional Review Board.” June

27, 2007 Tr. at 6. At that time, Ms. Zimmet had not yet been deposed, and Mr. Newman

expressed concern that her account of her discussions with Dr. Watson, whatever it might be,

would create problems for the defense. If she confirmed Dr. Watson’s account, then “[t]here

may be a defense Watson has[,] saying, look, I didn’t mean to break any rules, I was told to do

so.” Id. at 10. Mr. Newman did not clearly articulate the conflict he believed would arise if Ms.

Zimmet disputed Dr. Watson’s account.

The Court framed the potential conflict problem this way: “Presumably, if Sheila

Zimmet says I never said that to Watson, then Watson has a credibility problem. . . . Watson’s

counsel has to stand by Watson’s credibility, but Watson’s counsel also has to stand by Sheila

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Zimmet’s credibility since she [Zimmet] is a Georgetown employee.” June 27, 2007 Tr. at 9.

Addressing W&C counsel, the Court elaborated:

[I]f Sheila Zimmet[] says that what Watson says is true,
. . . I’m not sure how the conflict comes out if she says it’s true. If
she says it’s not true, then can you really . . . put both Watson and
Zimmet[] on the stand, or does one of them need a different
lawyer at trial[?]

You’ve got two clients, Georgetown and Watson. Their
interests are identical, unless a primary spokesperson for
Georgetown [Zimmet] says that your other client isn’t telling the
truth. And we certainly can’t find ourselves in a situation mid-
trial where that happens.

Id. at 12-13. The Court also pointed out that if Ms. Zimmet were to deny Dr. Watson’s account

of their conversations, Georgetown might attempt to argue that Dr. Watson had acted on his own

without authorization, thus obviating respondeat superior liability: “If I were representing

Georgetown I would say, wait a minute, if this guy is off on a frolic of his own, isn’t there some

way we could get out of this?” Id. at 14. In light of those concerns, the Court ordered that Ms.

Zimmet be independently represented at her deposition, and that W&C arrange for independent

counsel to advise Dr. Watson on any potential conflicts of interest. See June 27, 2007 Mem. Op

& Order at 2.

Ms. Zimmet subsequently was deposed, and the independent counsel engaged for

Dr. Watson, George Clark, attended her deposition. Ms. Zimmet confirmed that she had told Dr.

Watson that he could treat Ms. Kerris with Histoacryl without the approval of an IRB. July 23,

2007 Zimmet Dep. at 52-53. She was aware that Histoacryl was not FDA approved, that it was

being imported from Canada for Dr. Watson’s use, and that no IDE had been obtained from the

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FDA. Id. at 60-61. She nevertheless did not object to Dr. Watson’s plan for the treatment of Ms.

Kerris. Id.

After Ms. Zimmet’s deposition passed without apparent incident, the conflict-of-

interest problem resurfaced when counsel for the defendants filed a motion to strike some of the

plaintiffs’ designated experts. Those experts claimed that “[d]efendant Georgetown’s in-house

counsel [Zimmet] violated the national standard of care by condoning and allowing the use and

continued use of illegal, unapproved Class III devices without both an IDE and IRB approval.”

Iacangelo v. Georgetown Univ., Civil Action No. 05-2086, Memorandum Opinion of Magistrate

Judge Alan Kay at 7 (D.D.C. June 17, 2008) (quoting plaintiffs’ Opposition to Defendants’

Emergency Motion to Extend the Deadlines for Defendants’ Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2) Expert

Disclosures and to Strike Plaintiffs’ Expert Reports for Plaintiffs’ Failure to Comply with Fed. R.

Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B), at 5) (internal quotation marks omitted). Judge Kay granted the motion to

strike, and the plaintiffs moved for reconsideration. In their opposition to the motion for

reconsideration, defendants argued that the testimony of the proffered legal experts regarding

communications between Ms. Zimmet and Dr. Watson was irrelevant to this medical malpractice

case: “As the health care provider at issue, Dr. Watson’s decision to use a non-FDA approved

device to treat a patient was his alone.” Defendants’ Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion for

Reconsideration of Magistrate Judge Kay’s June 17, 2008 Order [Docket No. 116] at 3.

