UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
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AMY MALDONADO, )
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Plaintiff, )
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v. ) Civil No. 07-00066 (RCL)
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LOGLOGIC, INC., )
)
Defendant. )
____________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This matter comes before the Court on defendant’s Motion [40] for Summary
Judgment. In sum, defendant LogLogic, Inc. (“LogLogic” or “defendant”) terminated
plaintiff Amy Maldonado (“Maldonado” or “plaintiff”) from her employment at
LogLogic. Maldonado now brings three 1 causes of action as a result of this discharge:
(1) that she was discriminated against because of her sex in violation of Title VII upon
being terminated after announcing her pregnancy; (2) breach of contract; and (3) breach
of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. (Pl.’s Second Am. Compl., ¶ 25-
53.)
Upon consideration of the defendant’s motion, plaintiff’s opposition, defendant’s
reply brief, the applicable law, and the entire record herein, the Court concludes that
defendant’s motion shall be granted. The Court’s reasoning is set forth below.
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The parties have voluntarily agreed to dismiss Count II of plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint, her
claim pursuant to the D.C. Wage Payment Act, D.C. Code § 32-1301, et seq.
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LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.
317, 322 (1986); Mills v. Winter, 540 F. Supp. 2d 178, 183 (D.D.C. 2008) (Friedman, J.);
Diamond v. Atwood, 43 F.3d 1538, 1540 (D.C. Cir. 1995).
To determine if there is any genuine issue of material fact, this Court is to view
the record, facts, and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-
moving party. Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157–59 (1970). A genuine
issue of material fact is one which could affect the outcome of the litigation. Celotex,
477 U.S. at 322; Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
DISCUSSION
1. Title VII Sex Discrimination
Plaintiff Maldonado alleges Title VII sex discrimination stemming from her
discharge as an employee at LogLogic. Maldonado claims this discharge was prompted
by the defendant coming to learn she was pregnant, in violation of Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000 et seq., as amended by the Civil Rights Act of 1991
(“Title VII”) and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act. (Pl.’s Second Am. Compl. 1, ¶ 1.)
This Court will apply the shifting burdens test to determine whether plaintiff’s
discrimination claim should go to a jury. In the classic McDonnell Douglas test, the first
burden is on the plaintiff to establish a prima facie case of discriminatory discharge.
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S. Ct. 1817, 1824 (1973).
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Defendant argues that Maldonado’s claim of discrimination should be dismissed because
she cannot make out a prima facie case. Generally, a prima facie case of discriminatory
discharge requires a showing that: (1) she is a member of a protected class; (2) she was
qualified for the position; (3) she was discharged; and (4) she was replaced by a person of
equal or lesser ability who is outside the protected class. St. Mary’s Honor Center v.
Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 506-08, 113 S. Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993); Park v.
Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth., 892 F.Supp. 5, 10 (D.D.C. 1995), aff’d, 107 F.3d
924 (D.C. Cir. 1996).
However, plaintiff contends that an analysis as to whether she can establish a
prima facie case is not appropriate at the summary judgment stage. (Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s
Mot. for Summ. J., 13.) Indeed,
Lest there be any lingering uncertainty, we state the rule clearly: In
a Title VII disparate-treatment suit where an employee has suffered
an adverse employment action and an employer has asserted a
legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the decision, the district court
need not—and should not—decide whether the plaintiff actually made
out a prima facie case under McDonnell Douglas.
Brady v. Office of the Sergeant of Arms, 520 F. 3d 490, 495 (D.C. Cir. 2008). LogLogic
essentially maintains that it had a legitimate and non-discriminatory business reason for
firing Maldonado, an at-will employee. (Reply Mem. in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. for Summ.
J., 3.)
The central question this Court must determine in ruling on defendant’s motion
for summary judgment is whether “the employee produced sufficient evidence for a
reasonable jury to find that the employer’s asserted non-discriminatory reason was not
the actual reason and that the employer intentionally discriminated against the employee
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on the basis of…sex….” Brady 520 F. 3d at 495; George v Leavitt, 407 F.3d 405, 411
(D.C. Cir. 2005).
