UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
)
PETER WRIGHT, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. )
) Civil Action No. 07-1808 (RBW)
METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE )
COMPANY, d/b/a METLIFE DISABILITY, )
and BEARINGPOINT, INC. LONG TERM )
DISABILITY PLAN, )
)
Defendants. )
____________________________________)
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The plaintiff, Peter Wright, brings this action under the Employee Retirement
Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), 29 U.S.C. §§ 1132(a)(1)(B), (a)(3) (2006),
against defendants Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, doing business as MetLife
Disability ("MetLife"), and BearingPoint Inc. ("BearingPoint") Long Term Disability
Plan ("Plan"), 1 alleging that the defendants violated the ERISA by breaching the fiduciary
duty they owed him under § 1132(a)(3) and wrongfully denying him benefit coverage
under § 1132(a)(1)(B) when they terminated his long-term disability benefits following
his receipt of those benefits for approximately thirty months. See generally Complaint
("Compl."). The plaintiff also alleges that MetLife did not properly provide to him upon
his request documents relevant to his ERISA claim, which he contends is a violation of
1
KPMG Consulting, Inc. was the predecessor company of BearingPoint, and where the
administrative record refers to KPMG Consulting, Inc., the Court will instead refer to it as
"BearingPoint" for the sake of simplicity. See Compl. ¶ 6; Defendants' Statement of Undisputed
Material Facts and Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Their Motion for
Summary Judgment at 2 n.1.
29 C.F.R. § 2560.502-1(g) (2008). 2 Compl. ¶ 24. In response, the defendants maintain
that they acted in accordance with the express terms of the Plan when they made the
decision to terminate the plaintiff's benefits after his receipt of over twenty-four months
of benefits, and that defendant MetLife provided the plaintiff all documents he was
entitled to receive under the ERISA. See Defendants' Joint Answer ("Answer") at 4-7.
Currently before the Court are the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment.
Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment ("Defs.' Mot."); Plaintiff's Cross Motion for
Summary Judgment ("Pl.'s Mot."). 3 Upon consideration of the parties' written
submissions and the administrative record in this case, and for the reasons set forth
below, the Court must grant summary judgment to the defendants.
2
In his complaint the plaintiff identifies "29 C.F.R. § 2560.502 - 1(g) et. seq." as his legal
authority for the assessment of penalties against MetLife based on its alleged failure to respond to
his documents request, Compl. ¶¶ 24, 28. Because that provision does not exist, the Court will
assume the plaintiff is invoking 29 U.S.C. § 1132(c)(1) and 29 C.F.R. §§ 2560.503-1(g),
2575.502c-1, which seemingly relate to the document request allegation.
3
The Court also considered the following papers filed in connection with the parties’
cross-motions: Defendants' Statement of Undisputed Material Facts and Memorandum of Points
and Authorities in Support of Their Motion for Summary Judgment ("Defs.' Mem."); a
Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Plaintiff's Cross Motion for Summary
Judgment ("Pl.'s Mem.") (the plaintiff's memorandum in support of his motion for summary
judgment also opposes the defendants' motion for summary judgment); Defendants' Opposition to
Plaintiff's Cross Motion for Summary Judgment and Reply on Defendant's Motion for Summary
Judgment ("Defs.' Opp'n & Reply"); and a Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of
Plaintiff's Reply to Defendant's [sic] Reply to Plaintiff's Cross Motion for Summary Judgment
("Pl.'s Reply") (despite the title of this document, which suggests it is a sur-reply, it serves as the
plaintiff's reply to the defendants' opposition to his motion for summary judgment).
2
I. BACKGROUND
A. The Terms of the Plan
At all times relevant to this litigation, BearingPoint sponsored an insurance
package for its employees as a benefit of their employment 4 – the defendant Plan – the
only component of the package pertinent to this action being the provision for long-term
disability coverage. Compl. ¶ 7; Answer ¶ 7. See generally Defs.' Mem. at 17, Ex. A at
ML00069 (Your [BearingPoint] Employee Benefit Plan . . . [,] Long Term Disability
Benefits ("Long-Term Disability Benefits Plan")). The Plan provides that BearingPoint,
as the employer, is the Plan administrator. Defs.' Mem. at 17, Ex. A at ML00099 (Long-
Term Disability Benefits Plan). The Plan also provides that MetLife serves a dual role,
both as the insurer of the policy and as the processor of claims for benefits under the
policy. Id. at ML00099-100. Specifically, the Plan details a process by which a
participant seeking long-term disability benefits must submit evidence of a qualified
disability to MetLife in order to establish entitlement to monthly benefits. Id. at
ML00079-80, ML00099-100.
4
Employer-sponsored benefit plans covered by the ERISA include
any plan, fund, or program which was heretofore or is hereafter
established or maintained by an employer or by an employee
organization, or by both, to the extent that such plan, fund, or
program was established or is maintained for the purpose of
providing for its participants or their beneficiaries, through the
purchase of insurance or otherwise, (A) medical, surgical, or
hospital care or benefits, or benefits in the event of sickness,
accident, disability, death or unemployment, or vacation benefits,
apprenticeship or other training programs, or day care centers,
scholarship funds, or prepaid legal services, or (B) any benefit
described in section 186(c) of this title (other than pensions on
retirement or death, and insurance to provide such pensions).
29 U.S.C. § 1002(1) (2006).
3
Under the Plan, monthly long-term disability benefits were only awardable if a
participant had a qualifying disability, which requires that the participant be
[1.] unable to perform the material and substantial duties of
[a participant's] Own Occupation, [be] under the regular
care of a Doctor and [be unable to] work[] at any job for
wage or profit, unless in an approved Rehabilitation
Program; [and]
2. after the first 36 month period, [the participant is]
unable to perform any job for which [the participant is]
qualified or for which [the participant] may become
reasonably qualified taking into account [the participant's]
training, education or experience[.]
Id. at ML00081. The Plan states that monthly benefits can be terminated for various
reasons, including "the end of the period specified in the Limitation for Disabilities Due
to Particular Conditions," id. at ML00080, and it expressly includes a twenty-four month
limitation period for the receipt of benefits for certain disabilities, with exceptions.
Regarding the plaintiff's challenge to the termination of his benefits, the only relevant
provision of the Plan states that the receipt of benefits arising from a
"[n]euromusculoskeletal and soft tissue disorder including, but not limited to, any disease
or disorder of the spine or extremities and their surrounding soft tissue[,] including
sprains and strains of joints and adjacent muscles, [are limited to twenty-four months]
unless the Disability has objective evidence of . . . seropositive arthritis." Id. at
ML00088. Rheumatoid arthritis is an example of a neuromusculoskeletal and soft tissue
disorder, which can be classified as either seronegative or seropositive. 5 Defs.' Mem. at
5
For the first time in his reply brief, the plaintiff expresses doubt as to whether the Plan's
classification of rheumatoid arthritis as a neuromusculoskeletal and soft tissue is sound. Pl.'s
Reply at 9 ("[The Plan] describe[s] [rheumatoid arthritis] as a 'neuromusculoskeltal and soft tissue
disorder.' The most cursory review of the medical literature fails to reveal a single time that
rheumatoid arthirits is described as such. . . . Defendants have not contested that this is the proper
(continued . . .)