The Court found this assertion troubling because “the argument that the decision

to use a non-FDA approved device was Dr. Watson’s ‘alone’ — regardless of what Ms. Zimmet

advised him or what anyone else at Georgetown may have said or done — only seems to

reinforce the Court’s initial view that a conflict of interest exists (or may in the future exist)

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between Georgetown University and Dr. Watson.” July 16, 2009 Mem. Op. & Order at 3. The

Court reminded the defendants that they were to submit a report by Dr. Watson’s independent

counsel, which they had failed to do for over two years despite the Court’s earlier order. Id. at 5.

The Court also posed a series of questions for both W&C and George Clark, Dr. Watson’s

independent counsel. Among the questions was the following: “If the Court rules that testimony

from Ms. Zimmet and others about her legal advice to Dr. Watson is relevant and will be

admitted . . . , then will the defendants argue that Dr. Watson should not be held liable at all

while their other client (Georgetown University) should be?” Id. at 4 (emphasis in original).

On July 31, 2009, George Clark submitted a report in which he stated that he

found no conflicts of interest in W&C’s representation of both Georgetown and Dr. Watson. See

Report of Independent Counsel for Defendant Vance E. Watson, M.D. ¶ 2 [Docket No. 174]. On

that same day, W&C filed responses to the questions posed by the Court. See Defs.’ Resp. In

addition, Dr. Watson filed an affidavit in which he averred, “I am satisfied with the

representation I have received from Williams & Connolly and believe that it is not tainted by

conflict of interest.” Watson Affid. ¶ 8. He also stated, “I believe that I know any material risks

and reasonably available alternatives to continued representation by Williams & Connolly. I

agree to waive any conflict of interest.” Id. ¶ 10.

II. DISCUSSION

A. The Applicable Rule of Professional Responsibility

According to the plaintiffs, Williams & Connolly’s continued joint representation

of both Georgetown and Dr. Watson violates Rule 1.7(a) of the District of Columbia Rules of

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Professional Conduct. That Rule provides: “A lawyer shall not advance two or more adverse

positions in the same matter.” D.C. RULES OF PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.7(a). It sets out “the

limited circumstances in which representation of conflicting interests is absolutely prohibited

even with the informed consent of all involved clients.” D.C. RULES OF PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.7,

cmt. 1. While the prohibition of Rule 1.7(a) is “absolute,” its “reach . . . is relatively narrow.”

D.C. Bar Legal Ethics Comm., Op. 217 (1991). The prohibition of Rule 1.7(a) “relates only to

actual conflicts of position, not to mere formalities . . . [A] lawyer is not absolutely forbidden to

provide joint or simultaneous representation if the clients’ positions are only nominally but not

actually adverse.” D.C. RULES OF PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.7(a), cmt. 6. According to the D.C.

Bar’s Legal Ethics Committee, Rule 1.7(a) applies only to situations where a lawyer actually

asserts two incompatible arguments on behalf of two different clients on the same issue in the

same proceeding:

Rule 1.7(a) precludes a firm that takes a position on behalf of
Client A from representing Client B in the same proceeding only if
Client B actually takes or will take an adverse position on the
issue. If the benefits of joint representation are sufficiently great or
the likelihood of prevailing on a position that would increase its
individual recovery is sufficiently small, each of the clients might
after “consultation” choose to forgo such arguments. . . .
Accordingly, if Client B chooses to forgo taking an adverse
position on the particular issue, Rule 1.7(a) would be inapplicable
by its terms. Rule 1.7(b) governs in any case in which
simultaneous representation of clients with potentially adverse
interests would not actually require the firm to take inconsistent
positions in the same proceeding.