In sum, defendant LogLogic’s asserted non-discriminatory reason for plaintiff’s
dismissal is that (1) her sales performance continued to be dismal after being placed on a
Performance Improvement Plan (“PIP”); and (2) “she wasted her supervisor’s time by
having him fly across the country for a meeting with a key customer that she failed to
arrange and which never occurred.” (Def.’s Mem., 1.) The burden will, then, shift to the
plaintiff to provide sufficient evidence that defendant’s proffered explanation is, in fact,
pretext for sex discrimination. Maldonado has not met this burden.
As both the plaintiff and defendant concede, the Court should not make credibility
determinations at this stage of the litigation. Greenberg v. Food & Drug Admin., 803
F.3d 1213, 1216 (D.C. Cir. 1986).
Alan Hahn (“Hahn”) was plaintiff’s supervisor at LogLogic and LogLogic’s Vice
President of Sales. A trier of fact could not reasonably conclude that Hahn’s proffered
explanation for placing Maldonado on a PIP and ultimately firing her was pretext for
discrimination. On the same day that Hahn informed plaintiff of her PIP, he also gave
PIPs to two similarly underperforming male sales representatives. (Hahn Dep., 25; 63.)
In addition, plaintiff was understandably placed on this PIP because her year-to-date
bookings versus quota were only 7%. (Pl.’s Ex. 11.)
After Hahn sent the PIP to Maldonado, he received an e-mail from her on October
10, 2005, stating:
Alan, The Performance Improvement Plan you have developed for
me comes as a surprise considering recent discussions we’ve had about
justifiable reasons that have caused the entire team’s underperformance.
And, it remarkably coincides with recent advisement to you of my pregnancy.
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(Pl.’s Ex. 12.) Hahn responded to this e-mail the same day, writing, “I had not been
informed by you or anyone else about your pregnancy and your email is the first
information I have received in that regard.” (Id.) He further stated that her pregnancy had
no bearing on the PIP as her “performance to date…is not satisfactory.” (Id.) Plaintiff
responded to this email the next day and, instead of challenging Hahn’s assertion that he
did not know of her pregnancy prior to issuing the PIP, she only challenged the portion of
Hahn’s e-mail regarding his statement that they had numerous discussions about her poor
sales performance. During deposition testimony, Maldonado later asserted that in the
course of two phone calls between September 16 and September 28, 2005 she told Hahn
she was pregnant. (Maldonado Dep. at 90-92.)
Hahn placed Maldonado on the PIP in early October, 2005, which required her to
close $300,000 in sales—$100,000 in each of October, November, and December of
2005. (Pl.’s Ex. 11.) Plaintiff was put on notice that, if her sales performance did not
improve, she was at risk of dismissal. After plaintiff did not meet her sales goal
stipulated by the PIP in October, she received an e-mail from Hahn that said, “[j]ust to be
clear that there is no rollover to December and if you do not meeting [sic] the $200,000 in
sales target for the month of November 2005 you will be terminated.” (Pl.’s Ex. 17.)
On November 3, 2005, Maldonado and Hahn attended a meeting at the
Department of Energy (“DOE”). Plaintiff states that Fabricio Fermin (“Fermin”), a Sales
Engineer with LogLogic, told plaintiff that he scheduled a meeting for November 3, 2005
with several people at DOE, including its CIO, Harry Hickson (“Hickson”). (Maldonado
Decl., ¶ 8-9.) Hickson did not end up attending this meeting. Defendant maintains that
Hahn specifically told Maldonado that he and LogLogic needed to meet with Hickson,
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and Hickson was the only reason Hahn was making the trip from Washington, D.C. to the
DOE in California. Further, defendant maintains, “[w]hile Fermin leveraged his contacts
to set up the meeting, Hahn still believed it was Plaintiff’s responsibility to set up the
meeting and get to the decision-makers.” (Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., 8.) Plaintiff was then
fired after this, as “Hahn decided to terminate Plaintiff’s employment based on her failure
to confirm the meeting at DOE.” (Id. at 9.)