4
6; Pl.'s Mem. at 12. Therefore, under the provisions of the Plan applicable to this case, a
person with rheumatoid arthritis can receive coverage for only twenty-four months for
claims arising from a neuromusculoskeletal and soft tissue disorder, unless the participant
can prove that the condition is seropositive, which is an exception to the coverage
limitation. Defs.' Mem., Ex. A at ML00087-88 (Long-Term Disability Benefits Plan).
The Plan defines "Seropositive Arthritis" as "[a]n inflammatory disease of the joints
supported by clinical findings of arthritis plus positive serological tests for connective
tissue disease." Id. at ML00088.
With respect to MetLife's dual role under the Plan as both the insurer and claims
processor processor, id. at ML00099-100, the Plan delegates this authority to MetLife in
two separate provisions, id. at ML00071, ML00101. The first provision, titled
"Certificate of Insurance," states: "MetLife in its discretion has authority to interpret the
terms, conditions, and provisions of the entire contract. This includes the Group Policy,
Certificate and any Amendments." Id. at ML00071. The second provision, contained
within a subsection under the heading "Claims Information," states:
diagnostic standard for rheumatoid arthritis."). Courts "highly disfavor[] parties creating new
arguments at the reply stage that were not fully briefed during the litigation." Pub. Citizen Health
Research Group v. Nat'l Insts. of Health, 209 F. Supp. 2d 37, 43 (D.D.C. 2002) (citations
omitted). In any event, even if the Court were to entertain this untimely and cursory argument,
the plaintiff's own proffered medical test for rheumatoid arthritis does not suggest that the Plan's
classification of rheumatoid arthritis as a neuromusculoskeltal and soft tissue disorder was
improper. The plaintiff asserts that rheumatoid arthritis is evidenced by the presence of factors
such as joint stiffness, swelling of the tissue, and "[s]ubcutaneous nodules over bone
prominences, extensor surfaces or in juxtaarticular regions" (effectively meaning small, irregular
masses occurring under the skin, among other places, over prominent bones and near joints, see
Stedman's Medical Dictionary 151, 634, 1221-22, 1456, 1715 (27th ed. 2000). Pl.'s Reply at 9.
These factors seem easily subsumed within a classification of disorders relating to the soft tissue
surrounding nerves, muscles, or bones.
5
Discretionary Authority of Plan Administrator and
Other Plan Fiduciaries
In carrying out their respective responsibilities under the
Plan, the Plan administrator and other Plan fiduciaries shall
have discretionary authority to interpret the terms of the
Plan and to determine eligibility for and entitlement to Plan
benefits in accordance with the terms of the Plan. Any
interpretation or determination made pursuant to such
discretionary authority shall be given full force and effect,
unless it can be shown that the interpretation or
determination was arbitrary and capricious.
Id. at ML00100-01.
B. The Plaintiff's Disability
The plaintiff, an employee of BearingPoint, is a participant in the Plan. Compl. ¶
6; Answer ¶ 6; Defs.' Mem. at 2. Early in 2002, he was diagnosed with rheumatoid
arthritis and was approved for long-term disability benefits on or about August 23, 2002.
Compl. ¶¶ 11, 13; Answer ¶¶ 11, 13; see also Defs.' Mem., Ex. A at ML02871-72 (June
24, 2002 Letter from Chris Drzata to Peter Wright). Due to the plaintiff's condition, he
was (and is likely still) unable to maintain a work schedule equivalent to the schedule he
maintained prior to his diagnosis. Pl.'s Mem. at 4. His physicians determined that
sometimes the plaintiff could not operate a computer due to his inability to use his hands,
id., needed arm guards, suffered from "stiffness of [his] hips and feet," had been
prescribed multiple medications, and "ha[d] limitations with all functional upper
extremity activities including perineal care, dressing, combing hair, washing axilla,
working, eating with utensils, among others," id. at 5. However, during his treatment, the
plaintiff's doctors confirmed that he had the seronegative form of rheumatoid arthritis, not
the seropositive form of the disease. Defs.' Mem., Ex. A at ML00545 (Dec. 30, 2004
6
Letter from Claudia J. Svara, M.D., to Whom It May Concern); ML00546-47 (Dec. 20,
2004 Letter from Rex McCallum, M.D., to Sirs); ML00551 (Dec. 7, 2004 Letter from A.
Silvia Ross, M.D., to Sirs).
Twenty-seven months after the plaintiff's receipt of long-term benefits, MetLife
sent him a letter to the plaintiff requesting additional medical information demonstrating
that he was entitled to continued long-term benefits; in other words, that his condition
met one of the exceptions to the twenty-four month limitation coverage period. Defs.'
Mem., Ex. A at ML00112-13 (Nov. 24, 2004 Letter from Jaci Mangene to Peter Wright).
Specifically, MetLife sought "additional medical information . . . . in regard to [the
plaintiff's] current rheumatoid factor" and indicated that because his condition fell within
the "[n]euromusculoskeletal and soft tissue disorder" provision of the Plan, he would
have to provide "objective evidence" that his condition met one of the exceptions to the
coverage limitation – in this case the only applicable exception being that his condition
was diagnosed as "seropositive arthritis" – or his benefits would be terminated. Id. at
ML00012.
MetLife prematurely "denied" and "closed" the plaintiff's claim for continued
long-term disability benefits based on its mistaken belief that the plaintiff had not
submitted the additional medical documentation requested by MetLife's deadline of
December 8, 2004. See id. at ML00110-11 (Dec. 8, 2004 Letter from Jaci L. Mangene to
Peter Wright); ML02566-67 (Dec. 20, 2004 Letter from Jaci L. Mangene to Peter
Wright). However, when MetLife discovered that the plaintiff had, in fact, submitted
information about his medical condition by the designated deadline, see id. at ML02582-
89 (Dec. 8, 2004 Memorandum from Peter Wright to MetLife Insurance); ML02610
7
(Dec. 8, 2004 Memorandum from Peter Wright to EJ); ML02619-26 (Dec. 8, 2004
Memorandum from Peter Wright to EJ (Team Lead)); ML02592-93 (Dec. 10, 2004
Memorandum from Peter Wright to Mary); ML02590-91 (Dec. 13, 2004 Memorandum
from Peter Wright to Jaci Mangene); ML02540-50 (Dec. 30, 2004 Letter from Justin C.
Frankel to Jaci L. Mangene), it reversed its decision closing the plaintiff’s claim and
proceeded to determine his eligibility, id. at ML02573 (Dec. 13, 2004 Letter from Jaci L.
Mangene to Peter Wright) (informing the plaintiff that MetLife had received his medical
information submissions and would review his claim); see also id. at ML00109 (Dec. 16,
2004 Letter from Jaci L. Mangene to Peter Wright) (informing the plaintiff that MetLife
desired "[s]erological test results for connective tissue disease as of initial diagnosing of
rheumatoid arthritis" for it to further consider his claim); ML02566-67 (Dec. 20, 2004
Letter from Jaci L. Mangene to Peter Wright) (informing the plaintiff that MetLife would
be "continuing [the plaintiff's] monthly benefit until a determination is made" on his
claim for long-term benefits). Ultimately, MetLife determined that the plaintiff was not
entitled to receive further long-term benefits due to his condition not being classifiable
under one of the exceptions to the coverage limitation, and terminated his benefits as of
January 10, 2005. Id. at ML02498-500 (Jan. 19, 2005 Letter from Jaci L. Mangene to
Peter Wright).
Prior to MetLife's denial of his claim, the plaintiff, who had in the interim
acquired the services of an attorney, requested several documents from MetLife related to
his claim. Id. at ML00568 (Dec. 21, 2004 Letter from Justin C. Frankel to Jaci L.