D.C. Bar Legal Ethics Comm., Op. 217 (emphasis added).

By this logic, Rule 1.7(a) would apply if, for example, W&C were representing

both Georgetown and Dr. Watson, and proposed to argue during the course of the same trial both

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that (1) administering the Histoacryl to Ms. Kerris was appropriate and legal, and

(2) administering the Histoacryl to Ms. Kerris may have been illegal and inappropriate, and

further that (3) only Georgetown, not Dr. Watson, bears any liability because Ms. Zimmet

(Georgetown’s lawyer) told the doctor he could use the substance. In contrast, Rule 1.7(a) would

not apply where W&C could make both of those arguments but instead was making only

Argument (1). In that case, Rule 1.7(b), not Rule 1.7(a), governs because W&C’s two clients

have potentially adverse interests but are not actually advancing adverse positions in the same

proceeding. Rule 1.7(b) provides that “[E]xcept as permitted by paragraph (c) below, a lawyer

shall not represent a client with respect to a matter if . . . [s]uch representation will be or is likely

to be adversely affected by representation of another client.” D.C. RULES OF PROF’L CONDUCT

R. 1.7(b).2

This distinction matters for two reasons. First, Rule 1.7(b), unlike Rule 1.7(a), is

not an absolute bar to representation where a conflict exists; the conflict may be “cured” if

“[e]ach potentially affected client provides informed consent to such [joint or dual]

representation after full disclosure of the existence and nature of the possible conflict and the

2
Contrary to the arguments made in a motion recently filed by the plaintiffs, the
decision in Vestal v. Hoffa, Civil Action Nos. 1832-71, 1313-71, 1237-71, 1718-71, & 2010-71,
1972 WL 865 (D.D.C. July 11, 1972), is not “the leading D.C. authority directly on point
regarding disqualification from concurrent representation of defendants.” Plaintiffs’ Motion to
Stay the Entry of Appearance of Jennifer L. Attrep, Esq. [Docket No. 190], at 3 n.1. The legal
authority governing the disqualification question at issue in that case was not the District of
Columbia’s Rules of Professional Conduct or the professional code that preceded them, but
Yablonski v. United Mine Workers of America, 448 F.2d 1175 (1971), a case discussing the
propriety of a law firm’s concurrent representation of a union and one of the union’s officers.
Yablonski itself did not purport to interpret the Rules of Professional Conduct, but instead
applied the law of labor relations. See, e.g., Yablonski v. United Mine Workers of America, 448
F.2d at 1179-80. Because this case does not involve labor law, Yablonski and Vestal are of little
relevance.

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possible adverse consequences of such representation.” D.C. RULES OF PROF’L CONDUCT

R. 1.7(c). Second, because plaintiffs focus solely on Rule 1.7(a) in their motion to disqualify,

they spend a great deal of time attempting to classify minor or perhaps nonexistent

inconsistencies in the depositions of Dr. Watson and Ms. Zimmet as “adverse positions”

advocated by W&C.

B. The “Adverse Positions” Identified by Plaintiffs

The supposedly adverse positions cited by the plaintiffs in their motion to

disqualify W&C may be organized into three sets. One set of “adverse positions” is composed of

inconsistencies — or what plaintiffs unconvincingly present as inconsistencies — in defendants’

case. A second set involves instances in the course of this litigation where, according to the

plaintiffs, W&C has taken actions that will lead to one or more of its lawyers being called to the

witness stand. The third set consists of only one assertion, the claim that Dr. Watson may have a

defense that W&C may not present because it would work to Georgetown’s disadvantage. Only

this last claim requires serious attention.

1. Inconsistencies in the Defendants’ Case

Plaintiffs claim that W&C has advanced “adverse positions” because (1) Dr.

