UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
)
LARRY D. RICE, JR., )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 09-310 (RMC)
)
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al., )
)
Defendants. )
)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
On April 23, 2008, police officers John Stathers and Derek Starliper entered a house
in Northeast Washington, D.C. with their guns drawn and told everyone to “freeze.” When Plaintiff
Larry Rice heard “freeze,” he was in a back room and he attempted to flee out the window. Officer
Stathers entered the back room and stopped Mr. Rice from leaving. A struggle ensued, and Officer
Stathers shot Mr. Rice. A criminal complaint was lodged against Mr. Rice, charging him with
interfering with a government official. The felony charge was later dismissed at the request of the
prosecutor. As a result, Mr. Rice filed a Complaint against police officers and the District of
Columbia asserting violations of the U.S. Constitution (via 42 U.S.C. § 1983) and numerous torts.
The claims all essentially allege excessive use of force and malicious prosecution. Defendants have
filed a motion to dismiss the negligence counts and the malicious prosecution counts of the
Complaint. Mr. Rice opposes. As explained below, the motion for partial dismissal will be granted.
I. FACTS
Mr. Rice alleges that on April 23, 2008, he was in the back room of a house located
at 5827 Fields Place, NE, Washington, D.C. He heard a police officer say “freeze” to Joseph
Maxwell who was in the front room of the house. At that time, Mr. Rice opened the window in the
back room and began climbing out. When he had managed to get his head and one leg out of the
window, Officer Stathers entered the back room with his gun drawn. With his gun in one hand,
Officer Stathers grabbed Mr. Rice’s leg with his other hand. Officer Stathers shot Mr. Rice in the
abdomen. Subsequently, Officer Stathers lowered Mr. Rice out of the window and onto the ground.
Then Officer Stathers and Officer Starliper began hitting Mr. Rice in the head and screaming at him
to provide his name. The Officers then dragged Mr. Rice to the front of the house where Mr. Rice
waited thirty minutes for an ambulance to arrive. Mr. Rice was placed under arrest.1
Detective Roberts signed a criminal complaint against Mr. Rice on May 2, 2008,
charging Mr. Rice with a violation of 22 D.C. Code § 851(b) (intimidating, impeding, interfering
with and retaliating against a government official). See Defs.’ Reply, Ex. A. On January 21, 2009,
the felony charge was dismissed on request of the prosecutor. The Complaint sets forth twenty-two
counts as follows:
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The “facts” as recited here are based entirely on the allegations set forth in the Complaint.
An affidavit attached to the criminal complaint sets forth a different version of the facts:
Officer Stathers observed Defendant Rice attempting to hide behind
a dresser. Officer Stathers identified himself and ordered Defendant
Rice to show him his hands. Defendant Rice turned and began to
assault Officer Stathers. Defendant Rice attempted to take Officer
Stathers service weapon. Officer Stathers and Defendant Rice
struggled over the service weapon. The weapon discharged, striking
Defendant Rice in the abdomen. Defendant Rice continued to resist.
Officer Starliper joined in the struggle. The officers and Defendant
Rice crashed partially through a rear window. Officer Stathers and
Officer Starliper were able to gain control of Defendant Rice and
place him in handcuffs.
Defs.’ Reply, Ex. A.
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Count I – Battery (against Officer Stathers);
Count II – Battery (against Officer Starliper);
Count III – Battery (against the District of Columbia);
Count IV – Negligence (against the District of Columbia);
Count V – Gross Negligence (against Officer Stathers);
Count VI – False Arrest (against Officer Stathers);
Count VII – False Arrest (against Officer Starliper);
Count VIII – False Arrest (against the District of Columbia);
Count IX – Malicious Prosecution (against Officer Stathers);
Count X – Malicious Prosecution (against Officer Starliper);
Count XI – Malicious Prosecution (against the District of Columbia);
Count XII – Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (against Officer Stathers);
Count XIII – Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (against Officer Starliper);
Count XIV – Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (against the District of
Columbia;
Count XV – Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress (against Officer Stathers);
Count XVI – Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress (against the District of
Columbia);
Count XVII – Negligent Training and Supervision (against the District of Columbia);
Count XVIII – Violation of 14th Amendment right to safety and bodily integrity
(against Officer Stathers);
Count XIX – Violation of 14th Amendment right to safety and bodily integrity
(against Officer Starliper);
Count XX – Violation of 4th Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizure
(against Officer Stathers);
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Count XXI – Violation of 4th Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizure
(against Officer Starliper); and
Count XXII– Negligent Retention (against the District of Columbia).