Mangene). In response to the request, MetLife provided a copy of the Plan to the
8
plaintiff. 6 Defs.' Mem., Ex. A at ML00556 (Dec. 28, 2004 Letter from Jaci L. Mangene
to Justin C. Frankel). However, not satisfied with MetLife's document production, the
plaintiff submitted subsequent document requests to MetLife, seeking, for example, its
"claim handling practices, policies and procedures," its "agreements with third parties
performing any outside reviews," any "service agreements" between BearingPoint and
Metlife, all e-mails and related information in MetLife's computer system or in hard copy
form pertaining to the plaintiff's claim, and all surveillance materials compiled by
MetLife. Id. at ML00821-23 (Mar. 14, 2005 Letter from Justin C. Frankel to Jaci L.
Mangene); ML00815-19 (Jan. 21, 2005 Letter from Justin C. Frankel to Jaci L.
Mangene). MetLife responded with the production of additional documentation,
including the plaintiff's updated claim file and "all medical documentation and
correspondence on file" related to the plaintiff's claim, id. at ML02496 (Feb. 11, 2005
Letter from Jaci L. Mangene to Justin C. Frankel); ML02484 (Mar. 10, 2005 Letter from
Jaci L. Mangene to Justin C. Frankel); ML00825 (Mar. 28, 2005 Letter from Jaci L.
Mangene to Justin C. Frankel). Ultimately, however, MetLife told the plaintiff that it had
provided all the information relevant to his claim under its ERISA-imposed obligations,
id. at ML00860-61 (Sept. 12, 2005 Letter from Jaci L. Mangene to Justin C. Frankel).
On May 26, 2005, the plaintiff appealed MetLife's denial of his benefits to the
company's Appeals Unit. Id. at ML02310-39 (May 26, 2005 Letter from Justin C.
Frankel to Appeals Unit, MetLife Disability). After an independent claim review was
6
Prior to his representation by legal counsel, the plaintiff requested a copy of the Plan from
BearingPoint and stated that he anticipated that BearingPoint would provide it to him. Defs.'
Mem., Ex. A at ML02581 (Dec. 14, 2004 Memorandum from Peter Wright to Jaci Mangene).
However, there is no indication in the record whether the plaintiff ever received the document
from BearingPoint.
9
conducted, MetLife affirmed its denial of the plaintiff's claim for the receipt of continued
long-term benefits. Id. at ML00826 (June 2, 2005 Letter from Appeal Unit,
MetDisability to Justin Frankel); ML00827-29 (June 23, 2005 Letter from Lisa
Touloumjian to Justin Frankel).
The plaintiff, through his attorneys, thereafter sought additional documentation
from MetLife concerning his claim, id. at ML00847-51 (July 19, 2005 Letter from Justin
C. Frankel to Lisa Touloumjian); ML00858-59 (Sept. 14, 2005 Letter from Justin C.
Frankel to Jaci L. Mangene); ML00864-66 (Oct. 6, 2006 Letter from Scott B. Elkind to
Lisa Touloumjian); ML02261 (Oct. 24, 2006 Letter from Scott B. Elkind to Leah
McCarthy); ML02252 (Nov. 3, 2006 Letter from Scott B. Elkind to Leah McCarthy), 7
resulting in MetLife's production of some additional documentation, while generally
maintaining that it had satisfied its obligations under the ERISA and advising the plaintiff
that he would need to make a request to BearingPoint for any specific Plan-related
documents, id. at ML00860-61 (Sept. 12, 2005 Letter from Jaci L. Mangene to Justin C.
Frankel); ML02262 (Oct. 19, 2006 Letter from Leah McCarthy to Scott Elkind);
ML02254 (Oct. 27, 2006 Letter from Leah McCarthy to Scott Elkind); ML02175 (Dec.
15, 2006 Letter from Leah McCarthy to Scott B. Elkind).
On February 5, 2007, having acquired a different counsel midway through his
appeal, the plaintiff again appealed MetLife's decision to deny him long-term benefits
7
Through unrelenting requests, the plaintiff's attorney continued to seek information that
the administrative record reflects had, at least in part, already been provided to the plaintiff by
MetLife, requests which ultimately took on a snide, impetuous, and unprofessional tone. See
ML02252 (Nov. 3, 2006 Letter from Scott B. Elkind to Leah McCarthy) ("I must ask the
following: Do you really want me to believe that your company that issued the policy under
which you have administered the above-referenced claim cannot provide a copy of the policy
although it is clearly a pertinent document required to be produced under ERISA? YOU MUST
BE JOKING.")
10
beyond the twenty-four month period. Id. at ML02215-50 (Feb. 5, 2007 Letter from
Scott B. Elkind to Leah McCarthy); ML02212; (April 6, 2007 Letter from Scott B.
Elkind to Leah McCarthy); ML02214 (Feb. 15, 2007 Letter from Leah McCarthy to Scott
B. Elkind). By a letter dated May 11, 2007, MetLife responded that although the plaintiff
"had previously exhausted his administrative remedies," MetLife, as a "claim fiduciary,"
had conducted an additional "courtesy" review of the plaintiff's claim. Id. at ML00188-
93 (May 11, 2007 Letter from Leah McCarthy to Scott Elkind); see also Defs.' Mem. at
11. Specifically, MetLife stated that it "examined the entire claim file, including any
additional material and information provided with [the plaintiff's attorney's latest] request
for review," which included hundreds of pages concerning rheumatoid arthritis in its
seropositive and seronegative permutations, and affirmed its previous denial of the
plaintiff's claim based upon its finding that the plaintiff had not demonstrated that his
condition met the exception to the Plan's twenty-four-month coverage limitation period.
Defs.' Mem., Ex. A at ML00188-93 (May 11, 2007 Letter from Leah McCarthy to Scott
Elkind); see id. at ML001028-2034. As to the plaintiff's allegations that MetLife had
unlawfully withheld documents he was entitled to receive, MetLife retorted that it had
produced all relevant documents that it was obligated to produce under the ERISA. Id. at
ML00192-93 (May 11, 2007 Letter from Leah McCarthy to Scott Elkind). MetLife
further rejoined that it was "not required to provide any internal guidelines in connection
with [the plaintiff's] claim" because its "internal guidelines are not plan specific," and
MetLife did not rely upon any such documents in making its determination on the
plaintiff's claim. Id.
11
Having thoroughly exhausted his administrative remedies, the plaintiff brought
this action seeking judicial review of MetLife's termination of his long-term benefits,
arguing that the defendants violated their fiduciary duty to him under § 1123(a)(3) of the
ERISA, as well as wrongfully denying him benefits under § 1123(a)(1)(B). Compl. ¶¶ 4,
22-23. The plaintiff also maintains that MetLife's failure to provide him with a copy of
their internal "claims manual provisions or handling instructions under which [his] claim
was reviewed" violates 29 C.F.R. §§ 2560.503-1(g), 2575.502c-1. Id. ¶ 24. The plaintiff
seeks a declaration of his rights on these two challenges, reinstatement of his long-term
disability benefits, "payment of all back benefits due and owing plus interest,"
"clarif[ication] [of] all rights to future benefits under the plan," statutory penalties, and all
of his attorney's fees and costs. Id. ¶¶ 4, 26-29. It is the defendants' position that they
acted in accordance with the Plan and the ERISA in rendering the decision to terminate
the plaintiff's long-term disability benefits after the required twenty-four months coverage
period had elapsed, and that the plaintiff was provided with all the documentation he was
entitled to receive from defendant MetLife. See Answer at 4-7. Based on the
administrative record currently before the Court, Defs.' Mem., Ex. A; see also id. at Ex. B
(Declaration of Margaret Calderon Regarding the Administrative Record), both parties
seek summary judgment.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A. Summary Judgment
To grant a motion for summary judgment under Rule 56(c), this Court must find
that "the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits
show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled
12
to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). Under Rule 56(c), if a party fails
to "establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that
party will bear the burden of proof at trial," summary judgment is warranted. Celotex
Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 247 (1986). "By its very terms, this standard provides that the mere existence of
some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly
supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine
issue of material fact." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247-48 (emphasis in original). In other
words, "[o]nly disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the
governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment." Id. at 248.