Watson has said that Ms. Zimmet told him his use of Histoacryl was “legal,” while Ms. Zimmet

doesn’t remember having conversations with Dr. Watson using the specific term “legality,” see

Mot. at 7-8; (2) Dr. Watson says he made the “‘legal’ distinction” in deciding IRB supervision of

his Histoacryl use was unnecessary, while Ms. Zimmet says “she clarified the ‘legal’ distinction,”

see Mot. at 10; (3) Ms. Zimmet said that letters of need always must be used to obtain

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unapproved devices for clinical use, and Dr. Watson did not use a letter of need to obtain the

Histoacryl, Mot. at 11; and (4) Dr. Watson has said that there are serious medical risks associated

with the use of embolization, while defendants have argued that there is no basis for identifying

the embolizations of Ms. Kerris’ AVM as the cause of the degeneration of her health.

Attempting to pursue their argument that Ms. Zimmet’s deposition testimony

conflicts with or refutes Dr. Watson’s, the plaintiffs take statements contained in deposition

transcripts out of context and then parse them to create the appearance of inconsistency. At one

of his depositions, Dr. Watson said that, prior to his treatment of Ms. Kerris, he had “been told”

by Ms. Zimmet that his use of Histoacryl was “not illegal.” May 31, 2007 Watson Dep. at 128.

The plaintiffs contend that Ms. Zimmet refuted this statement by saying that she had not

discussed Histoacryl with Dr. Watson “in terms of legality.” July 23, 2007 Zimmet Dep. at

77-78.

The Court finds that the statements of Dr. Watson and Ms. Zimmet regarding this

issue are not inconsistent when viewed in context. Dr. Watson explained that his discussion of

Histoacryl with Ms. Zimmet occurred when he asked her if he needed to obtain IRB approval and

supervision, and she said no. See May 31, 2007 Watson Dep. at 129-30. Ms. Zimmet’s account

of their discussion is similar. See July 23, 2007 Zimmet Dep. at 52. Dr. Watson never claimed

that Ms. Zimmet used the specific term “legal” or “legality”; in fact, he has vehemently denied

that she did so. See Dec. 14, 2007 Watson Dep. at 354-55. Instead, he has said that he inferred

from his general discussion of Histoacryl with her that he was permitted to use it; he assumed

that she would have stopped him if he was not so permitted. Id. at 358-59. Similarly, Ms.

Zimmet stated that she “indicated [to Dr. Watson] that . . . it seem[ed] to her that the FDA was

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acquiescing to clinical use [of Histoacryl] in medical practice.” July 23, 2007 Zimmet Dep. at

78.3

Plaintiffs next assert that the defendants have presented inconsistent claims about

the proper means of obtaining Histoacryl. The defendants have said that “Georgetown and Dr.

Watson and . . . Ms. Zimmet[] have always asserted that the Letter of Need procedure was the

appropriate procedure to follow when, as here, the intended use is individual patient care and not

for research.” Mot. at 11 (citing Defs.’ Resp. at 3) (internal quotation marks omitted). Dr.

Watson has said that in obtaining Histoacryl in the past, he found that “[s]ometimes you needed

[a letter of need],” and “[s]ometimes you didn’t.” Mot. at 11 (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted). According to the plaintiffs, these statements by Dr. Watson, combined with the

defendants’ inability to locate the letter of need allegedly used in Ms. Kerris’ case, demonstrate

conclusively that no letter of need was used to obtain the Histoacryl for Ms. Kerris, and therefore

contradict the defendants’ representations.

This contention is really just a preview of one of plaintiffs’ arguments on the

merits, and it does not present an example of any “adverse positions” espoused by W&C, or even

any necessarily inconsistent statements by the defendants. Dr. Watson’s statement that

“[s]ometimes you needed [letters of need],” and “[s]ometimes you didn’t” referred to his

experiences obtaining Histoacryl for various patients after he arrived at Georgetown in 1994.