Contrary to the defendant’s assertion that Hahn told Maldonado to confirm
Hickson’s attendance at the meeting, and that Hickson was the only reason Hahn made
the trip, plaintiff maintains that “[a]t no time before, during or after the October 28
conference call did Hahn tell Maldonado to confirm the meeting with DOE’s CIO, or to
confirm the attendance of the CIO at the meeting.” (Pl.’s Opp’n to Def’s Mot. for Summ.
J., 16-17.) However, even taken to be true, this “does nothing to undercut Hahn’s
expectations and Ms. Maldonado’s failure to meet those expectations….” (Reply Mem. in
Support of Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J., 4.) Plaintiff has not presented more than a mere
colorable inference that the purported reason for plaintiff’s dismissal—her poor sales
performance and her failure to confirm the meeting at DOE—is pretext for
discrimination.
Indeed, summary judgment may be granted if the evidence is merely colorable or
not significantly probative. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50. Despite an apparent temporal
connection between Hahn’s issuance of the PIP and Maldonado’s state of pregnancy,
plaintiff has presented insufficient evidence to show that defendant’s articulated
reasoning was pretextual.
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In deciding a motion for summary judgment, “mere existence of some alleged
factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported
motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of
material fact.” Id. at 248. Plaintiff essentially attempts to present two disputed issues of
material fact relating to plaintiff’s dismissal, including (1) whether Hahn knew
Maldonado was pregnant prior to placing her on the PIP; and (2) whether Hahn “asked
[Maldonado] to make sure that she called directly to the CIO’s office and confirmed [sic]
that there was a meeting, that we had a second point of confirmation that the meeting was
going to happen….” (Hahn Dep. 111:10-112:4.)
In the Reply Memorandum in Support of Defendant’s Motion for Summary
Judgment, defendant appears to back away from the prior contention that Hahn
specifically instructed Maldonado to confirm the particulars of the DOE meeting, stating,
“[w]hether [Hahn] communicated that idea to Plaintiff does not prove or disprove the
non-discriminatory nature of his expectation.” (Reply Mem. in Support of Pl.’s Mot. for
Summ. J., 5.) This is valid. Hahn may legitimately hold plaintiff responsible for
ensuring Hickson’s attendance at the meeting as plaintiff was the sales manager for the
deal. No credible evidence has been presented to give rise to the conclusion that
defendant’s proffered explanation for Maldonado’s discharge was mere pretext for sex
discrimination. Even though Fermin was apparently responsible for the logistics of the
meeting, Hahn held Maldonado responsible because she (not Fermin) was the account’s
manager.
At the summary judgment stage, “a judge may not make credibility
determinations, weigh the evidence, or draw inferences from the facts…” and the judge is
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to view all evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. George v. Leavitt, 407
F.3d 405, 413 (D.C. Cir. 2005). Even viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff,
a reasonable fact finder could not conclude defendant’s legitimate and non-discriminatory
business reason for plaintiff’s dismissal was pretext for discrimination. Coupled with
Maldonado’s poor sales record and her failure to meet the first month’s PIP goal,
defendant’s legitimate decision to fire plaintiff was non-discriminatory and there is no
evidence of discriminatory intent.
Therefore, with regard to plaintiff’s allegation of Title VII sex discrimination,
defendant’s motion for summary judgment shall be granted.
2. Breach of Contract
California law governs the terms of Maldonado’s employment contract with
LogLogic, as was recognized by this Court on December 5, 2007. (Mem. Op. [19] at 3.)
Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim alleges that “Maldonado did not receive commissions
on three sales that closed within her territory in 2005.” (Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for
Summ. J., 22-23.) However, the contractual LogLogic Sales Compensation Plan (the
“Plan”) expressly provides that a sales person will receive sales credit and commissions
“for all sales he/she closes in the Sales Territory.” (Pl.’s Ex. 7, at 2.) Because Maldonado
did not close these three sales within her territory, she is not entitled to sales commissions
for the sales. Simply because the sales closed within plaintiff’s territory does not entitle
her to commissions on the sales she herself did not close.