B. The Plaintiff's Claim for Wrongful Denial of Benefits Under the ERISA
Under the ERISA, a participant in or beneficiary of a covered plan may sue "to
recover benefits due to him under the terms of the plan, to enforce his rights under the
terms of the plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan."
29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). Although the "ERISA does not set out the appropriate
standard of review for [courts to apply in] actions under § 1132(a)(1)(B) challenging
benefit eligibility determinations," Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101,
109 (1989),
the Supreme Court held that a denial of benefits challenged
under ERISA § 1132(a)(1)(B) is to be reviewed under a de
novo standard – not under the more deferential arbitrary
and capricious standard – "unless the benefit plan gives the
administrator or fiduciary discretionary authority to
determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of
the plan."
13
Fitts v. Fed. Nat’l Mortgage Ass'n, 236 F.3d 1, 5 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (emphasis added)
(citing Firestone, 489 U.S. at 115).
Therefore, in order to determine whether deferential review shall apply, the Court
must first determine whether the administrator or fiduciary whose decision the plaintiff is
challenging was granted discretion to make eligibility determinations. Metro. Life Ins.
Co. v. Glenn ("Glenn"), __ U.S. __, __, 128 S. Ct. 2343, 2348 (2008). In reviewing the
Plan to make this determination, the Court must be "guided by principles of trust law,"
and may "not interfere to control [the defendants' eligibility determination] in the exercise
of a discretion[,] [if that discretion was] vested in them by the instrument under which
they act." Firestone, 489 U.S. at 111 (emphasis in original); see Glenn, __ U.S. at __, 128
S. Ct. at 2348 ("Where the plan provides to the contrary by granting 'the administrator or
fiduciary discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits,' '[t]rust principles
make a deferential standard of review appropriate.'" (emphasis in original) (citing
Firestone, 489 U.S. at 115)); see, e.g., Fitts, 236 F.3d at 5 (finding that in the absence of
any express delegation, the benefits plan did not assign discretionary authority to a claim
administrator by virtue of either the provision that required claimants to submit proof of
eligibility to the administrator or the provision that permitted the plan administrator to
delegate its discretion). "In determining whether a plan grants the administrator
discretionary authority, the reviewing court should focus on 'the character of the authority
exercised by the administrators under the plan,' not on whether the plan uses the word
'discretion' or any other 'magic word.'" Becker v. Weinberg Group, Inc. Pension Trust,
473 F. Supp. 2d 48, 61 (D.D.C. 2007) (quoting Block v. Pitney Bowes Inc., 952 F.2d
1450, 1453 (D.C. Cir. 1992).
14
In this case, the plaintiff maintains that because the Plan never explicitly states
that MetLife is a fiduciary of the Plan, and the Plan does not delegate any discretionary
authority to MetLife by name, MetLife's determinations under the Plan are not entitled to
any deference and therefore de novo review is required. Pl.'s Mem. at 4, 17-22. In
response, the defendants contend that MetLife's eligibility determination is entitled to
deference because, as the administrant of claims and a fiduciary of the plan, it was
granted discretion to render a decision on the plaintiff's benefit eligibility and, in the end,
did nothing more than apply the express provisions of the Plan. Defs.' Mem. at 13-17.
Upon reviewing the administrative record, the Plan, and the applicable legal authority, the
Court finds for the reasons set forth below that the defendants have the stronger position
– MetLife is a fiduciary under the Plan empowered with the express discretion to render
benefit eligibility decisions, and therefore deferential review of its decision is required.
In pertinent part, the ERISA provides the following definition of a "fiduciary:" 8
8
The plaintiff relies upon the definition of the term "named fiduciary," contained in 29
U.S.C. § 1102(a), in maintaining that MetLife must be expressly identified as a fiduciary in the
Plan to have fiduciary status, Pl.'s Mem. at 17. This position misreads the statute. The provision
expressly states that a plan "shall provide [in writing] for one or more named fiduciaries who
jointly or severally shall have authority to control and manage the operation and administration of
the plan." § 1102(a)(1). However, the provision goes on to state in the very next subsection that a
"named fiduciary" . . . [is] a fiduciary who is named in the plan
instrument, or who, pursuant to a procedure specified in the plan,
is identified as a fiduciary (A) by a person who is an employer or
employee organization with respect to the plan or (B) by such an
employer and such an employee organization acting jointly.
§ 1102(a)(2) (emphasis added). Indeed, the Plan expressly names BearingPoint as the Plan
administrator and authorizes MetLife, by name, to process claims for long-term benefits. Defs.'
Mem. at 17, Ex. A at ML00099-100 (Long-Term Disability Benefits Plan). MetLife is a "named
fiduciary," not by any express statement reiterating that "MetLife is a fiduciary," as the plaintiff
would require, but by virtue of its claims processing duties expressly outlined in the Plan; in other
words, it assumes a fiduciary role "to the extent" of its claims processing authority. §
1002(21)(A). If this result were not the case, the ERISA's definition of a "fiduciary" would be
(continued . . .)
15
a person is a fiduciary with respect to a plan to the extent
(i) he exercises any discretionary authority or discretionary
control respecting management of such plan or exercises
any authority or control respecting management or
disposition of its assets, . . . or (iii) he has any discretionary
authority or discretionary responsibility in the
administration of such plan.
29 U.S.C. § 1002(21)(A). The Plan expressly identifies BearingPoint as the Plan
administrator. Defs.' Mem., Ex. A at ML00099 (Long-Term Disability Benefits Plan). In
addition, under the heading "Statement of ERISA Rights," the Plan further states that
"[t]he people who operate [the] Plan[] [are] called 'fiduciaries' of the Plan." Id. at
ML00102. The Plan also includes a provision setting forth a claims procedure in which
MetLife is identified by name as the entity responsible for receiving claims, reviewing
claims, and determining eligibility. Id. at ML00100. By this arrangement, MetLife
operates a portion of the Plan, and thus qualifies as fiduciary to the extent of its
designated role as the claims processor. See Coleman v. Nationwide Life Ins. Co., 969
F.2d 54, 61 (4th Cir. 1992) ("[T]he inclusion of the phrase 'to the extent' in § 1002(21)(A)
means that a party is a fiduciary only as to the activities which bring the person within the
definition . . . [and only to the extent] allocated by the plan documents themselves."); see
also Plumb v. Fluid Pump Serv., Inc., 124 F.3d 849, 855 (7th Cir. 1997) ("[A]n insurer
generally will not be held to be a fiduciary with respect to an activity unless the plan
documents show that the insurer was responsible for that activity.").