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The plaintiffs also claim that there is a dispute regarding “who made the decision
to forego IRB review and upon whose word did they rely,” Mot. at 10, but the Court cannot
discern any inconsistency in the depositions on this point. Both Dr. Watson and Ms. Zimmet
have said that, after he told her that he would be using Histoacryl to treat a patient, she told him
that IRB involvement was unnecessary. See July 23, 2007 Zimmet Dep. at 52; May 31, 2007
Watson Dep. at 129-30.

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See May 31, 2007 Watson Dep. at 138. Dr. Watson said that in many instances, Histoacryl was

available at the hospital, having been procured by someone else, and that he only had to prepare

letters of need to obtain additional Histoacryl in some cases. Id. at 134-36. He has also said that,

to a degree of “very, very reasonable certainty,” he believes he did use a letter of need to obtain

the Histoacryl in Ms. Kerris’ case. Dec. 14, 2007 Watson Dep. at 370. There is no conflict

between Dr. Watson and Georgetown on this point. Plaintiffs argue that Dr. Watson failed to

procure a letter of need in Ms. Kerris’ case, see Mot. at 12; both Georgetown and Dr. Watson

disagree. See Opp. at 16-17.

Finally, plaintiffs say that a conflict of interest exists because Dr. Watson has

admitted that “embolization procedures using the Lipiodol and Histoacryl mixture” carry

“significant, great risks — including a high rate of failure, death, stroke, neurologic worsening,”

while the defendants have argued in their briefs that “[t]here is no basis for asserting that the

embolization allegedly caused Ms. Kerris to suffer permanent injury.” Mot. at 17. This claim by

the plaintiffs, again, is more of an argument on the merits than it is an assertion about conflict of

interest. The defendants do not claim that embolization is not risky. See Opp. at 23. Rather,

they claim that any possible risks “did not materialize.” Opp. at 8.

2. Testimony by Williams & Connolly Lawyers

In two of their arguments, plaintiffs claim that W&C has a conflict of interest

because W&C lawyers may need to be called to the witness stand at trial to explain

inconsistencies in their case. The plaintiffs point out that in an affidavit prepared for Dr. Watson

to sign, W&C inaccurately summarized the warnings Dr. Watson had given to Ms. Kerris,

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writing that he had told her that a prior patient had died “after experiencing complications

associated” with embolization. Mot. at 12. In fact, the complications “weren’t really associated

with the procedure,” as Dr. Watson later explained in a deposition. Id. Instead, they resulted

from a subsequent surgical procedure. May 31, 2007 Watson Dep. at 98-99. Regardless of the

reason for the difference between what Dr. Watson’s affidavit says and what he himself said at a

deposition, plaintiffs assert that “the veracity of the Declaration versus the veracity of Dr. Watson

is at issue. . . . Plaintiffs will have to ‘flesh out’ the facts at trial by calling both Dr. Watson and

the lawyer(s) from Williams & Connolly who drafted the document to the stand.” Mot. at 13.

Contrary to the plaintiffs’ claims, there is no reason to suppose that any lawyers

from W&C would be necessary witnesses at trial to address this issue. To the extent that there are

discrepancies between Dr. Watson’s affidavit and his deposition testimony, plaintiffs are free to

explore them and their reasons for them in cross-examining Dr. Watson. The jury will decide if

his explanations affect its view of his credibility. There is no “adverse position” here, since

W&C agrees with Dr. Watson’s clarification of his affidavit. See Opp. at 20.

Plaintiffs also complain that W&C did not show Dr. Watson the documents that

the law firm intended to file as exhibits to his affidavit before asking him to sign the affidavit.

Mot. at 14. It appears, however, that Dr. Watson did review the exhibits, but did not understand

the way that they were numbered. See May 31, 2007 Watson Dep. at 150; Opp. at 21. Here, too,

the plaintiffs claim that they will need to call a W&C lawyer as a witness at trial to “establish

whether the exhibits were attached to the Declaration when Dr. Watson executed it and whether

they were in error and/or did not relate to the issue for which they were cited.” Id. at 14. Again,

it is difficult to imagine why the Court would permit the plaintiffs to call defendants’ counsel to

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the witness stand to testify on this issue. It is utterly irrelevant to the merits of the case, is easily

explained, and, at most, goes to Dr. Watson’s attention to detail (and hence his credibility); there

is no conflict or adversity.