Maldonado also argues that the Plan says commissions “must be split” if another
sales person closes a sale within her territory. However, defendant is correct in that the
express language of the Plan is to the contrary. The Plan states that “[i]n sales situations
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that overlap multiple territories, the affected salespersons are responsible for resolving
any commission ‘splits’” and that “[i]f the affected parties cannot resolve a split, the VP
of Worldwide Sales will determine the commission split.” (Pl.’s Ex. 7, at 1.) It is,
therefore, left to the salespersons involved to discuss any commission splits. Maldonado
did not do this. Further, Maldonado did not bring this to the attention of Hahn, the VP of
Worldwide Sales, until after she was terminated at LogLogic.
Indeed, in the words of the defendant, “[t]he fact that Plaintiff either chose not to
engage in negotiations with her fellow salesperson, or that Hahn did not choose to split
the commissions is not something that can be challenged after the fact as breach of
contract.” (Reply Mem. in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., 10.) Therefore, with regard
to plaintiff’s breach of contract claim, defendant’s motion for summary judgment shall be
granted.
3. Breach of the Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
The covenant of good faith and fair dealing, implied in virtually every contract,
serves to guarantee “that neither party will do anything to frustrate the right of the other
to receive the benefits of the [contractual] agreement.” Kuhn v. Dep’t of Gen. Servs., 22
Cal. App. 4th 1627, 1637-38 (1994); Foley v. Interactive Data Corp., 47 Cal. 3d 654,
683-84, 254 Cal. Rptr. 211, 765 P.2d 373 (1988).
In the instant case, plaintiff argues that her legitimate expectations were frustrated
after being terminated “on bogus grounds one month before her option to purchase
LogLogic stock would have vested, and one week after she conferred with [Hahn] on a
dozen potential sales she was developing.” (Pl.’s Opp. to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J., 26.)
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Defendant argues that the plaintiff cannot claim LogLogic breached the covenant
of good faith and fair dealing by depriving her of potential future benefits of continued
employment, in the form of future stock options that would have vested nearly a month
after her discharge and the commission for potential sales she had not yet sold at the time
of her discharge. This is a valid argument, as:
Precisely because employment at will allows the employer freedom
to terminate the relationship as it chooses, the employer does not
frustrate the employee’s contractual rights merely by doing so. In
such a case, “the employee cannot complain about a deprivation of
the benefits of continued employment, for the agreement never
provided for a continuation of its benefits in the first instance.” Hejmadi
v AMFAC, Inc. (1988) 202 Cal. App. 3d 525, 547 [249 Cal. Rptr. 5].
Guz v. Bechtel Nat’l, Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 317, 350, 8 P.3d 1089 (2000).
After plaintiff’s discharge, her sales accounts were reassigned to Fermin and
closed by Fermin. It would be specious and overly speculative to award the commissions
to Maldonado. Similarly, the potential benefits of unvested stock options are speculative,
indeterminate, and in all likelihood a minor benefit of continued employment. Guz
further explains:
…[T]he covenant [of good faith and fair dealing] prevents a party
from acting in bad faith to frustrate the contract’s actual benefits.
Thus, for example, the covenant might be violated if termination
of an at-will employee was a mere pretext to cheat the worker out
of another contract benefit to which the employee was clearly
entitled, such as compensation already earned.
Guz, 24 Cal. 4th at 353, n.18. Commission for mere potential sales, and an unvested
option to purchase LogLogic stock, are not contractual benefits to which Maldonado was
“clearly entitled” at the time of her discharge.
Furthermore, insufficient disputed questions of fact exist from which a reasonable
trier of fact could conclude that Hahn intended to frustrate plaintiff’s legitimate
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expectations under her LogLogic employment contract. Discharging Maldonado one
month before her option to purchase LogLogic stock would have vested and before
potential sales were finalized does not constitute an intentional frustration of the
contractual rights of Maldonado’s at-will employment. Therefore, summary judgment as
to the plaintiff’s claim of breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing
shall be granted.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, defendant’s motion for summary judgment will be
granted in a separate order issued this date.
Signed by Royce C. Lamberth, Chief Judge, on July 14, 2009.
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Maldonado v. Loglogic, Inc.
Combined Opinion