The only remaining question then is whether the Plan allocates any discretionary
authority to MetLife. The plaintiff's assertion that no provisions of the Plan "allow[] for
superfluous because it defines a fiduciary not solely by whether a fiduciary is expressly
identified, but rather also by "the extent" of that entity's responsibilities under a benefits plan. Id.
16
[the] granting of discretion to Metlife" ring hollow, Pl.'s Mem. at 21, because two express
provisions of the Plan resolve that question by empowering MetLife with the discretion
to interpret and apply the Plan. The first provision, included under the title "Certificate of
Insurance," states: "MetLife in its discretion has authority to interpret the terms,
conditions, and provisions of the entire contract. This includes the Group Policy,
Certificate and any Amendments." Defs.' Mem., Ex. A at ML00071 (Long-Term
Disability Benefits Plan). The second, a subsection under the heading "Claims
Information" in the section of the Plan related to long-term disability benefits, states:
Discretionary Authority of Plan Administrator and
Other Plan Fiduciaries
In carrying out their respective responsibilities under the
Plan, the Plan administrator and other Plan fiduciaries shall
have discretionary authority to interpret the terms of the
Plan and to determine eligibility for and entitlement to Plan
benefits in accordance with the terms of the Plan. Any
interpretation or determination made pursuant to such
discretionary authority shall be given full force and effect,
unless it can be shown that the interpretation or
determination was arbitrary and capricious.
Id. at ML00100-01.
The plaintiff acknowledges, as he must, that "no 'magic word' or language [is]
required to grant . . . discretionary authority," Pl.'s Mem. at 18; see Becker, 473 F. Supp.
2d at 61 (citing Block, 952 F.2d at 1453), and all the wealth of persuasive case law he
cites stating that discretionary review is inappropriate absent a clear delegation is not
inapposite, Pl.'s Mem. at 20-21. Whatever minimum verbal expression is necessary, the
Court does not hesitate to find that it has been satisfied by the two provisions of the Plan
referenced above. The Court therefore finds that the Plan contains the requisite
"[e]mpowering language" conveying discretion to MetLife as a fiduciary under the Plan,
17
and thus it must employ a discretionary, or "reasonableness" review to MetLife's
eligibility determination. Block, 952 F.2d at 1453; see Wagener v. SBC Pension Benefit
Plan-Non Bargained Program, 407 F.3d 395, 403 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (stating that where a
court is reviewing an interpretation of a benefits plan provision by an administrator or
fiduciary under the arbitrary and capricious standard of review, and the plan's language
"reasonably supports" that interpretation, a court must defer to the administrator or
fiduciary). Compare de Nobel v. Vitro Corp., 885 F.2d 1180, 1187 (4th Cir. 1989), quoted
in Block, 952 F.2d at 1453-54 (stating that where "[i]t . . . appear[s] on the face of the
plan documents that the fiduciary has been 'given [the] power to construe disputed or
doubtful terms' – or to resolve disputes over benefits eligibility – . . . 'the trustee's
interpretation will not be disturbed if reasonable" (internal citations omitted)), with Fitts,
236 F.3d at 5 (finding that, even though the insurer's existing plan conveyed discretionary
authority to the insurer, no discretion was conveyed to the insurer under the long-term
disability plan where the insurer merely "'purchas[ed] and incorporate[ed] into its plan
the terms of the long-term disability policy'").
III. ANALYSIS
A. Maintaining Claims for Both Breach of Fiduciary Duty and Denial of
Benefits
The defendants contend that the plaintiff cannot maintain both a claim for breach
of fiduciary duty under §1132(a)(3) and a claim for denial of benefits under §
1123(a)(1)(B) of the ERISA. Defs.' Mem. at 12-13. The plaintiff's opposition to this
position is not well articulated. The plaintiff appears to represent two contradictory
positions: first, that "the complaint . . . at no time request[s] relief for a breach of
fiduciary duty," and, second, that many circuits permit a plaintiff to jointly assert claims
18
under both 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3) and § 1132(a)(1)(B). Pl.'s Mem. at 16-17. Because
the plaintiff has specifically invoked both ERISA sections in his complaint, Compl. ¶ 4,
cites legal authority which he contends favors both theories being asserted in the same
action, Pl.'s Mem. at 16-17, and reasserts both arguments in his reply brief, Pl.'s Reply at
3-4, the Court will first undertake the analysis of whether both claims can be brought
despite the plaintiff's plain statement that he does not seek "relief for a breach of fiduciary
duty," Pl.'s Mem. at 16. 9
Although the District of Columbia Circuit has yet to weight in on this issue, "the
majority of circuits that have decided this issue have held that a breach of fiduciary duty
claim cannot stand where a plaintiff has an adequate remedy through a claim for benefits
under § [1123](a)(1)(B)." 10 See Clark v. Feder Semo & Bard, P.C., 527 F. Supp. 2d 112,
9
Although the Court could deem the argument abandoned given the plaintiff's
representations, where, as here, "it is not clear that the plaintiff[] ha[s] unequivocally abandoned
[his] . . . claim[][,] prudential concerns favor" examining the issue. E.g., Pac. Bell Tel. Co. v.
Linkline Commc'ns, Inc., __ U.S. __, __, 129 S. Ct. 1109, 1117 (2009).
10
The plaintiff cites a string of cases to support his argument that a claim under §
1132(a)(3) and § 1132(a)(1)(B) can be maintained in the same action. See Pl.'s Mem. at 16-17.
The plaintiff has not explained how any of the cases, which he cites in no particular authoritative
or chronological order, support his position. Upon review of these cases, some of them appear
irrelevant, see Harris v. Epoch Group, L.C., 357 F.3d 822, 825 (8th Cir. 2004) (holding that a
benefits plan could incorporate state law to extend ERISA protections); Buce v. Allianz Life Ins.
Co., 247 F.3d 1133, 1148-49 (11th Cir. 2001) (same), while other cases either never reach the
issue, see Plumb v. Fluid Pump Serv., Inc., 124 F.3d 849, 862 (7th Cir. 1997) (finding that
although a participant could maintain a wrongful denial of benefits claim, his fiduciary was not
entitled to pursue that same claim, and remanding the case back to the district court to determine
whether the fiduciary could pursue equitable relief), or offer only weak implicit support, see
Conley v. Pitney Bowes, 34 F.3d 714, 717-19 (8th Cir. 1994) (holding that employee was not
required to exhaust available administrative remedies before bringing wrongful denial of benefits
claim, and that the lower court improperly summarily entered judgment against plaintiff on all of
his claims, including claims for wrongful discharge and breach of fiduciary duty based on failure
to exhaust administrative remedies). The plaintiff only cites one case that seems to address the
issue on some level, albeit without real discussion. See Juliano v. Health Maint. Org. of N.J.,
Inc., 221 F.3d 279, 292-93 (2d Cir. 2000) (reviewing whether the trial judge abused her discretion
in rendering decisions in suit alleging wrongful denial of benefits and equitable claims under the
ERISA and other federal law). However, the Court is not swayed by what the Court said in the
(continued . . .)
19
116 (D.D.C. 2007) (comparing Korotynska v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 474 F.3d 101, 102-03
(4th Cir. 2006) ("Because adequate relief is available for the plaintiff's injury through
review of her individual benefits claim under § 1132(a)(1)(B), relief under § 1132(a)(3)
will not lie."), and Antolik v. Saks, Inc., 463 F.3d 796, 803 (8th Cir. 2006) (same), and
Tolson v. Avondale Indus., Inc., 141 F.3d 604, 610 (5th Cir. 1998) (same), with Devlin v.