3. Failure to Present a Complete Defense of Dr. Watson

Plaintiffs argue that by moving to strike the plaintiffs’ legal experts, W&C

demonstrated that they will neglect a defense available to Dr. Watson — the argument that Dr.

Watson reasonably relied on Ms. Zimmet to tell him if obtaining and using the Histoacryl was

legal or involved possible violations of law. See Mot. at 17. This is a legitimate concern. If the

legality of Dr. Watson’s acquisition and use of Histoacryl became relevant at trial, it is

conceivable that he could limit or eliminate his own liability by explaining that he behaved as

any reasonable practitioner would have: he consulted with and received the approval of in-house

counsel before treating Ms. Kerris with a substance unapproved by the FDA. Of course, if Dr.

Watson testified in this fashion, he could undermine Georgetown’s position that Ms. Zimmet’s

advice was absolutely correct. See Defs.’ Resp. at 9. Georgetown thus has an interest in not

presenting this defense that Dr. Watson does not, presenting a potential conflict of interest

problem for W&C.

The Court alluded to this concern in its July 16, 2009 Memorandum Opinion: “If

the Court rules that testimony from Ms. Zimmet and others about her legal advice to Dr. Watson

is relevant and will be admitted . . . , then will the defendants argue that Dr. Watson should not

be held liable at all while their other client (Georgetown University) should be?” July 16, 2009

Mem. Op. & Order at 4 (emphasis in original). W&C evaded this question in the response it

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filed with the Court on July 31, 2009. While arguing that the Court should not admit any

evidence regarding alleged statutory or regulatory violations, W&C did not provide assurances

that in representing Dr. Watson it will present all defenses open to him:

There was no violation of FDA rules or regulations and the care
provided was state of the art, standard of care therapy. . . . The
Court instructs the jury on the law and the Court has already
dismissed the Counts [for negligence per se] based on alleged
violations of FDA regulations. Thus, any testimony about this
issue — from any witness — should be excluded as it is no longer
part of this case.

Defs.’ Resp. at 9.

It is true, as W&C asserts, that plaintiffs’ negligence per se claims already have

been dismissed, so that plaintiffs cannot prove that Dr. Watson was negligent simply by

demonstrating that he violated FDA regulations or the FDCA. At the same time, W&C ignores

the fact that statutory or regulatory provisions may well be relevant for the purpose of defining

the standard of care in a negligence case, and that violations of those provisions, even when they

do not establish negligence per se, may still be some evidence of negligence. See RESTATEMENT

(SECOND ) OF TORTS § 288B (“The unexcused violation of an enactment or regulation [not

adopted as defining the standard of care] may be relevant evidence bearing on the issue of

negligent conduct.”). From W&C’s responses to the Court’s questions, it seems clear to the

Court — if not to Dr. Watson or his independent counsel — that if evidence of alleged statutory

or regulatory violations is admitted at trial, W&C nevertheless will decline to present any sort of

“reasonable reliance” defense on Dr. Watson’s behalf: “Should this issue need to be litigated . . .

Defendants will present a united front.” Defs.’ Resp. at 9. W&C says:

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 If there is any discussion of FDA regulations, counsel will tell the
jury that Dr. Watson was correct in his decision to use Histoacryl
and Lipiodol on a case-by-case basis to treat patients without an
IDE or IRB supervision, and that a Letter of Need was appropriate
to import the devices. Ms. Zimmet never instructed Dr. Watson
otherwise.

Id.