Defendants seek dismissal of Counts IV (negligence) and V (gross negligence) because these claims
do not set forth a separate cause of action from the battery claims. Defendants also seek dismissal
of Counts IX, X, and XI (all alleging malicious prosecution) for failure to state a claim because the
underlying criminal case did not terminate in favor of Mr. Rice.
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
A. Jurisdiction
Federal district courts have original jurisdiction over civil actions arising under
federal statutes. 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Here, Mr. Rice brought suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. As this
case presents a question of federal law, this Court has original jurisdiction. The Court has
supplemental jurisdiction over the common law claims. 28 U.S.C. § 1367.
B. Choice of Law
Where supplemental jurisdiction is exercised, federal courts apply the forum state’s
choice of law rules. A.I. Trade Finance, Inc. v. Petra Int’l Banking Corp., 62 F.3d 1454, 1463 (D.C.
Cir. 1995). The District of Columbia applies the substantial interest test, focusing on the place of
the injury, the place were the injurious conduct occurred, the residency of the parties, and the place
the parties’ relationship is centered. Jaffe v. Pallotta Teamworks, 374 F.3d 1223, 1227 (D.C. Cir.
2004). In this case, the District of Columbia is where the alleged injury occurred, where the alleged
injurious conduct occurred, and where the parties’ relationship was centered. Thus, D.C. substantive
law applies to the common law claims.
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C. Rule 12(b)(6)
A motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) challenges
the adequacy of a complaint on its face, testing whether a plaintiff has properly stated a claim.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) requires that a complaint contain “a short and plain statement
of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). A complaint must
be sufficient “to give a defendant fair notice of the claims against him.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
127 S. Ct. 1955, 1964 (2007). Although a complaint does not need detailed factual allegations, a
plaintiff’s obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief “requires more than labels
and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Id. at
1964-65 (internal citations omitted). Rule 8(a) requires a “showing” and not just a blanket assertion
of a right to relief. Id. at 1965 n.3.
A court must treat the complaint’s factual allegations as true, “even if doubtful in
fact,” id. at 1965, and must draw all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. Macharia v.
United States, 334 F.3d 61, 64, 67 (D.C. Cir. 2003). Even so, the facts alleged “must be enough to
raise a right to relief above the speculative level,” Twombly, 127 S. Ct. at 1965, and the court need
not accept as true inferences unsupported by facts set out in the complaint or legal conclusions cast
as factual allegations. Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). “[A] complaint
needs some information about the circumstances giving rise to the claims.” Aktieselskabet Af 21.
Nov. 2001 v. Fame Jeans, Inc., 525 F.3d 8, 16 n.4 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (emphasis in original).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Negligence Claims
Defendants seek dismissal of Counts IV (negligence) and V (gross negligence)
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because these claims do not set forth a cause of action that is separate and distinct from Mr. Rice’s
allegations of battery in Counts I, II, and III. “Both negligence and battery claims, in order to go to
the jury, must be separate and distinct form each other, even though related, and each of the two
counts must be supported by the necessary evidence.” District of Columbia v. Chinn, 839 A.2d 701,
707 ((D.C. 2003). Where a plaintiff does not allege a distinct negligence ground, the negligence
claim should be dismissed. Id. In Chinn, for example, the plaintiff alleged battery and negligence
against police officers who pulled him out of his car and beat him. The court held that the plaintiff
could only maintain a claim for assault and battery and not for negligence, noting that any negligence
was “inherent in the battery itself.” Id. at 711; accord Sabir v. Dist. of Columbia v. Tinker, 755 A.2d
449, 452 (D.C. 2000) (“[t]here is no such thing as a negligent assault”). Chinn did not allege a
negligence claim as “[he] did not allege that the officers mistakenly or negligently thought Chinn
was armed; Chinn did not allege that the officers misperceived him as threat.” Chinn, 839 A.2d at
711. Chinn claimed that the officers deliberately inflicted excessive force and assaulted him without
provocation; this is a battery claim. Id.
In some cases, the same course of conduct may support both an intentional tort claim
and a negligence claim, “provided that it is established that the defendant, in the process of engaging
in the conduct that included the intentional tort, was also breaching another recognized duty owed
to the plaintiff.” Stewart-Veal v. District of Columbia, 896 A.2d 232, 235 (D.C. 2006). The
Complaint makes no allegation that Defendants breached some other recognized duty owed to Mr.