Empire Blue Cross & Blue Shield, 274 F.3d 76, 89-90 (2d Cir. 2001) (holding that "a
private cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty [is not prohibited] when another
potential remedy is available," but any equitable remedy is limited to appropriate relief)).
And, in previous consideration of this issue, at least three separate members of this Court
have sided with the majority of circuits and found that a plaintiff cannot maintain an
equitable claim for breach of a fiduciary duty where the ERISA provides an adequate
remedy at law. Clark, 527 F. Supp. 2d at 117 ("Because the gravamen of plaintiff's
complaint is that she was improperly denied benefits, the remedies under § [1132]
(a)(1)(B) would make plaintiff whole if she were to prevail on her claim. Plaintiff
therefore has an adequate remedy under § [1132](a)(1)(B), and accordingly her §
[1132](a)(3) claim must be dismissed."); Crummett v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 2007 WL
2071704, at *3 (D.D.C. July 16, 2007) (concluding "with little hesitancy that [plaintiff's]
remedies pursuant to subsection (1)(B) are adequate and that her fiduciary-duty claim
must be dismissed"); Hurley v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 43038, at
*32 (D.D.C. July 7, 2005) (concluding that "the claim for ERISA breach of fiduciary duty
Juliano opinion because its discussion on the subject is cursory at best and does not dissuade the
Court from following the more detailed, countervailing rationale expressed by this Court's
colleagues, who followed the prevailing view of the circuits that have considered the issue.
20
is preempted by the existence of a valid claim . . . for denial of benefits"). The Court
finds the position of its colleagues persuasive, and applying it to this case, concludes that
because awarding the plaintiff relief under § 1132(a)(1)(B) would fully redress his
alleged injury, any claim the plaintiff is making for equitable relief under § 1132(a)(3) is
precluded.
B. The Plaintiff’s Claim for Wrongful Denial of Benefits Under the ERISA
The plaintiff contends that because a seropositive test is not itself a test which
determines whether a person has rheumatoid arthritis, the Plan's distinction between
seropositive and seronegative should not be determinative of his entitlement to continued
long-term disability benefits in light of his significant impairment resulting from
rheumatoid arthritis. Pl.'s Mem. at 8-9. The plaintiff points out that because only 70% of
individuals with rheumatoid arthritis test seropositive and the remaining 30% test
seronegative, even though the two conditions are "immunogenetically similar" based on
some medical literature, the Plan's distinction between the two conditions is nonsensical,
“illusory,” and unenforceable. 11 Id. at 12-15, 24-28.
11
In addition to his other arguments, the plaintiff also contends that the Plan's distinction
between seronegative and seropositive is "ambiguous," Pl.'s Mem. at 24, as is its definition of
"rheumatoid arthritis," Pl.'s Mem. at 29. A legal ambiguity implies "two or more reasonable
ordinary" meanings of a term. Nat'l Cable & Telecomms. Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545
U.S. 967, 989 (2005). Because medical testing, regardless of whether the plaintiff agrees with its
appropriateness, can determine affirmatively whether a participant has rheumatoid arthritis, and
whether the participant is either seronegative or seropositive, as undisputed medical diagnostic
testing established in the plaintiff's case, Pl.'s Mem. at 5, 13, and because the Plan relies on
diagnostic evidence offered by the plaintiff, Defs.' Mem., Ex. A at ML00091 (Long-Term
Disability Benefits Plan), the Court is at a loss as to how there is any ambiguity as to whether the
plaintiff’s condition entitles him to coverage under the plan for more than twenty-four months.
Similarly, the Court will not entertain the plaintiff's arguments that the absence of
"objective proof" of his condition resulted in his claim being improperly denied. Pl.'s Mem. at
29-32. Under the Plan, a participant must submit proof of a qualifying condition to justify the
receipt of benefits. Defs.' Mem., Ex. A at ML00091, ML00100 (Long-Term Disability Benefits
Plan). The plaintiff admits, and his physician's diagnoses are in accord, that he does not test
(continued . . .)
21
The defendants do not dispute that the plaintiff was "clinically diagnosed by his
physicians as [having] an inflammatory disease of the joints or an inflammatory
polyarthritis, satisfying the Plan's definition of a 'disease or disorder [of the] extremities
and their surrounding soft tissue,'" Defs.' Mem. at 18, or that he was disabled under the
Plan's definition when he applied for and received long-term disability benefits, Defs.'
Opp'n & Reply at 10. However, the defendants maintain that the plaintiff's condition of
seronegative rheumatoid arthritis is not a condition for which the Plan extends continued
long-term disability coverage. Defs.' Mem. at 19 & Ex. A at ML00088 (Long-Term
Disability Benefits Plan). And the defendants maintain that the distinction between being
seronegative and seropositive can be medically diagnosed, and that MetLife did nothing
more than strictly apply an express limitation on continued coverage as set forth in the
Plan. Defs.' Mem. at 17-20; Defs.' Opp'n & Reply at 13.
Contrary to the plaintiff's argument, the Plan's coverage for rheumatoid arthritis is
not "illusory." Pl.'s Mem. at 24-28. To the extent that the plaintiff misconstrues the Plan
as providing long-term disability benefits beyond twenty-four months for any rheumatoid
arthritis diagnosis, as his arguments suggests, Pl.'s Mem. at 25, 28, 32, he ignores the
plain language of the Plan. A rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis entitles a participant to
twenty-four months of long-term disability coverage, and unless the participant tests
seropositive, which is the diagnosis of 70% of the population with rheumatoid arthritis,
seropositive. Pl.'s Mem. at 15; Defs.' Mem., Ex. A at ML00545 (Dec. 30, 2004 Letter from
Claudia J. Svara, M.D., to Whom It May Concern); ML00546-47 (Dec. 20, 2004 Letter from Rex
McCallum, M.D., to Sirs); ML00551 (Dec. 7, 2004 Letter from A. Silvia Ross, M.D., to Sirs).
The fact that the plaintiff cannot submit proof that he is seropositive does not mean that
"objective evidence cannot be obtained," Pl.'s Mem. at 31, but rather that objective evidence that
he is seropositive cannot be obtained in his favor.
22
Pl.'s Mem. at 12, 12 a participant cannot receive coverage beyond the restricted time frame,
as there is an express limitation on coverage for participants who are seronegative, Defs.'
Mem., Ex. A at ML00088 (Long-Term Disability Benefits Plan).
The plaintiff also appears to rely on the notion that he is entitled to "long-term"
benefit coverage so long as he is disabled and unable to work. Pl.'s Mem. at 32. The
Court does not dispute that the plaintiff’s health is significantly impacted by his medical
condition, and that his ability to work has also been impaired to a significant degree since
his diagnosis. See Pl.'s Mem. 4-8. However, despite these unfortunate circumstances, the
Court cannot read into the Plan coverage where none exists. And although the benefits
plan does not satisfy the plaintiff’s need for coverage, its failure to do so is not a violation
of the law. See Alessi v. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., 451 U.S. 504, 511-512 (1981)
(observing in the context of a nonforfeitable rights provision in an ERISA-covered plan,
that the plan, and not the ERISA, "defines the content" and "control[s] the level of
benefits"). Therefore, where, as here, the "the plain language of [a Plan's coverage
provision] leaves no room for ambiguity," it is "reasonable" to interpret the provision as
written. Becker, 473 F. Supp. 2d at 63.