Since it is apparent from their filings that W&C has no intention of presenting

evidence of the reasonable reliance defense on behalf of Dr. Watson or arguing it to the jury,4

two questions remain: (1) Can the Court be satisfied that Dr. Watson has been made aware of

this possible defense by W&C or by Mr. Clark and that he knowingly, voluntarily and

intelligently consented to forgo it? And (2) how valuable is this potential defense — so valuable

that the Court cannot permit Dr. Watson to waive it by keeping W&C as his counsel? As to the

first question, the Court has seen nothing in the voluminous filings by W&C on the conflict-of-

interest issue to convince it that someone has clearly explained to Dr. Watson that a reasonable

reliance defense may exist, and that he must give it up if he wishes to retain W&C as his counsel.

Dr. Watson’s affidavit, in which he purports to waive any conflict of interest faced by W&C,

makes no mention of this issue. Neither does the report of Mr. Clark, the independent counsel

secured for Dr. Watson by W&C. In fact, Mr. Clark affirms that W&C’s representation of

Georgetown and Dr. Watson “is not an instance where one commonly represented defendant is

trying to blame the other for any alleged liability.” Report of Independent Counsel ¶ 29. It

appears that Mr. Clark has not contemplated the possibility that it could conceivably be in Dr.

Watson’s interest to blame Georgetown.

4
The Court will, of course, confirm this with counsel at a hearing in open court
before the case proceeds to trial.

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 One of the legal ethics experts who has written a report in support of W&C’s

opposition to the motion to disqualify declares that Mr. Clark “has specifically disclaimed on Dr.

Watson’s behalf the claim that ‘Georgetown gave him “bad advice” with respect to whether he

had to go to the IRB or with respect to how to import Histoacryl from Canada.’” Opp., Ex. B

(Declaration of Hamilton P. Fox III) at 16 (citation omitted). With all due respect to this

acknowledged expert in the field of legal ethics, this statement is not accurate. Mr. Clark has

promised that Dr. Watson will not assert that Georgetown gave him “bad advice.” See Report of

Independent Counsel ¶¶ 17, 31, 34. He has not said that he explained a possible reasonable

reliance defense to Dr. Watson and that Dr. Watson agreed to forgo that defense in order to retain

W&C as his counsel.

Dr. Watson has not, then, provided satisfactory assurance that he understands and

does not wish to assert the reasonable reliance defense. He should be permitted an opportunity to

do so. As explained above, conflicts of interest governed by Rule 1.7(b) of the District of

Columbia Rules of Professional Conduct may be waived by the client under Rule 1.7(c) “[i]f the

benefits of joint representation are sufficiently great or the likelihood of prevailing on a position

that would increase [his] individual recovery is sufficiently small.” D.C. Bar Legal Ethics

Comm., Op. 217. While one may debate whether the reasonable reliance defense is likely to be

of help to Dr. Watson, Dr. Watson needs to be fully advised before the Court can conclude that

he has given informed consent and wishes to forgo the defense and retain W&C as his counsel.

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 III. CONCLUSION

W&C’s decision not to present the reasonable reliance defense — and the firm’s

failure to provide assurances that Dr. Watson knows he is forgoing such a defense by retaining

W&C as his counsel — creates the only potential conflict-of-interest issue that merits serious

attention. Accordingly, the Court will hold a hearing at which it will inquire of Mr. Clark and

lead trial counsel for the defendants whether they have discussed the reasonable reliance defense

with Dr. Watson. It will also address Dr. Watson directly and explain to him the reasonable

reliance defense. The Court will advise Dr. Watson that while it does not know how strong the

defense is or even whether the defense will be relevant at trial, Dr. Watson is certainly giving it

up if he chooses to be represented by W&C. The Court will then inquire whether Dr. Watson is

prepared to forgo that defense in order to stay with W&C. An Order providing for the scheduling

of the necessary hearing will issue this same day.

SO ORDERED.

/s/_______________________________
PAUL L. FRIEDMAN
United States District Judge
DATE: May 7, 2010

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