Rice. In alleging negligence, the Complaint asserts that as a result of Officers Stathers’ use of
excessive force, Plaintiff was injured, Compl. ¶ 65, and in asserting gross negligence, the Complaint
alleges that as a result of Officer Stathers reckless indifference to Plaintiff’s safety, Plaintiff suffered
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harm. Id. ¶ 68. These allegations do not assert a separate claim sounding in negligence, and they
do not allege the breach of a separate recognized duty of care. “The trial court is not bound by a
plaintiff’s characterization of an action and . . . use of the terms ‘carelessly and negligently,’ without
more, are conclusory and do not raise a cognizable claim of negligence.” Chinn, 839 A.2d at 708.
Mr. Rice attempts to correct this by stating in his opposition to the motion to dismiss
that Counts IV and V are premised upon Officer Stathers’ “failure to use only reasonable measures
in his interaction with and treatment of Plaintiff and his failure to comply with any and all applicable
regulations(s), orders(s) and standard(s)” and upon “Defendants’ duty owed to Plaintiff and other
similarly situated persons.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 7-8. “Plaintiff is alleging negligence and gross negligence
in Defendants’ substandard handling of the entire situation.” Id. at 9. These vague and conclusory
allegations do not suffice to assert that Officer Stathers breached any particular recognized duty of
care. A plaintiff cannot seek to recover by dressing up his claim for battery as a claim for
negligence. See Chinn, 839 A.2d at 708. Counts IV and V will be dismissed for failure to state a
claim separate and apart from the battery alleged in Counts I, II, and III.
B. Malicious Prosecution
To support a malicious prosecution claim, a plaintiff must show: (1) the initiation or
procurement of criminal proceedings; (2) without probable cause; (3) primarily for a purpose other
than bringing an offender to justice; and (4) termination of the proceedings in favor of the accused.
Davis v. Giles, 769 F.2d 813, 814-815 (D.C. Cir. 1985). Here, Mr. Rice cannot show that the
underlying criminal proceeding terminated in his favor. While the underlying case was dismissed
by the District there was no resolution based on the merits. “If termination does not relate to the
merits – reflecting on neither innocence of nor responsibility for the alleged misconduct – the
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termination is not favorable in the sense it would support a subsequent action for malicious
prosecution.” Brown v. Carr, 503 A.2d 1241, 1245 n.2 (D.C. 1986). Moreover, malicious
prosecutions claims can only be brought against persons who have wrongfully caused charges to be
filed. Pitt v. District of Columbia, 491 F.3d 494, 501 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Officers Stathers and
Starliper did not sign the criminal complaint against Mr. Rice, see Reply, Ex. A (Crim. Compl.
signed by Detective Roberts), and thus cannot be liable for malicious prosecution. For these reasons,
Counts IX, X, and XI will be dismissed.
C. Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike
Mr. Rice moved to strike Defendants Reply brief, asserting that it was untimely filed,
or in the alternative to file a surreply. Plaintiff filed his Opposition to the Motion to Dismiss on May
16, 2009. See [Dkt. # 10. Under Local Civil Rule 7(d), Defendants’ Reply brief was due within five
days after service of the Opposition. Service of the Opposition was accomplished by electronic
means. See id. Because three days are added for service by electronic means and because
intervening weekends and holidays are not counted, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(a) & (d), the Reply was
due May 28, 2009. Defendants timely filed the Reply on May 26, 2009. See Dkt. # 11. Realizing
his error, Mr. Rice later withdrew his motion to strike. See Supp. to Pl.’s Mot. to Strike [Dkt. # 13].
Accordingly, Plaintiff’s motion to strike will be deemed withdrawn. With regard to Mr. Rice’s
request to file a surreply, he fails to cite any reason why the Court should grant his request. Thus,
the motion to file a surreply will be denied.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated, Defendants’ motion for partial dismissal [Dkt. # 9] will be
granted and the following Counts of the Complaint will be dismissed: Counts IV (negligence),
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Count V (gross negligence), and Counts IX, X, and XI (malicious prosecution). Further, Plaintiff’s
motion to strike will be deemed withdrawn and his motion to file a surreply [Dkt. # 12] will be
denied. A memorializing order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: June 17, 2009 /s/
ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
United States District Judge
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