The plaintiff also contends that the exception to the coverage limitation should
apply to him because medical testing can be inaccurate and affected by outside factors
such as the use of prescription drugs and the timing of the diagnostic testing, yet he cites
12
The Court will not entertain the plaintiff's argument to the extent that he makes wide-
sweeping, unsupported allegations, such as claims that "the insurer deliberately chose carefully
worded language chosen so as to avoid nearly all coverage for person [sic] suffering from
rheumatoid arthritis." Pl.'s Reply at 8, 10. In fact, the plaintiff's own medical evidence indicates
that 70% of persons diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis will qualify for the exception to the
limitation on coverage because they are seropositive. See Pl.'s Mem. at 13-14; Pl.'s Reply at 10.
23
no legal authority that would permit the Court to disregard the plain language of the Plan.
Pl.'s Mem. at 11-14. Nor has the plaintiff offered anything but conjecture to demonstrate
that he is in the category of patients who could test seropositive but for the medication he
is taking or the timing of the tests. Pl.'s Mem. at 15. Absent any legal footing or factual
proof for this position, the Court is no position to dictate the manner in which medical
diagnoses are rendered or question whether physicians are properly taking into account
outside factors that could possibly interfere with the rendering of accurate diagnoses.
Nothing in the Court's decision should be construed as suggesting that the defendants
have complete discretion to dictate or apply the terms of the Plan as they see fit or that
the plaintiff would not be entitled to continued coverage if he could show that he met the
conditions for such coverage. Rather, the decision simply rests on the principle that
where the Plan includes terms that otherwise comport with the ERISA, even if medical
distinctions appear to split hairs, it is not for the Court to question the sensibility of those
terms, which were presumably negotiated between the plaintiff's employer and the
defendants, without any legal or factual support for doing so. The plaintiff's reliance on
arguments incorporating common law theories of contract may seem reasonable, but
those theories are precluded where the ERISA sets forth the exclusive causes of action.
See Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 54 (1987) ("The deliberate care with
which ERISA's civil enforcement remedies were drafted and the balancing of policies
embodied in its choice of remedies argue strongly for the conclusion that ERISA's civil
enforcement remedies were intended to be exclusive."). By the terms of the Plan, the
limitation on the plaintiff's coverage applies, and he failed to satisfy any exception to this
limitation based on medical evidence demonstrating that he had "[a]n inflammatory
24
disease of the joints supported by clinical findings of arthritis plus positive serological
tests for connective tissue disease." Defs.' Mem., Ex. A at ML00088 (Long-Term
Disability Benefits Plan) (emphasis added). Thus, because the Court has no reason to
conclude that the limitation and its exceptions in the Plan "[themselves] violate[] federal
law," MetLife's "strict compliance with the substantive terms of [the] employee benefit
plan cannot be termed arbitrary and capricious." Foltz v. U.S. News & World Report,
Inc., 613 F. Supp. 634, 639 (D.C. Cir. 1985).
As an additional factor to consider in the analysis of whether the defendants have
interpreted and applied the provisions of the Plan appropriately, the Court must determine
whether the inherent conflict of interest that exists by virtue of MetLife's position as both
the insurer and the processor of claims should affect the Court's decision. Glenn, __ U.S.
at __, 128 S. Ct. at 2350 ("[A] conflict should be weighed as a factor in determining
whether there is an abuse of discretion . . . . [, but it does not] impl[y] a change in the
standard of review, say, from deferential to de novo review." (internal quotations
omitted)) (citing Firestone, 489 U.S. at 115). Here, the inherent conflict is obvious:
MetLife, as the insurer, must pay any benefit awarded, so it follows that it may have an
incentive not to award benefits. See Glenn, __ U.S. at __, 128 S. Ct. at 2348 ("[A]n
employer who administered an ERISA benefit plan and who both evaluated claims and
paid for benefits . . . . [is] quite possibly . . . what the Court [in Firestone] had in mind
when it mentioned conflicted administrators."). Yet, where, as here, the "[p]laintiff has
offered no evidence that any alleged 'self-interested behavior' actually affected the . . .
decision to deny . . . benefits," Becker, 473 F. Supp. 2d at 62, and in light of the Court's
finding that MetLife merely applied an express limitation of the Plan as unambiguously
25
written, the Court cannot find that the inherent conflict resulting from MetLife's dual
position as both insurer and claim processor improperly influenced its benefits
determination.
C. Production of Documents Requested by the Plaintiff
The plaintiff alleges that MetLife did not produce Plan-related documents he was
entitled to receive upon his request. Pl.'s Mem. at 32-38. Specifically, the plaintiff
maintains that "MetLife has an extensive series of guidelines which set forth instructions
for review and administration of disability claims," guidelines that the plaintiff believes
are relevant to the processing of his claim and that MetLife should have provided to him.
Pl.'s Mem. at 2-3. The plaintiff therefore contends that he is entitled to an award of
statutory penalties for MetLife's failure to produce these documents. Pl.'s Mem. 35-41;
Pl.'s Reply at 12-13.
The defendants respond that MetLife produced all of the documents the plaintiff is
legally entitled to receive, which included all documents related to the plaintiff's claim,
Defs.' Mem. at 24-25; Defs.' Opp'n & Reply at 17-18, and that it informed the plaintiff
that it was not the plan administrator and thus did not have to produce the Plan or Plan-
related documents, Defs.' Mem. at 22-25. MetLife also submitted a declaration from one
of its employees attesting that the information the plaintiff now seeks, the company's
"confidential and proprietary . . . [g]uidelines . . . database[,] . . . . is not tailored to any
particular plan or type of plan" and "[was] not referred to or otherwise used in the
adjudication of the [p]laintiff's claim." Defs.' Opp'n & Reply, Ex. 1 (Declaration of
Timothy Suter Regarding the Administrative Record) ¶¶ 3, 7. Therefore, MetLife
contends that this information did not have to be produced. Defs.' Opp'n & Reply at 18.
26
The ERISA provides that upon request, the administrator of a benefits plan must
provide a claimant with "all documents, records, and other information relevant to the
claimant's claim for benefits." 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1(h)(2)(iii). A document is
considered “relevant to the claim” if it "[w]as relied upon in making the benefit
determination [or] . . . [w]as submitted, considered, or generated in the course of making
the benefit determination, without regard to whether such document, record, or other
information was relied upon in making the benefit determination." 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-
1(m)(8).
The administrative record indicates that MetLife responded to the plaintiff's
numerous documents and records requests. Defs.' Mem., Ex. A at ML00556 (Dec. 28,
2004 Letter from Jaci L. Mangene to Justin C. Frankel); ML02496 (Feb. 11, 2005 Letter
from Jaci L. Mangene to Justin C. Frankel); ML02484 (Mar. 10, 2005 Letter from Jaci L.
Mangene to Justin C. Frankel); ML00825 (Mar. 28, 2005 Letter from Jaci L. Mangene to
Justin C. Frankel); ML00860-61 (Sept. 12, 2005 Letter from Jaci L. Mangene to Justin C.
Frankel); ML02262 (Oct. 19, 2006 Letter from Leah McCarthy to Scott Elkind);
ML02254 (Oct. 27, 2006 Letter from Leah McCarthy to Scott Elkind); ML02175 (Dec.
15, 2006 Letter from Leah McCarthy to Scott B. Elkind). In particular, by a letter dated
September 12, 2005, MetLife responded to the plaintiff's July 19, 2005 request for claim-
related documents, by providing a number of documents contained in the plaintiff's claim
file. Defs.' Mem., Ex. A at ML00105-06 (Sept. 12, 2005 Letter from Jaci L. Mangene to
Justin C. Frankel). MetLife nonetheless indicated that it was not the Plan administrator
and that the plaintiff would need to submit his request for all additional Plan-related
documents to BearingPoint, the Plan administrator. Id. Specifically, MetLife stated:
27
In response to Request 21, MetLife did not rely upon a
particular internal rule or guideline in making the claim
determination at issue. The Plan definition of disability and
other Plan terms were the guidelines used to make the
claim determination. You can obtain copies of the Plan
documents as noted above [from BearingPoint].
Id. However, there is no indication in the record, and the plaintiff does not allege, that
BearingPoint failed to produce any documents that the plaintiff requested. See id. at
ML02581 (Dec. 14, 2004 Memorandum from Peter Wright to Jaci Mangene) (stating that
the plaintiff had requested the Plan from BearingPoint and anticipated that BearingPoint
would provide it to him by the following Wednesday). In any event, the administrative
record contains a letter stating that MetLife provided the Plan to the plaintiff despite its
representation that it was under no obligation to do so. Id. at ML00556 (Dec. 28, 2004
Letter from Jaci L. Mangene to Justin C. Frankel). Therefore, to the extent that the
plaintiff's allegations of non-production encompass the Plan, the Court finds them
unpersuasive. MetLife simply was not the Plan administrator according to the express
provisions of the Plan; 13 BearingPoint was, id., Ex. A at ML00099 (Long-Term Disability
Benefits Plan), and there is no conflicting evidence in the record that challenges the
representations that both defendants provided the plaintiff with a copy of the Plan shortly
after his claim was denied, id. at ML00556 (Dec. 28, 2004 Letter from Jaci L. Mangene
to Justin C. Frankel). Nor has the plaintiff cited any binding legal authority in this
13
As the plaintiff correctly restates, Pl.'s Mem. at 38, the ERISA defines an "administrator"
as "the person specifically so designated by the terms of the instrument under which the plan is
operated." 29 U.S.C. § 1002(16)(A). However, the plaintiff incorrectly represents that the Plan
fails to designate a Plan administrator, and thus urges that the Court find MetLife to be the de
facto administrator. Pl.'s Mem. at 38-40. By the express terms of the Plan, Defs.' Mem., Ex. A at
ML00099 (Long-Term Disability Benefits Plan), the plaintiff's assertions are factually inaccurate,
and need not be addressed further.
28
jurisdiction which indicates that the responsibilities of the Plan administrator may be
imposed upon a fiduciary under the Plan beyond what the law already requires.
Nonetheless, the Supreme Court's cautionary guidance bears repeating:
Faced with the possibility of [$110 14 ] a day in penalties
under § 1132(c)(1)(B), a rational plan administrator or
fiduciary would likely opt to provide a claimant with the
information requested if there is any doubt as to whether
the claimant is [entitled to the information], especially
when the reasonable costs of producing the information can
be recovered.
Firestone, 489 U.S. at 118.
As to MetLife's internal claims manual, the plaintiff's counsel indicates that he
learned of its existence during the course of other litigation not before this Court, yet he
contends that the provisions of those internal guidelines include provisions relevant to
MetLife's decision on the plaintiff's benefits claim. Pl.'s Mem. at 3. The Court cannot
make the inferential leap that MetLife utilized its internal guidelines in evaluating the
plaintiff’s claim based solely on the plaintiff's unsupported allegations; such conclusory
allegations are inadequate to trigger a disclosure requirement. Cf. Chung Wing Ping v.
Kennedy, 294 F.2d 735, 737 (D.C. Cir. 1961) (stating that deponents "should not have
been compelled to submit to a fishing expedition based on an unsupported and nebulous
allegation"). Further, the plaintiff misconstrues the case law he cites as mandating
disclosure of internal claims manuals and procedures and the ordering of the payment of
statutory penalties when such disclosure is not provided, which it does not in either
respect. See Palmiotti v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 2006 WL 510387, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 1,
14
The current federal regulations increased the statutory penalty from $100 to $110 per day.
See 29 C.F.R. 2575.502c-1.
29
2006) (rejecting the view that the claims manual was relevant under the relevancy
standards of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and remanding the issue to the
magistrate judge to consider "which particular portions, if any, of the Claims Manual do
fall within the mandated disclosure provisions of [the ERISA] . . . [– i.e., whether the
Claims Manual was] actually relied upon in making the adverse determination, [or was a]
. . . policy statement[] or guidance with respect to the plan concerning the denied benefit
for the claimant's diagnosis . . . ."); Palmiotti v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., No. 04 Civ. 718,
2006 WL 1637083, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. June 9, 2006) (exercising its discretion to award
attorneys' fees and costs, but limiting by half any fees and costs associated with "the
discovery issue relating to the use of MetLife's claims manual outside of the instant
litigation" (emphasis added)). 15 Moreover, where a plaintiff, as here, offers nothing but
"speculative assertions that MetLife must have or should have consulted [its claims
manual] in determining [his] eligibility for benefits," and where the plaintiff has put forth
no "concrete evidence that the guidelines were 'relied upon' or 'submitted, considered, or
generated'" in MetLife's processing of his claim, and where "MetLife has declared under
penalty of perjury that [its internal] [g]uidelines were not referred to in any way," the
Court will not "look behind [the] sworn declaration" and second-guess MetLife's
assertions. Brooks v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 526 F. Supp. 2d 534, 536-37 (D. Md. 2007)
(emphasis added). Accordingly, having found no violation of the ERISA's disclosure
requirement, the Court need not address whether the assessment of statutory penalties is
warranted under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(c).
15
The Court in Palmiotti did not award statutory penalties as the plaintiff appears to
maintain, Pl.'s Reply at 12; rather, it assessed discretionary attorneys' fees and costs under 29
U.S.C. 1132(g)(1). 2006 WL 1637083 at *1.
30
IV. CONCLUSION
The ERISA exclusively governs the plaintiff's claim for long-term health related
benefits. Under the provisions of this statute, the plaintiff seeks redress under theories of
both breach of fiduciary duty and wrongful denial of benefits, causes of actions that he
cannot maintain simultaneously. Therefore, because no equitable remedy is available
where an alternative remedy under the ERISA is available, the Court must dismiss the
plaintiff's breach of fiduciary duty claim. With respect to the plaintiff's wrongful denial
of benefits claim, the Plan classifies the defendants as fiduciaries under the Plan and
allocates them discretionary authority to interpret and apply its terms, which the Court
finds they have performed within the law. While the plaintiff's concern about the
inadequacy of the Plan is understandable, the Court is unable to find that the defendants'
determination that the plaintiff is not entitled additional long-term benefits is legally
incorrect; they are simply not provided for under the Plan. Finally, the Court finds that
the defendants complied with their obligations to produce Plan-related documents to the
plaintiff. Therefore, despite the unfortunate circumstances that have befallen the plaintiff,
for the reasons expressed in this opinion, the Court must award summary judgment to the
defendants. 16
16
An Order consistent with the Court’s ruling was issued on March 27, 2009.
31